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Title: Status of underrepresented minority and female faculty at medical schools located within Historically Black Colleges and in Puerto Rico.
Creator: Mader, Emily M, Rodríguez, José E, Campbell, Kendall M, Smilnak, Timothy, Bazemore, Andrew W, Petterson, Stephen, Morley, Christopher P
Abstract/Description: To assess the impact of medical school location in Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) and Puerto Rico (PR) on the proportion of underrepresented minorities in medicine (URMM) and women hired in faculty and leadership positions at academic medical institutions. AAMC 2013 faculty roster data for allopathic medical schools were used to compare the racial/ethnic and gender composition of faculty and chair positions at medical schools located within HBCU and PR to that of other...
Show moreTo assess the impact of medical school location in Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) and Puerto Rico (PR) on the proportion of underrepresented minorities in medicine (URMM) and women hired in faculty and leadership positions at academic medical institutions. AAMC 2013 faculty roster data for allopathic medical schools were used to compare the racial/ethnic and gender composition of faculty and chair positions at medical schools located within HBCU and PR to that of other medical schools in the United States. Data were compared using independent sample t-tests. Women were more highly represented in HBCU faculty (mean HBCU 43.5% vs. non-HBCU 36.5%, p=0.024) and chair (mean HBCU 30.1% vs. non-HBCU 15.6%, p=0.005) positions and in PR chair positions (mean PR 38.23% vs. non-PR 15.38%, p=0.016) compared with other allopathic institutions. HBCU were associated with increased African American representation in faculty (mean HBCU 59.5% vs. non-HBCU 2.6%, p=0.011) and chair (mean HBCU 73.1% vs. non-HBCU 2.2%, p≤0.001) positions. PR designation was associated with increased faculty (mean PR 75.40% vs. non-PR 3.72%, p≤0.001) and chair (mean PR 75.00% vs. non-PR 3.54%, p≤0.001) positions filled by Latinos/Hispanics. Women and African Americans are better represented in faculty and leadership positions at HBCU, and women and Latino/Hispanics at PR medical schools, than they are at allopathic peer institutions.
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Date Issued: 2016-03-09
Identifier: FSU_pmch_26968254, 10.3402/meo.v21.29535, PMC4788771, 26968254, 26968254, 29535
Format: Citation

Title: Addressing Disparities in Academic Medicine: What of the Minority Tax?.
Creator: Rodriguez, Jose, Campbell, Kendall, Pololi, Linda
Abstract/Description: Background The proportion of black, Latino, and Native American faculty in U.S. academic medical centers has remained almost unchanged over the last 20 years. Some authors credit the "minority tax"—the burden of extra responsibilities placed on minority faculty in the name of diversity. This tax is in reality very complex, and a major source of inequity in academic medicine. Discussion The “minority tax” is better described as an Underrepresented Minority in Medicine (URMM) faculty...
Show moreBackground The proportion of black, Latino, and Native American faculty in U.S. academic medical centers has remained almost unchanged over the last 20 years. Some authors credit the "minority tax"—the burden of extra responsibilities placed on minority faculty in the name of diversity. This tax is in reality very complex, and a major source of inequity in academic medicine. Discussion The “minority tax” is better described as an Underrepresented Minority in Medicine (URMM) faculty responsibility disparity. This disparity is evident in many areas: diversity efforts, racism, isolation, mentorship, clinical responsibilities, and promotion. Summary The authors examine the components of the URMM responsibility disparity and use information from the medical literature and from human resources to suggest practical steps that can be taken by academic leaders and policymakers to move toward establishing faculty equity and thus increase the numbers of black, Latino, and Native American faculty in academic medicine.
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Date Issued: 2015-02-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1474988014, 10.1186/s12909-015-0290-9
Format: Citation

Title: ACU Workforce Column: Expanding and Supporting the Health Care Workforce.
Creator: Richert, Amber, Campbell, Kendall, Rodríguez, Jose, Borowsky, Iris, Parikh, Rajesh, Colwell, Ashley
Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0050, 10.1353/hpu.2013.0162
Format: Citation

Title: Four Years of Group Visits Treating Obesity in an Under Served Urban Community: Health not Cosmetics.
Creator: Rodríguez, Jose, Painter, Kimberly, Bent, Gloria
Date Issued: 2007
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0036
Format: Citation

Title: A Letter to the Editor: Under-Represented Minority Faculty in Academic Medical Centers.
Creator: Campbell, Kendall
Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0042
Format: Citation

Title: How Long Should Antibiotic Therapy Be Continued for an Uncomplicated, Symptomatic Lower UTI in an Elderly Woman?.
Creator: Radkay, Lisa, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: Elderly women with symptomatic lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) should be treated for 3 to 6 days with oral antibiotics. This duration provides better short-term outcomes than 1-day therapy and has long-term outcomes equivalent to 7- to 14-day therapy. (SOR B, based on a systematic review of heterogeneous RCTs.)
Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0028
Format: Citation

Title: How Are Thyroid Function Tests Altered by Thyroid Replacement Medications?.
Creator: Shah, Shawn, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: Small changes in the dosing of levothyroxine (±25 mcg) are associated with large changes in serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations, but not with measurable changes in hypothyroid symptoms, well-being, or quality of life. (SOR: B, based on a single RCT.) Taking levothyroxine while fasting is associated with a higher serum FT4 and lower serum TSH compared with administration after a meal, but these differences are small. (SOR: C, based on a single RCT...
Show moreSmall changes in the dosing of levothyroxine (±25 mcg) are associated with large changes in serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations, but not with measurable changes in hypothyroid symptoms, well-being, or quality of life. (SOR: B, based on a single RCT.) Taking levothyroxine while fasting is associated with a higher serum FT4 and lower serum TSH compared with administration after a meal, but these differences are small. (SOR: C, based on a single RCT using disease-oriented outcomes.)
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0032
Format: Citation

Title: Impact of a Creative Arts Journal on a Medical School Community: A Qualitative Study.
Creator: Rodríguez, Jose, Welch, Tana, Edwards, Janine C.
Abstract/Description: The Florida State University College of Medicine (FSUCOM) has created a new creative arts journal called HEAL: Humanism Evolving through Arts and Literature. This study was designed to evaluate the influence creative arts publications may have on students, faculty, and staff of a medical school. The investigators randomly selected 17 participants from 25 volunteers in the HEAL project who agreed to be interviewed. They used consensual qualitative research methods to analyze the data,...
Show moreThe Florida State University College of Medicine (FSUCOM) has created a new creative arts journal called HEAL: Humanism Evolving through Arts and Literature. This study was designed to evaluate the influence creative arts publications may have on students, faculty, and staff of a medical school. The investigators randomly selected 17 participants from 25 volunteers in the HEAL project who agreed to be interviewed. They used consensual qualitative research methods to analyze the data, identifying major areas of impact HEAL had on the faculty, students, and staff. Three major themes were identified: Strengthening Professional Relationships (SPR), Educational Enhancement (EE), and Self-Expression (SE). The following sub-themes were identified: SPR—changed perceptions; SE—artistic self-expression; EE—faculty example, and positive reinforcement of career choice. HEAL is perceived as a valuable part of medical education, and the identified themes can be tested in further research.
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0048, 10.1080/08893675.2012.736179
Format: Citation

Title: Interventions for Heart Failure.
Creator: Glickman, Michael, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: The following interventions improve important outcomes in patients with systolic heart failure (all SORs: A, based on meta-analyses): • Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors reduce mortality, repeat myocardial infarction (MI), and hospitalization rates • Beta-blockers and aldosterone blockers reduce mortality and hospitalization rates • Diuretics reduce mortality and hospitalization rates and improve exercise capacity • Digitalis treatment decreases hospitalization rates and clinical...
Show moreThe following interventions improve important outcomes in patients with systolic heart failure (all SORs: A, based on meta-analyses): • Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors reduce mortality, repeat myocardial infarction (MI), and hospitalization rates • Beta-blockers and aldosterone blockers reduce mortality and hospitalization rates • Diuretics reduce mortality and hospitalization rates and improve exercise capacity • Digitalis treatment decreases hospitalization rates and clinical deterioration • Aerobic exercise rehabilitation of at least 6 months in duration decreases hospitalization rates and improves quality of life. The following intervention improves important outcomes in African American patients with systolic heart failure (SOR: B, based on a single RCT): • Isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine combination therapy reduces mortality and hospitalization rates and improves quality of life.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0034
Format: Citation

Title: How Safe and Effective is Pramlintide in Improving Long-Term Glycemic Control and Weight Loss in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Receiving Insulin?.
Creator: Iyengar, Sanjana, Love, Kaitlin, Bauerband, Brian, Rodríguez, Jose
Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0052
Format: Citation

Title: Inner City Community Oriented Primary Care to Improve Medical Student Skills and Combat Obesity.
Creator: Rodríguez, Jose, Fornari, Alice
Abstract/Description: Background: Efforts to increase medical student knowledge regarding obesity are needed in medical school curriculum. This article examines a third year medical student intervention utilizing obesity group visits. Description: In our third-year family medicine clerkship, we implemented the Health not Cosmetics pilot intervention as part of a Community Oriented Primary Care experience. The intervention consisted of weekly group visits run by third and fourth year medical students to teach...
Show moreBackground: Efforts to increase medical student knowledge regarding obesity are needed in medical school curriculum. This article examines a third year medical student intervention utilizing obesity group visits. Description: In our third-year family medicine clerkship, we implemented the Health not Cosmetics pilot intervention as part of a Community Oriented Primary Care experience. The intervention consisted of weekly group visits run by third and fourth year medical students to teach lifestyle modification. To evaluate the intervention, medical students filled out an anonymous departmental evaluation form and patients were surveyed using a short questionnaire during a group visit. Evaluation: Medical students rated the intervention as meeting or exceeding expectations and as improving Community Oriented Primary Care skills, especially in the following areas: identifying community needs, participating in an intervention, collecting data and presenting results. Patients adopted more active lifestyles and healthier eating habits. Conclusion: This intervention was well received by medical students and patients.
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Date Issued: 2006
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0002
Format: Citation

Title: Is Laparoscopic or Open Surgery Better to Prevent Recurrence of an Inguinal Hernia in an Adult Man?: Update.
Creator: Bada, Alvaro, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: The risk of recurrence of inguinal hernia is reduced by the use of synthetic mesh, but does not depend on the specific surgical procedure. Compared with the open approach, laparoscopy requires a longer operation (15 minutes longer on average), but decreases recovery time and reduces persistent pain and numbness. (SOR A, based on a systematic review.) Recurrence rates with laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair are highly operator dependent. (SOR A, based on 2 large randomized controlled trials ...
Show moreThe risk of recurrence of inguinal hernia is reduced by the use of synthetic mesh, but does not depend on the specific surgical procedure. Compared with the open approach, laparoscopy requires a longer operation (15 minutes longer on average), but decreases recovery time and reduces persistent pain and numbness. (SOR A, based on a systematic review.) Recurrence rates with laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair are highly operator dependent. (SOR A, based on 2 large randomized controlled trials [RCTs].)
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0012
Format: Citation

Title: Is Uterine Artery Embolization (UAE) Safe and Effective for Treatment of Uterine Fibroids?.
Creator: Davis, Laura, Provost, Bridgette, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: Compared with hysterectomy or myomectomy, UAE for treating fibroids results in similar patient satisfaction. UAE is associated with fewer blood transfusions, shorter hospital stays, and quicker resumption of normal activities than surgical treatment. However, patients undergoing UAE are more likely to require further intervention at 2 and 5 years and are more likely to have minor complications than patients treated surgically (SOR: A, systematic review of RCTs).
Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0044
Format: Citation

Title: Is Calcitonin Useful for Reducing the Pain of Acute Osteoporotic Fractures?.
Creator: Parker, Alex, Soberon, Angelica, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: Calcitonin has been shown to improve acute pain at rest in patients with osteoporotic vertebral fractures, when compared with placebo, and reduce the use of other analgesic medications (SOR A, based on a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [RCTs]). However, calcitonin is not superior to placebo in patients with hip fracture who have undergone surgical repair. (SOR B, based on an RCT.)
Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0017
Format: Citation

Title: Mobile Health Unit for Obesity Education: Attitudes and Perceptions Among Local Homeless Residents.
Creator: Soberon, Angelica, Brown, L., Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: Objective: Poverty is a risk factor for obesity. Using homelessness as a marker for poverty, we examined the prevalence of obesity in Leon County, Florida's homeless population to determine their attitudes and perceptions towards the disease. Methods: Our medical team equipped a mobile health unit with educational material before visiting homeless shelters, health fairs and shopping areas in Northwest Florida. Participants at these sites completed a short survey and our staff calculated Body...
Show moreObjective: Poverty is a risk factor for obesity. Using homelessness as a marker for poverty, we examined the prevalence of obesity in Leon County, Florida's homeless population to determine their attitudes and perceptions towards the disease. Methods: Our medical team equipped a mobile health unit with educational material before visiting homeless shelters, health fairs and shopping areas in Northwest Florida. Participants at these sites completed a short survey and our staff calculated Body Mass Index (BMI). The team also distributed lifestyle modification and obesity patient education. BMI and survey responses were compared and analyzed using statistical software. Results: Subjects were assigned to one of two groups: the homeless group or the "all others" group. The homeless group's responses and BMIs were compared to the "all others" group. Weight status in the homeless group was distributed as follows: normal weight (48.3%), overweight (39.7%) and obese (12.1%). The distribution among all other participants was: normal weight (34.8%), overweight (25.8%), and obese (39.3%). Homeless participants overestimated their BMI category as often as all others, were less likely to participate in weight loss interventions, and less likely to recognize overweight and obesity as a problem. Conclusion: Medical practitioners need to recognize the role of patients' attitudes about weight loss and clarify definitions of exercise. Obesity is less prevalent among the homeless; however, the same obesity trends exist. In addition, we learned that the homeless are eager to learn about obesity and healthy lifestyles, but may not be as willing to attempt interventions that have worked in other populations. Mobile health units can be used to reach out to them.
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0035
Format: Citation

Title: Metformin Therapy and Diabetes Prevention in Adolescents Who Are Obese.
Creator: Rodríguez, Jose, Shearer, Barbara, Slawson, David C.
Abstract/Description: No studies have addressed the question of whether metformin reduces development of diabetes among adolescents who are obese. Metformin treatment in adolescents who are obese can modestly reduce risk factors for type 2 diabetes, including elevated body mass index (BMI), fasting insulin levels, and fasting glucose levels. (Strength of Recommendation [SOR]: C). However, metformin treatment is associated with nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. (SOR: A). Because of the limited available data,...
Show moreNo studies have addressed the question of whether metformin reduces development of diabetes among adolescents who are obese. Metformin treatment in adolescents who are obese can modestly reduce risk factors for type 2 diabetes, including elevated body mass index (BMI), fasting insulin levels, and fasting glucose levels. (Strength of Recommendation [SOR]: C). However, metformin treatment is associated with nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. (SOR: A). Because of the limited available data, metformin is not recommended for diabetes prevention in adolescents. (SOR: C).
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Date Issued: 2007
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0003
Format: Citation

Title: Are Group Visits Effective for the Treatment of Obesity?.
Creator: Hofmann, Mikel, Rodríguez, Jose, Shearer, Barbara
Abstract/Description: Weight loss therapy consisting of 20 to 30 lifestyle-modification group visits is associated with modest (4–8 kg) weight loss. (SOR A, based on homogeneous randomized controlled trials [RCTs].) For patients who participate in group visits, use of sibutramine (15 mg p.o. daily) and compliance with food journaling are both associated with greater weight loss. (SOR B, based on an RCT and an outcomes study.)
Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0021
Format: Citation

Title: Communities Committed to Underserved Care.
Creator: Rodríguez, Jose
Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0043
Format: Citation

Title: Collaboration with Pharmacy Services in a Family Practice for the Medically Underserved.
Creator: Enfinger, Fallon, Campbell, Kendall, Taylor, James
Abstract/Description: Objectives: Pharmacist-managed collaborative services in a family practice setting are described, and diabetes and hypertension outcomes are assessed. Methods: Pharmacist-managed clinics, pharmacotherapy consultations, and drug information services are provided for a medically underserved, predominantly African American population. A pharmacy residency director, an ambulatory care pharmacy resident and three PharmD candidate student pharmacists work directly with physicians, nurse...
Show moreObjectives: Pharmacist-managed collaborative services in a family practice setting are described, and diabetes and hypertension outcomes are assessed. Methods: Pharmacist-managed clinics, pharmacotherapy consultations, and drug information services are provided for a medically underserved, predominantly African American population. A pharmacy residency director, an ambulatory care pharmacy resident and three PharmD candidate student pharmacists work directly with physicians, nurse practitioners, nurses, and social workers to form an interdisciplinary health care team. Providers utilize pharmacy services through consultations and referrals. Collaboration outcomes were evaluated in twentytwo patients with diabetes and thirty hypertensive patients. Patients were retrospectively followed throughout their history with pharmacy service. Hemoglobin A1c (A1C) was tracked before referral to pharmacy services, 3 to 6 months after, and as the most current measure after at least 6 months. Blood pressure (BP) was observed before pharmacy involvement, 2 to 4 months later, and then currently for at least 4 months with the service. The mean of the most current markers was calculated, and the percent of patients at their goal marker was compared to national averages. Results: Fifty percent of pharmacy service patients met the American Diabetes Association hemoglobin A1c goal of less than 7% in our evaluation compared to the national mean of 49.8% overall and 44% in African Americans. Thirty percent of patients were at their BP goal while 33.1% of patients without diabetes and 33.2% of patients with diabetes nationally are at goal. Conclusion: The medically underserved patients under the care of pharmacy services achieved a higher percentage at their A1C goal than the national mean. The percentage of patients who achieved their BP goals was comparable to the national average. Increasing utilization of pharmacy services in the family practice setting allows for pharmacists and providers to form a trusted relationship while providing enhanced care and potentially improved outcomes for patients.
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0037
Format: Citation

Title: Optimal management of type 2 diabetes in patients with increased risk of hypoglycemia.
Creator: Anderson, Morgan, Powell, Jason, Campbell, Kendall, Taylor, James
Abstract/Description: With the number of individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes on the rise, it has become more important to ensure these patients are effectively treated. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that 8.3% of all Americans were diagnosed with diabetes in 2011 and this number will likely continue to rise. With lifestyle interventions, such as proper diet and exercise, continuing to be an essential component of diabetes treatment, more patients are requiring medication therapy to...
Show moreWith the number of individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes on the rise, it has become more important to ensure these patients are effectively treated. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that 8.3% of all Americans were diagnosed with diabetes in 2011 and this number will likely continue to rise. With lifestyle interventions, such as proper diet and exercise, continuing to be an essential component of diabetes treatment, more patients are requiring medication therapy to help them reach their therapeutic goals. It is important for the clinician, when determining the treatment strategy for these individuals, to find a balance between reaching treatment goals and limiting the adverse effects of the treatments themselves. Of all the adverse events associated with treatment of diabetes, the risk of hypoglycemia is one that most therapies have in common. This risk is often a limiting factor when attempting to aggressively treat diabetic patients. This manuscript will review how hypoglycemia is defined and categorized, as well as discuss the prevalence of hypoglycemia among the many different treatment options.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0054, 10.2147/DMSO.S48896
Format: Citation

Title: State-Level Progress in Reducing the Black-White Infant Mortality Gap, United States, 1999-2013.
Creator: Brown Speights, Joedrecka S, Goldfarb, Samantha Sittig, Wells, Brittny A, Beitsch, Leslie, Levine, Robert S, Rust, George
Abstract/Description: To assess state-level progress on eliminating racial disparities in infant mortality. Using linked infant birth-death files from 1999 to 2013, we calculated state-level 3-year rolling average infant mortality rates (IMRs) and Black-White IMR ratios. We also calculated percentage improvement and a projected year for achieving equality if current trend lines are sustained. We found substantial state-level variation in Black IMRs (range = 6.6-13.8) and Black-White rate ratios (1.5-2.7), and also...
Show moreTo assess state-level progress on eliminating racial disparities in infant mortality. Using linked infant birth-death files from 1999 to 2013, we calculated state-level 3-year rolling average infant mortality rates (IMRs) and Black-White IMR ratios. We also calculated percentage improvement and a projected year for achieving equality if current trend lines are sustained. We found substantial state-level variation in Black IMRs (range = 6.6-13.8) and Black-White rate ratios (1.5-2.7), and also in percentage relative improvement in IMR (range = 2.7% to 36.5% improvement) and in Black-White rate ratios (from 11.7% relative worsening to 24.0% improvement). Thirteen states achieved statistically significant reductions in Black-White IMR disparities. Eliminating the Black-White IMR gap would have saved 64 876 babies during these 15 years. Eighteen states would achieve IMR racial equality by the year 2050 if current trends are sustained. States are achieving varying levels of progress in reducing Black infant mortality and Black-White IMR disparities. Public Health Implications. Racial equality in infant survival is achievable, but will require shifting our focus to determinants of progress and strategies for success.
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Date Issued: 2017-05-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_28323476, 10.2105/AJPH.2017.303689, PMC5388953, 28323476, 28323476
Format: Citation

Title: Medical Residents' and Practicing Physicians' e-Cigarette Knowledge and Patient Screening Activities: Do They Differ?.
Creator: Geletko, Karen W, Myers, Karen, Brownstein, Naomi, Jameson, Breanna, Lopez, Daniel, Sharpe, Alaine, Bellamy, Gail R
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to compare medical residents and practicing physicians in primary care specialties regarding their knowledge and beliefs about electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). We wanted to ascertain whether years removed from medical school had an effect on screening practices, recommendations given to patients, and the types of informational sources utilized. A statewide sample of Florida primary care medical residents (n = 61) and practicing physicians (n = 53) completed...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to compare medical residents and practicing physicians in primary care specialties regarding their knowledge and beliefs about electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). We wanted to ascertain whether years removed from medical school had an effect on screening practices, recommendations given to patients, and the types of informational sources utilized. A statewide sample of Florida primary care medical residents (n = 61) and practicing physicians (n = 53) completed either an online or paper survey, measuring patient screening and physician recommendations, beliefs, and knowledge related to e-cigarettes. χ tests of association and linear and logistic regression models were used to assess the differences within- and between-participant groups. Practicing physicians were more likely than medical residents to believe e-cigarettes lower cancer risk in patients who use them as an alternative to cigarettes ( = .0003). Medical residents were more likely to receive information about e-cigarettes from colleagues ( = .0001). No statistically significant differences were observed related to e-cigarette knowledge or patient recommendations. Practicing primary care physicians are accepting both the benefits and costs associated with e-cigarettes, while medical residents in primary care are more reticent. Targeted education concerning the potential health risks and benefits associated with the use of e-cigarettes needs to be included in the current medical education curriculum and medical provider training to improve provider confidence in discussing issues surrounding the use of this product.
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Date Issued: 2016-11-28
Identifier: FSU_pmch_28462285, 10.1177/2333392816678493, PMC5266463, 28462285, 28462285, 10.1177_2333392816678493
Format: Citation

Title: What is the Best Treatment for an Adult with an Umbilical Hernia?.
Creator: Castro, Robert, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: The laparoscopic onlay patch repair is associated with less recurrence, shorter hospital stay, lower wound morbidity, and lower postoperative pain when compared with open suture repair. (SOR B, based on a single cohort study.) Open surgical mesh repair of umbilical hernia is associated with less recurrence than open suture repair, but there is controversy surrounding the infection rates associated with this repair. (SOR B, based on heterogeneous cohort studies.)
Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0016
Format: Citation

Title: What is the Best Treatment for Patients of All Ages with Community-Acquired Pneumonia?.
Creator: Smith, Joshua, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: Recommended first-line antibiotic therapy for community-acquired (CA) pneumonia is 5 days of a macrolide in adults and 3 to 5 days of amoxicillin in children. (SOR: C, based on consensus guidelines.) In otherwise healthy adults, there is no clear difference in clinical success rates among beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and cephalosporins.
Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0033
Format: Citation

Title: What is the Best Nonpharmacologic Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain?.
Creator: Miller, Michelle, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: Nonpharmacologic therapies for phantom limb pain (PLP) that have demonstrated some success include motor imagery therapy (SOR C, extrapolated from a randomized controlled trial [RCT] that enrolled a heterogeneous patient sample); Farabloc® (SOR C, based on a single low-quality RCT); and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in patients who also have depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (SOR C, based on a case series). Evidence is insufficient to support or refute the...
Show moreNonpharmacologic therapies for phantom limb pain (PLP) that have demonstrated some success include motor imagery therapy (SOR C, extrapolated from a randomized controlled trial [RCT] that enrolled a heterogeneous patient sample); Farabloc® (SOR C, based on a single low-quality RCT); and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in patients who also have depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (SOR C, based on a case series). Evidence is insufficient to support or refute the use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), desensitization, scar mobilization, relaxation, or biofeedback.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0020
Format: Citation

Title: What is the Best Treatment for Postinfluenza Pneumonia?.
Creator: Smith, Joshua, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: Cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and respiratory fluoroquinolones are recommended for influenza-associated pneumonia. Oseltamivir and zanamivir can be used to reduce viral shedding in hospitalized patients with influenza, with or without pneumonia. (SOR C, based on consensus guidelines.) Early treatment of the influenza infection with oseltamivir or inhaled zanamivir is recommended for prevention of postinfluenza pneumonia. (SOR A, based on a meta-analysis.)
Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0027
Format: Citation

Title: What is the Best Treatment for Symptomatic PVD in the Elderly?.
Creator: LeFranc, Noemi, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: In patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD), a structured exercise program improves walking distances and is relatively low risk and low cost. Lipid-lowering therapy reduces the risk of cardiovascular events and also increases walking distances. Cilostazol and naftidrofuryl improve walking distance, but add an additional expense. Angioplasty appears to improve walking distance better than exercise at 6 months, but not at 2 or 6 years. (SOR A, based on a systematic reviews.)
Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0026
Format: Citation

Title: What is the Best Prophylaxis for Menstrual Migraine?.
Creator: Barrie, Jamie, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: Oral naratriptan results in slightly fewer headache days than placebo in patients with menstrual migraines. (SOR A, based on consistent randomized controlled trials [RCTs].) Naproxen and magnesium therapy are also more effective than placebo. (SOR B, based on single small RCTs.) Frovatriptan may reduce the severity of pain better than transdermal estrogens and naproxen (SOR C, based on a single open-label comparison study), but has not been studied in comparison with a placebo.
Date Issued: 2008
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0008
Format: Citation

Title: What is the Best Treatment for Exercise-Induced Asthma?.
Creator: Rodríguez, Jose, Gonzalez, David
Abstract/Description: Patients using the leukotriene inhibitor montelukast require less frequent use of rescue medication than patients using the long-acting beta-agonist salmeterol. (SOR B, based on a single randomized controlled trial [RCT]). No studies have compared short-acting beta-agonists with either leukotriene inhibitors or long-acting beta-agonists.
Date Issued: 2008
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0004
Format: Citation

Title: What is the Best Treatment for Graves' Disease in Women Trying to Become Pregnant?.
Creator: Pearcy, Amanda, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: It is recommended that pregnant women with Graves' disease and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) antibodies be treated with an antithyroid drug, whereas those without TSH antibodies should simply be observed. Radioiodine treatment with iodine-131 (I-131) is contraindicated when a woman is attempting pregnancy and during pregnancy. Propylthiouracil (PTU) is the first-line drug therapy during the first trimester. (SOR B, from an evidence-based guideline.)
Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0025
Format: Citation

Title: Does levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive have a post-fertilization effect? A review of its mechanism of action.
Creator: Peck, Rebecca, Rella, Walter, Tudela, Julio, Aznar, Justo, Mozzanega, Bruno
Abstract/Description: Recent studies have identified that levonorgestrel administered orally in emergency contraception (LNG-EC) is only efficacious when taken before ovulation. However, the drug does not consistently prevent follicular rupture or impair sperm function. The present systematic review is performed to analyze and more precisely define the extent to which pre-fertilization mechanisms of action may explain the drug's efficacy in pregnancy avoidance. We also examine the available evidence to determine...
Show moreRecent studies have identified that levonorgestrel administered orally in emergency contraception (LNG-EC) is only efficacious when taken before ovulation. However, the drug does not consistently prevent follicular rupture or impair sperm function. The present systematic review is performed to analyze and more precisely define the extent to which pre-fertilization mechanisms of action may explain the drug's efficacy in pregnancy avoidance. We also examine the available evidence to determine if pre-ovulatory drug administration may be associated with post-fertilization effects. The mechanism of action of LNG-EC is reviewed. The drug has no ability to alter sperm function at doses used and has limited ability to suppress ovulation. Our analysis estimates that the drug's ovulatory inhibition potential could prevent less than 15 percent of potential conceptions, thus making a pre-fertilization mechanism of action significantly less likely than previously thought. Luteal effects (such as decreased progesterone, altered glycodelin levels, and shortened luteal phase) present in the literature may suggest a pre-ovulatory induced post-fertilization drug effect. Plan B is the most widely used emergency contraceptive available. It is important for patients and physicians to clearly understand the drug's mechanism of action (MOA). The drug was originally thought to work by preventing fertilization. Recent research has cast doubt on this. Our review of the research suggests that it could act in a pre-fertilization capacity, and we estimate that it could prevent ovulation in only 15 percent or less of cases. The drug has no ability to alter sperm function and limited ability to suppress ovulation. Further, data suggest that when administered pre-ovulation, it may have a post-fertilization MOA.
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Date Issued: 2016-02-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_27833181, 10.1179/2050854915Y.0000000011, PMC5102184, 27833181, 27833181, ylnq-83-35
Format: Citation

Title: Washing Feet and Clipping Toenails: The Servanthood of a Family Physician.
Creator: Campbell, Kendall
Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0055
Format: Citation

Title: Underrepresented Minority Faculty in Academic Medicine: A Systematic Review of URM Faculty Development.
Creator: Rodríguez, Jose, Campbell, Kendall, Fogarty, John, Williams, Roxann
Abstract/Description: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Retention and recruitment of minority faculty members continues to be a concern of medical schools because there is higher attrition and talent loss among this group. While much has been written, there has not been a systematic review published on this topic. This is the first study to use evidence-based medicine (EBM) criteria and apply it to this issue. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Web of Knowledge, ProQuest, and Google Scholar for papers relating to the...
Show moreBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Retention and recruitment of minority faculty members continues to be a concern of medical schools because there is higher attrition and talent loss among this group. While much has been written, there has not been a systematic review published on this topic. This is the first study to use evidence-based medicine (EBM) criteria and apply it to this issue. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Web of Knowledge, ProQuest, and Google Scholar for papers relating to the recruitment and retention of minority faculty. We then graded the evidence using the EBM criteria as defined by the American Academy of Family Physicians. The same criteria were applied to extract evidence-based observations of problems in recruitment and retention for minority faculty. RESULTS: Of the 548 studies identified and reviewed, 11 met inclusion criteria for this literature review. This article presents the data from the reviewed papers that described or evaluated minority faculty development programs. Faculty development programs in 15 different institutions showed mentoring and faculty development for minority faculty could increase retention, academic productivity, and promotion rates for this group. ConclusionS: For medical schools to be successful in retention and recruitment of minority medical school faculty, specific programs need to be in place. Overall evidence is strong that faculty development programs and mentoring programs increase retention, productivity, and promotion for this group of medical faculty. This paper is a call to action for more faculty development and mentorship programs to reduce the disparities that exist between minority faculty and all other faculty members.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0049
Format: Citation

Title: What Are the Best Nonpharmacologic Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Women?.
Creator: Rojas, Christine, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is superior to no treatment or inactive controls, and is effective in nonpregnant, pregnant, and postpartum women. (SOR A, based on meta-analyses.) The clinical value of habit retraining, timed voiding, or mechanical devices for treatment of urinary incontinence is unknown.
Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0013
Format: Citation

Title: What Are the Risks of Oral Contraceptives in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors?.
Creator: Love, Kaitlin, Miller, Michelle, Pemberton, Kenisha, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: Women who smoke, have hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or factor V Leiden deficiency and take oral contraception (OC) are at increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI). Third-generation OCs and low-dose OCs are not associated with increased MI risk in women with or without other cardiovascular (CV) risk factors (SOR B, systematic review of cohort studies). OCs are contraindicated in women with preexisting congestive heart failure or CV disease, but may be used in otherwise healthy women with...
Show moreWomen who smoke, have hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or factor V Leiden deficiency and take oral contraception (OC) are at increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI). Third-generation OCs and low-dose OCs are not associated with increased MI risk in women with or without other cardiovascular (CV) risk factors (SOR B, systematic review of cohort studies). OCs are contraindicated in women with preexisting congestive heart failure or CV disease, but may be used in otherwise healthy women with diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia (SOR C, evidence-based guidelines derived from consensus and expert opinion).
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Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0047
Format: Citation

Title: What Are the Causes of Systolic Murmurs in Young Children?.
Creator: Goodwin, Meredith, Dexter, Nadine, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: Innocent or functional murmurs are the most common, present at some point in 50% to 90% of children, typically between 2 and 7 years of age. (SOR B, based on a cohort study.) Systolic murmurs due to systemic diseases or infections are the next most common, with anemia being the most frequent cause. (SOR C, based on a narrative review.) Congenital heart disease is the least common cause of a systolic murmur, occurring in less than 1% of the general population. (SOR B, based on a systematic...
Show moreInnocent or functional murmurs are the most common, present at some point in 50% to 90% of children, typically between 2 and 7 years of age. (SOR B, based on a cohort study.) Systolic murmurs due to systemic diseases or infections are the next most common, with anemia being the most frequent cause. (SOR C, based on a narrative review.) Congenital heart disease is the least common cause of a systolic murmur, occurring in less than 1% of the general population. (SOR B, based on a systematic review of cohort studies.)
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0019
Format: Citation

Title: What Common Food Additives Can Cause Acute, Nonallergic Symptoms?.
Creator: Rodríguez, Jose, Campbell, Sara Chelland, Gallard, Javier
Abstract/Description: Aspartame may be associated with headaches in susceptible individuals (SOR B, based on a small crossover study.) Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is associated with a range of constitutional symptoms; however, with blinding, responses to MSG are rarely consistent. (SOR B, based on a randomized controlled trial [RCT].)
Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0022
Format: Citation

Title: What Are Effective Treatments for Painful Varicose Veins?.
Creator: Gonzalez, David, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: Several ablative therapies are effective. However, endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) has a higher 5-year success rate than surgical stripping, ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS), and radiofre-quency ablation (RFA). EVLA is also associated with less postoperative pain, and results a faster improvement in health-related quality of life when compared with surgery. (SOR A, based on a meta-analysis.) Compression stockings are not as effective as ablative therapy. (SOR A, based on a meta...
Show moreSeveral ablative therapies are effective. However, endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) has a higher 5-year success rate than surgical stripping, ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS), and radiofre-quency ablation (RFA). EVLA is also associated with less postoperative pain, and results a faster improvement in health-related quality of life when compared with surgery. (SOR A, based on a meta-analysis.) Compression stockings are not as effective as ablative therapy. (SOR A, based on a meta-analysis.)
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0029
Format: Citation

Title: What Can Be Done to Slow Progression of Dementia in the Elderly?.
Creator: Parker, Alex, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: Cholinesterase inhibitors alone or in combination with memantine delay the rate of nursing home admissions among elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but have no statistical influence on mortality. (SOR B, based on an observational study.) Cholinesterase inhibitors are associated with small improvements in cognition and function in patients with AD when compared with placebo (SOR A, based on a meta-analysis.) The total societal medical cost of donepezil therapy is comparable to the...
Show moreCholinesterase inhibitors alone or in combination with memantine delay the rate of nursing home admissions among elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but have no statistical influence on mortality. (SOR B, based on an observational study.) Cholinesterase inhibitors are associated with small improvements in cognition and function in patients with AD when compared with placebo (SOR A, based on a meta-analysis.) The total societal medical cost of donepezil therapy is comparable to the cost of placebo. (SOR B, based on 1 randomized controlled trial [RCT].)
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0015
Format: Citation

Title: What Are the Best Treatments for Reducing Pain Due to Compression Fractures?.
Creator: Bada, Alvaro, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: The answer remains unclear. Nasal salmon calcitonin is effective for analgesia of vertebral compression fractures (SOR A, based on a systematic review of randomized controlled trials [RCTs]). Although percutaneous vertebroplasty is slightly more effective than balloon kyphoplasty for reducing pain, it also has a higher refracture rate (SOR A, based on a meta-analysis). Isometric back-extensor muscle strengthening and proprioceptive postural retraining is more effective for prolonging time...
Show moreThe answer remains unclear. Nasal salmon calcitonin is effective for analgesia of vertebral compression fractures (SOR A, based on a systematic review of randomized controlled trials [RCTs]). Although percutaneous vertebroplasty is slightly more effective than balloon kyphoplasty for reducing pain, it also has a higher refracture rate (SOR A, based on a meta-analysis). Isometric back-extensor muscle strengthening and proprioceptive postural retraining is more effective for prolonging time between refractures if there has not been a vertebroplasty (SOR B, based on a case series).
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0009
Format: Citation

Title: What Are the Most Effective Methods for Managing General Psychosocial Stress?.
Creator: Rodby, Katherine, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), cognitive-behavioral stress reduction (CBSR), and somatic relaxation are all effective therapies for psychosocial stress. Exercise also reduces stress and improves mental health (SOR B, based on small randomized controlled trials [RCTs]). Anxiolytic agents and antidepressants may be used in refractory cases. (SOR C, expert opinion.)
Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0011
Format: Citation

Title: Should Coenzyme Q10 Be Used to Lower Blood Pressure in Asymptomatic Patients?.
Creator: Barker, Daniella, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) may lower systolic and diastolic blood pressures in patients with primary hypertension, but is not recommended as an antihypertensive treatment (SOR: C, systematic review of low-quality RCTs using disease-oriented outcomes).
Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0046
Format: Citation

Title: What is the Best Treatment for an Adult Whose Asthma Exacerbation Has Not Completely Responded to 5 Days of Oral Corticosteroids?.
Creator: Hofmann, Mikel, Rodríguez, Jose, Klatt, Carolyn
Abstract/Description: Current guidelines recommend that patients with acute asthma exacerbations be treated with systemic corticosteroids for 5 to 10 days, so continued steroid therapy is an option. However, limited evidence suggests that a 2-week course of oral steroids may be no more effective than a 1-week course (SOR C, based on a single small randomized controlled trial with a trend favoring prolonged therapy).
Date Issued: 2008
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0007
Format: Citation

Title: What is the Role of Carbohydrate-Restricted Diets for Patients with Obesity-Related Diseases (Hyperlipidemia, Diabetes, Hypertension, etc)?.
Creator: Nagy, Suzanne, Soberon, Angelica, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: Compared with low-fat diets, carbohydrate-restricted diets (eg, Atkins) produce more weight loss in the short term (at 6 months but not at 1 year) and produce a greater reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C). (SOR A, based on a meta-analysis.) However, no studies have been published with more than 1 year duration or have focused on patient-oriented outcomes. The American Diabetes Association now recommends either low-carbohydrate or low-fat calorie-restricted diets for weight loss over...
Show moreCompared with low-fat diets, carbohydrate-restricted diets (eg, Atkins) produce more weight loss in the short term (at 6 months but not at 1 year) and produce a greater reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C). (SOR A, based on a meta-analysis.) However, no studies have been published with more than 1 year duration or have focused on patient-oriented outcomes. The American Diabetes Association now recommends either low-carbohydrate or low-fat calorie-restricted diets for weight loss over the short term. (SOR C, based on expert opinion.)
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Date Issued: 2008
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0006
Format: Citation

Title: When is Heparin Indicated for the Management of Acute Stroke?.
Creator: Murphy, Shelley, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: Heparin does not appear to improve overall outcomes when used for ischemic stroke or within the first 2 weeks of a cardioembolic stroke. (SOR B, extrapolated from meta-analyses of multiple heparinoids.)
Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0018
Format: Citation

Title: Which is the Best Surgical Incision/Technique for Cesarean Section?.
Creator: LeFranc, Noemi, Rodríguez, Jose
Abstract/Description: The Joel-Cohen skin incision is associated with less fever, pain, analgesic use, and blood loss, as well as shorter surgeries and hospital stays when compared with the Pfannenstiel skin incision (SOR: A, based on a systematic review). For uterine incision, the answer is no clear, but blunt dissection is associated with less blood loss when compared with sharp dissection (SOR: A, based on a systematic review and subsequent RCT). Cephalad-caudad blunt dissection appears safer than transverse...
Show moreThe Joel-Cohen skin incision is associated with less fever, pain, analgesic use, and blood loss, as well as shorter surgeries and hospital stays when compared with the Pfannenstiel skin incision (SOR: A, based on a systematic review). For uterine incision, the answer is no clear, but blunt dissection is associated with less blood loss when compared with sharp dissection (SOR: A, based on a systematic review and subsequent RCT). Cephalad-caudad blunt dissection appears safer than transverse blunt dissection (SOR: B, based on 1 RCT).
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0030
Format: Citation

Title: What is the Most Effective Treatment for Bell's Palsy Among Patients with Diabetes?.
Creator: Gonzalez, David, Rodríguez, Jose, Talbot, Richard
Abstract/Description: Patients with Bell's palsy have higher cure rates when treated with oral prednisolone within 72 hours of onset (SOR B, based on a single randomized controlled trial), but it is unclear what effect this therapy would have on patients with diabetes. Intravenous lipo-prostaglandin E1 (lipo-PGE1) may be an alternative to steroid therapy for Bell's palsy that does not effect blood glucose levels. (SOR C, based on a single small cohort study.)
Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0024
Format: Citation

Title: The University of Florida's Commitment to Recruit Family Physicians.
Creator: Cotter, Shenary, Campbell, Kendall, Curry, R.
Abstract/Description: At the University of Florida, we enthusiastically educate and encourage students about family medicine. Communities in which family physicians practice are healthier, and relationships patients have with their family physicians are some of the most rewarding. We demonstrate this to UF students in a variety of settings and interactions with our faculty throughout their entire four-year medical education. Paramount to our efforts are personal interactions with core faculty members enthusiastic...
Show moreAt the University of Florida, we enthusiastically educate and encourage students about family medicine. Communities in which family physicians practice are healthier, and relationships patients have with their family physicians are some of the most rewarding. We demonstrate this to UF students in a variety of settings and interactions with our faculty throughout their entire four-year medical education. Paramount to our efforts are personal interactions with core faculty members enthusiastic about family medicine and teaching. Students participate in a wide range of clinical settings, providing the full complement of family medicine. They encounter faculty members whose focus is hospital medicine, procedures, sports medicine, women's health, student health, ambulatory care, urgent care, academic medicine and underserved care. The diversity of our faculty provides students insight into the many opportunities available in family medicine. Targeted student activities throughout medical school help spark and maintain student interest in family medicine.
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0039
Format: Citation

Title: Training Medical Students to Recognize and Address Health Disparities.
Creator: Campbell, Kendall
Abstract/Description: As the U.S. population grows more diverse, it is becoming more and more important for medical schools to address health disparities, underserved populations and cultural competency. The growing population places increasing demands on our health care system and requires our medical schools to produce more culturally competent, health disparity-minded physicians. The 16th Report of the Council on Graduate Medical Education suggests that the demand for physicians after 2015 will be greater than...
Show moreAs the U.S. population grows more diverse, it is becoming more and more important for medical schools to address health disparities, underserved populations and cultural competency. The growing population places increasing demands on our health care system and requires our medical schools to produce more culturally competent, health disparity-minded physicians. The 16th Report of the Council on Graduate Medical Education suggests that the demand for physicians after 2015 will be greater than the supply. The persons most impacted will be those who are underserved.
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0040
Format: Citation

Title: What Methods Are Effective for Reducing the Incidence of Dental Caries?.
Creator: Gaar, Micah, Rodríguez, Jose, Alexiev, Elena
Abstract/Description: Fluoride mouth rinses and fluoride toothpastes used regularly at home reduce the incidence of dental caries about 25%. (SOR A, based on systematic reviews of RCTs.) Professionally applied fluoride varnishes reduce carries by about 50%. (SOR A, based on systematic reviews of RCTs.) Pit and fissure sealants provide additional protection beyond fluoride varnishes. (SOR B, based on a meta-analysis with a small number of patients.)
Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_fmr-0023
Format: Citation

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