Search results

Title: Is Episodic Memory Performance More Vulnerable To Depressive Affect In Older Adulthood?.
Creator: Evans, Jarrett, Charness, Neil, Dijkstra, Katinka, Fitzgibbons, Joanna M., Yoon, Jong-Sung
Abstract/Description: This study examined how age, depressive symptoms, demographic variables, frailty, and health factors jointly influence episodic memory across the lifespan in two large, diverse samples. Hierarchical regression analyses from both samples showed that depressive symptoms negatively impacted episodic memory performance with the effect being more pronounced for older adults. Health and frailty tended not to be associated with episodic memory. However, the main effect of depressive symptoms tended...
Show moreThis study examined how age, depressive symptoms, demographic variables, frailty, and health factors jointly influence episodic memory across the lifespan in two large, diverse samples. Hierarchical regression analyses from both samples showed that depressive symptoms negatively impacted episodic memory performance with the effect being more pronounced for older adults. Health and frailty tended not to be associated with episodic memory. However, the main effect of depressive symptoms tended to remain significant over and above other predictors, while the interaction with age was weakened with the addition of demographic variables. The unique contribution of this study is demonstrating that the relationship between depressive symptoms and episodic memory is moderated by age across relatively large non-clinical lifespan samples of adults. The findings indicate the importance of measuring and studying depressive symptoms during the course of aging in order to better understand the complex relationship between age, affect, physical functioning, and memory.
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Date Issued: 2019-03-04
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000456821200006, 10.1080/13825585.2018.1424314
Format: Citation

Title: Fatigue Compatibilism: Lay Perceivers Believe That Fatigue Predicts-but Does Not Excuse-moral Failings.
Creator: Goldstein-Greenwood, Jacob, Conway, Paul
Abstract/Description: Past work suggests that fatigue reduces prosociality, but it remains unclear whether lay perceivers account for fatigue when judging moral character. The current work presents six studies suggesting that people operate as fatigue compatibilists: Perceivers expected fatigued actors to help less than refreshed actors, and they rated non-helpers as more fatigued than their refreshed counterparts, but perceivers ignored fatigue when evaluating moral character. Instead, ratings of actor morality...
Show morePast work suggests that fatigue reduces prosociality, but it remains unclear whether lay perceivers account for fatigue when judging moral character. The current work presents six studies suggesting that people operate as fatigue compatibilists: Perceivers expected fatigued actors to help less than refreshed actors, and they rated non-helpers as more fatigued than their refreshed counterparts, but perceivers ignored fatigue when evaluating moral character. Instead, ratings of actor morality hinged on whether actors helped or not, regardless of actor fatigue. Findings held for a variety of dependent measures, across student and online samples, for within-and between-subjects designs, regardless of lay willpower beliefs, for both prescribed and proscribed actions, and for both mundane and extreme levels of helping and fatigue. These findings suggest that lay perceivers surmise that fatigue reduces actors' likelihood of acting prosocially, but they interpret fatigue as an insufficient reason for moral failings.
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Date Issued: 2019-02-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000458042500004, 10.1521/soco.2019.37.1.57
Format: Citation

Title: An investigation of indirect effects of personality features on anorexia nervosa severity through interoceptive dysfunction in individuals with lifetime anorexia nervosa diagnoses.
Creator: Duffy, Mary E., Rogers, Megan L., Joiner, Thomas E., Bergen, Andrew W., Berrettini, Wade, Bulik, Cynthia M., Brandt, Harry, Crawford, Steven, Crow, Scott, Fichter, Manfred,...
Show moreDuffy, Mary E., Rogers, Megan L., Joiner, Thomas E., Bergen, Andrew W., Berrettini, Wade, Bulik, Cynthia M., Brandt, Harry, Crawford, Steven, Crow, Scott, Fichter, Manfred, Halmi, Katherine, Kaplan, Allan S., Klump, Kelly L., Lilenfeld, Lisa, Magistretti, Pierre J., Mitchell, James, Schork, Nicholas J., Strober, Mchael, Thornton, Laura M., Treasure, Janet, Woodside, Blake, Kaye, Walter H., Keel, Pamela K.
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Abstract/Description: OBJECTIVE: This study examined a hypothesized pathway by which interoceptive dysfunction accounted for associations between personality features (harm avoidance, self-directedness, and perfectionism) and anorexia nervosa (AN) severity (indicated by drive for thinness, eating disorder-related preoccupations and rituals, and body mass index). METHOD: The study sample (n = 270, mean age = 28.47, 95.2% female, 98% White/Caucasian) consisted of probands and biological relatives who met DSM-IV...
Show moreOBJECTIVE: This study examined a hypothesized pathway by which interoceptive dysfunction accounted for associations between personality features (harm avoidance, self-directedness, and perfectionism) and anorexia nervosa (AN) severity (indicated by drive for thinness, eating disorder-related preoccupations and rituals, and body mass index). METHOD: The study sample (n = 270, mean age = 28.47, 95.2% female, 98% White/Caucasian) consisted of probands and biological relatives who met DSM-IV criteria for lifetime diagnoses of AN (omitting criterion D, amenorrhea) drawn from the Price Foundation Anorexia Nervosa Affected Relative Pairs Study (AN-ARP). Participants completed measures assessing personality, interoceptive dysfunction, and eating pathology. RESULTS: Associations between personality features of low self-directedness and high perfectionism and indicators of AN severity (drive for thinness and eating disorder-related preoccupations and rituals) were significant, as were the hypothesized indirect pathways through interoceptive dysfunction. Neither harm avoidance nor body mass index was significantly related to other study variables, and the proposed indirect pathways involving these variables were not significant. DISCUSSION: Findings suggest that certain personality features may relate to AN severity, in part, through their associations with interoceptive dysfunction. Future research should examine prospective associations and the value of interventions targeting interoceptive dysfunction for interrupting the link between personality and AN severity.
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Date Issued: 2019-01-12
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1548686222_85e7c79f, 10.1002/eat.23008
Format: Citation

Title: The Impact Of Domain-specific Experience On Chess Skill: Reanalysis Of A Key Study.
Creator: Burgoyne, Alexander P., Nye, Christopher D., Macnamara, Brooke N., Charness, Neil, Hambrick, David Z.
Abstract/Description: How important are training and other forms of domain-relevant experience in predicting individual differences in expertise? To answer this question, we used structural equation modeling to reanalyze data from a study of chess by Charness, Tuffiash, Krampe, Reingold, and Vasyukova (2005). Latent variables reflecting serious chess activity and formal instruction, along with a manifest variable indexing serious starting age, accounted for 63% of the variance in peak rating. Serious starting age...
Show moreHow important are training and other forms of domain-relevant experience in predicting individual differences in expertise? To answer this question, we used structural equation modeling to reanalyze data from a study of chess by Charness, Tuffiash, Krampe, Reingold, and Vasyukova (2005). Latent variables reflecting serious chess activity and formal instruction, along with a manifest variable indexing serious starting age, accounted for 63% of the variance in peak rating. Serious starting age had a significant negative effect on peak rating (beta = -.15), even after we controlled for domain-specific experience, indicating an advantage for starting earlier. We also tested the prediction that formal instruction increases the effectiveness of serious study (Ericsson & Charness, 1994) using moderated regression. This claim was not supported. Overall, the results affirm that serious study and other forms of domain-specific experience are important pieces of the expertise puzzle, but other factors must matter too. Supplemental materials are available at https://www.press.uillinois.edu/journals/ajp/media/chess_skill
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Date Issued: 2019-01-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000459946700002, 10.5406/amerjpsyc.132.1.0027
Format: Citation

Title: Examining The Association Between Body Trust And Body Mass Index With Quantile Regression.
Creator: Duffy, Mary E., Rogers, Megan L., Kennedy, Grace A., Keel, Pamela K., Joiner, Thomas E.
Abstract/Description: PurposeSchachter's externality theory posits a connection between the inability to eat according to internal cues and higher body mass index (BMI); however, related work has not investigated associations between body trust and the wide range of BMIs found in general samples. This study examined the association between body trust and BMI across levels of BMI to determine whether this relationship differed as a function of BMI level.MethodsParticipants were 534 adults (55.4% female), mean age...
Show morePurposeSchachter's externality theory posits a connection between the inability to eat according to internal cues and higher body mass index (BMI); however, related work has not investigated associations between body trust and the wide range of BMIs found in general samples. This study examined the association between body trust and BMI across levels of BMI to determine whether this relationship differed as a function of BMI level.MethodsParticipants were 534 adults (55.4% female), mean age 36 years, BMIs 15.13-67.90 (M=27.89, SD=7.25), recruited via MTurk. They completed self-report assessments of body trust, height, and weight. Quantile regression was utilized to estimate effects of body trust on BMI at five equidistant quantiles of BMI.ResultsOverall linear regression analyses indicated that body trust was significantly negatively associated with BMI. Quantile regression revealed a significant negative relationship at each quantile of BMI, and Wald tests indicated the association was significantly stronger at the 0.7 and 0.9 quantiles than at the 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 quantiles, which did not differ.ConclusionsQuantile regression identified a stronger relationship between body trust and BMI at 0.7 and 0.9 quantiles than at 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 quantiles of BMI. Results align with the externality hypothesis, which suggests those at higher weights experience difficulty using internal cues to guide eating. A weaker-than-expected association between body trust and low BMI may be due to restricted range (few low-BMI participants). Replication in eating disorder samples is merited.Level of evidenceLevel V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Date Issued: 2019
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000495397600002, 10.1007/s40519-019-00810-9
Format: Citation

Title: On The Necessity Of Consciousness For Sophisticated Human Action.
Creator: Baumeister, Roy F., Lau, Stephan, Maranges, Heather M., Clark, Cory J.
Abstract/Description: In this essay, we aim to counter and qualify the epiphenomenalist challenge proposed in this special issue on the grounds of empirical and theoretical arguments. The current body of scientific knowledge strongly indicates that conscious thought is a necessary condition for many human behaviors, and therefore, consciousness qualifies as a cause of those behaviors. We review illustrative experimental evidence for the causal power of conscious thought while also acknowledging its natural...
Show moreIn this essay, we aim to counter and qualify the epiphenomenalist challenge proposed in this special issue on the grounds of empirical and theoretical arguments. The current body of scientific knowledge strongly indicates that conscious thought is a necessary condition for many human behaviors, and therefore, consciousness qualifies as a cause of those behaviors. We review illustrative experimental evidence for the causal power of conscious thought while also acknowledging its natural limitations. We argue that it is implausible that the metabolic costs inherent to conscious processes would have evolved in humans without any adaptive benefits. Moreover, we discuss the relevance of conscious thought to the issue of freedom. Many accounts hold conscious thought as necessary and conducive to naturalistic conceptions of personal freedom. Apart from these theories, we show that the conscious perception of freedom and the belief in free will provide sources of interesting findings, beneficial behavioral effects, and new avenues for research. We close by proposing our own challenge via outlining the gaps that have yet to be filled to establish hard evidence of an epiphenomenal model of consciousness. To be sure, we appreciate the epiphenomenalist challenge as it promotes critical thinking and inspires rigorous research. However, we see no merit in downplaying the causal significance of consciousness a priori. Instead, we believe it more worthwhile to focus on the complex interplay between conscious and other causal processes.
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Date Issued: 2018-10-08
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000446627900001, 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01925
Format: Citation

Title: GLP-1 neurons form a local synaptic circuit within the rodent nucleus of the solitary tract.
Creator: Card, J Patrick, Johnson, Aaron L, Llewellyn-Smith, Ida J, Zheng, Huiyuan, Anand, Rishi, Brierley, Daniel I, Trapp, Stefan, Rinaman, Linda
Abstract/Description: Glutamatergic neurons that express pre-proglucagon (PPG) and are immunopositive (+) for glucagon-like peptide-1 (i.e., GLP-1+ neurons) are located within the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS) and medullary reticular formation in rats and mice. GLP-1 neurons give rise to an extensive central network in which GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) signaling suppresses food intake, attenuates rewarding, increases avoidance, and stimulates stress responses, partly via GLP-1R signaling within the cNTS....
Show moreGlutamatergic neurons that express pre-proglucagon (PPG) and are immunopositive (+) for glucagon-like peptide-1 (i.e., GLP-1+ neurons) are located within the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS) and medullary reticular formation in rats and mice. GLP-1 neurons give rise to an extensive central network in which GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) signaling suppresses food intake, attenuates rewarding, increases avoidance, and stimulates stress responses, partly via GLP-1R signaling within the cNTS. In mice, noradrenergic (A2) cNTS neurons express GLP-1R, whereas PPG neurons do not. In this study, confocal microscopy in rats confirmed that prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP)+ A2 neurons are closely apposed by GLP-1+ axonal varicosities. Surprisingly, GLP-1+ appositions were also observed on dendrites of PPG/GLP-1+ neurons in both species, and electron microscopy in rats revealed that GLP-1+ boutons form asymmetric synaptic contacts with GLP-1+ dendrites. However, RNAscope confirmed that rat GLP-1 neurons do not express GLP-1R mRNA. Similarly, Ca imaging of somatic and dendritic responses in mouse ex vivo slices confirmed that PPG neurons do not respond directly to GLP-1, and a mouse crossbreeding strategy revealed that <1% of PPG neurons co-express GLP-1R. Collectively, these data suggest that GLP-1R signaling pathways modulate the activity of PrRP+ A2 neurons, and also reveal a local "feed-forward" synaptic network among GLP-1 neurons that apparently does not use GLP-1R signaling. This local GLP-1 network may instead use glutamatergic signaling to facilitate dynamic and potentially selective recruitment of GLP-1 neural populations that shape behavioral and physiological responses to internal and external challenges.
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Date Issued: 2018-10-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_30019398, 10.1002/cne.24482, PMC6193818, 30019398, 30019398
Format: Citation

Title: Progress in achieving quantitative classification of psychopathology.
Creator: Krueger, Robert F, Kotov, Roman, Watson, David, Forbes, Miriam K, Eaton, Nicholas R, Ruggero, Camilo J, Simms, Leonard J, Widiger, Thomas A, Achenbach, Thomas M, Bach, Bo, Bagby...
Show moreKrueger, Robert F, Kotov, Roman, Watson, David, Forbes, Miriam K, Eaton, Nicholas R, Ruggero, Camilo J, Simms, Leonard J, Widiger, Thomas A, Achenbach, Thomas M, Bach, Bo, Bagby, R Michael, Bornovalova, Marina A, Carpenter, William T, Chmielewski, Michael, Cicero, David C, Clark, Lee Anna, Conway, Christopher, DeClercq, Barbara, DeYoung, Colin G, Docherty, Anna R, Drislane, Laura E, First, Michael B, Forbush, Kelsie T, Hallquist, Michael, Haltigan, John D, Hopwood, Christopher J, Ivanova, Masha Y, Jonas, Katherine G, Latzman, Robert D, Markon, Kristian E, Miller, Joshua D, Morey, Leslie C, Mullins-Sweatt, Stephanie N, Ormel, Johan, Patalay, Praveetha, Patrick, Christopher J, Pincus, Aaron L, Regier, Darrel A, Reininghaus, Ulrich, Rescorla, Leslie A, Samuel, Douglas B, Sellbom, Martin, Shackman, Alexander J, Skodol, Andrew, Slade, Tim, South, Susan C, Sunderland, Matthew, Tackett, Jennifer L, Venables, Noah C, Waldman, Irwin D, Waszczuk, Monika A, Waugh, Mark H, Wright, Aidan G C, Zald, David H, Zimmermann, Johannes
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Abstract/Description: Shortcomings of approaches to classifying psychopathology based on expert consensus have given rise to contemporary efforts to classify psychopathology quantitatively. In this paper, we review progress in achieving a quantitative and empirical classification of psychopathology. A substantial empirical literature indicates that psychopathology is generally more dimensional than categorical. When the discreteness versus continuity of psychopathology is treated as a research question, as opposed...
Show moreShortcomings of approaches to classifying psychopathology based on expert consensus have given rise to contemporary efforts to classify psychopathology quantitatively. In this paper, we review progress in achieving a quantitative and empirical classification of psychopathology. A substantial empirical literature indicates that psychopathology is generally more dimensional than categorical. When the discreteness versus continuity of psychopathology is treated as a research question, as opposed to being decided as a matter of tradition, the evidence clearly supports the hypothesis of continuity. In addition, a related body of literature shows how psychopathology dimensions can be arranged in a hierarchy, ranging from very broad "spectrum level" dimensions, to specific and narrow clusters of symptoms. In this way, a quantitative approach solves the "problem of comorbidity" by explicitly modeling patterns of co-occurrence among signs and symptoms within a detailed and variegated hierarchy of dimensional concepts with direct clinical utility. Indeed, extensive evidence pertaining to the dimensional and hierarchical structure of psychopathology has led to the formation of the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) Consortium. This is a group of 70 investigators working together to study empirical classification of psychopathology. In this paper, we describe the aims and current foci of the HiTOP Consortium. These aims pertain to continued research on the empirical organization of psychopathology; the connection between personality and psychopathology; the utility of empirically based psychopathology constructs in both research and the clinic; and the development of novel and comprehensive models and corresponding assessment instruments for psychopathology constructs derived from an empirical approach.
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Date Issued: 2018-10-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_30229571, 10.1002/wps.20566, PMC6172695, 30229571, 30229571
Format: Citation

Title: Behavioral Immune System Activity Predicts Downregulation Of Chronic Basal Inflammation.
Creator: Gassen, Jeffrey, Prokosch, Marjorie L., Makhanova, Anastasia, Eimerbrink, Micah J., White, Jordon D., Leyva, Randi P. Proffitt, Peterman, Julia L., Nicolas, Sylis C., Reynolds,...
Show moreGassen, Jeffrey, Prokosch, Marjorie L., Makhanova, Anastasia, Eimerbrink, Micah J., White, Jordon D., Leyva, Randi P. Proffitt, Peterman, Julia L., Nicolas, Sylis C., Reynolds, Tania A., Maner, Jon K., McNulty, James K., Eckel, Lisa A., Nikonova, Larissa, Brinkworth, Jessica F., Phillips, Melody D., Mitchell, Joel B., Boehm, Gary W., Hill, Sarah E.
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Abstract/Description: Here, we present a mechanistically grounded theory detailing a novel function of the behavioral immune system (BIS), the psychological system that prompts pathogen avoidance behaviors. We propose that BIS activity allows the body to downregulate basal inflammation, preventing resultant oxidative damage to DNA and promoting longevity. Study 1 investigated the relationship between a trait measure of pathogen avoidance motivation and in vitro and in vivo proinflammatory cytokine production....
Show moreHere, we present a mechanistically grounded theory detailing a novel function of the behavioral immune system (BIS), the psychological system that prompts pathogen avoidance behaviors. We propose that BIS activity allows the body to downregulate basal inflammation, preventing resultant oxidative damage to DNA and promoting longevity. Study 1 investigated the relationship between a trait measure of pathogen avoidance motivation and in vitro and in vivo proinflammatory cytokine production. Study 2 examined the relationship between this same predictor and DNA damage often associated with prolonged inflammation. Results revealed that greater trait pathogen avoidance motivation predicts a) lower levels of spontaneous (but not stimulated) proinflammatory cytokine release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), b) lower plasma levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), and c) lower levels of oxidative DNA damage. Thus, the BIS may promote health by protecting the body from the deleterious effects of inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Date Issued: 2018-09-20
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000445626400047, 10.1371/journal.pone.0203961
Format: Citation

Title: Social Media Use And Cyberbullying Perpetration: A Longitudinal Analysis.
Creator: Barlett, Christopher P., Gentile, Douglas A., Chng, Grace, Li, Dongdong, Chamberlin, Kristina
Abstract/Description: Social networking (e.g., blogging and social networking website use) frequency among adolescents has increased exponentially in the last decade. An unfortunate by-product of increased communication via the Internet is cyberbullying; however, there is a paucity of longitudinal research exploring the relationships between social network use and cyberbullying in an adolescent sample. The current study used a three-wave longitudinal study of over 3000 (at Wave 1) Singaporean youth to examine...
Show moreSocial networking (e.g., blogging and social networking website use) frequency among adolescents has increased exponentially in the last decade. An unfortunate by-product of increased communication via the Internet is cyberbullying; however, there is a paucity of longitudinal research exploring the relationships between social network use and cyberbullying in an adolescent sample. The current study used a three-wave longitudinal study of over 3000 (at Wave 1) Singaporean youth to examine whether the relationship between Wave 1 social network use and Wave 3 cyberbullying perpetration was mediated by an increase in Wave 2 development of positive cyberbullying attitudes. Results using structural equation modeling showed support for this hypotheses: Wave 1 social networking use predicted Wave 2 positive cyberbullying attitudes 2 years later. Finally, Wave 2 cyberbullying attitudes predicted Wave 3 cyberbullying perpetration 1 year later. Overall, these results suggest that social networking can be used to harm others through the development of positive cyberbullying attitudes-a link that has received very little empirical attention.
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Date Issued: 2018-09-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000444690200010, 10.1089/vio.2017.0047
Format: Citation

Title: Feedback-related Electroencephalogram Oscillations Of Athletes With High And Low Sports Anxiety.
Creator: Masaki, Hiroaki, Hirao, Takahiro, Maruo, Yuya, Foti, Dan, Hajcak, Greg
Abstract/Description: We investigated the relationship between performance-related anxiety and the neural response to error feedback that was delivered during the execution of a time estimation task. Using the Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS-2), we selected university athletes high and low in sports anxiety. Participants executed a time estimation task where they were instructed to estimate 1 s by pressing a button after a sound cue. They performed this task while their performance was being evaluated by an experimenter ...
Show moreWe investigated the relationship between performance-related anxiety and the neural response to error feedback that was delivered during the execution of a time estimation task. Using the Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS-2), we selected university athletes high and low in sports anxiety. Participants executed a time estimation task where they were instructed to estimate 1 s by pressing a button after a sound cue. They performed this task while their performance was being evaluated by an experimenter (evaluation condition) and also while alone (in a no-evaluation condition). We tested whether feedback-related brain activities may increase in amplitude in the evaluation condition compared to the control condition - especially for athletes who report high performance-related anxiety. We focused on oscillations of sub-delta, delta, and theta frequency bands phase-locked to the feedback onset. Time-frequency analyses revealed that the magnitude of both the sub-delta component (0.3-1.2 Hz) and the theta component (48 Hz) were larger in incorrect than correct trials. In addition, the theta component was smaller for athletes high in sports anxiety than for athletes low in sports anxiety. The delta component was overall larger for correct than incorrect feedback. Further, athletes high in sports anxiety exhibited a larger delta component (1.5-3.5 Hz) for correct feedback in the evaluation condition than in the no-evaluation condition. Our results suggest that evaluation by others may increase the delta oscillation associated with correct feedback processing -especially among athletes high in sports anxiety.
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Date Issued: 2018-08-28
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000442959600001, 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01420
Format: Citation

Title: Feedback-Related Electroencephalogram Oscillations of Athletes With High and Low Sports Anxiety.
Creator: Masaki, Hiroaki, Hirao, Takahiro, Maruo, Yuya, Foti, Dan, Hajcak, Greg
Abstract/Description: We investigated the relationship between performance-related anxiety and the neural response to error feedback that was delivered during the execution of a time estimation task. Using the Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS-2), we selected university athletes high and low in sports anxiety. Participants executed a time estimation task where they were instructed to estimate 1 s by pressing a button after a sound cue. They performed this task while their performance was being evaluated by an experimenter ...
Show moreWe investigated the relationship between performance-related anxiety and the neural response to error feedback that was delivered during the execution of a time estimation task. Using the Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS-2), we selected university athletes high and low in sports anxiety. Participants executed a time estimation task where they were instructed to estimate 1 s by pressing a button after a sound cue. They performed this task while their performance was being evaluated by an experimenter (evaluation condition) and also while alone (in a no-evaluation condition). We tested whether feedback-related brain activities may increase in amplitude in the evaluation condition compared to the control condition - especially for athletes who report high performance-related anxiety. We focused on oscillations of sub-delta, delta, and theta frequency bands phase-locked to the feedback onset. Time-frequency analyses revealed that the magnitude of both the sub-delta component (0.3-1.2 Hz) and the theta component (4-8 Hz) were larger in incorrect than correct trials. In addition, the theta component was smaller for athletes high in sports anxiety than for athletes low in sports anxiety. The delta component was overall larger for correct than incorrect feedback. Further, athletes high in sports anxiety exhibited a larger delta component (1.5-3.5 Hz) for correct feedback in the evaluation condition than in the no-evaluation condition. Our results suggest that evaluation by others may increase the delta oscillation associated with correct feedback processing - especially among athletes high in sports anxiety.
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Date Issued: 2018-08-28
Identifier: FSU_pmch_30210378, 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01420, PMC6121066, 30210378, 30210378
Format: Citation

Title: How and why weight stigma drives the obesity 'epidemic' and harms health.
Creator: Tomiyama, A Janet, Carr, Deborah, Granberg, Ellen M, Major, Brenda, Robinson, Eric, Sutin, Angelina R, Brewis, Alexandra
Abstract/Description: In an era when obesity prevalence is high throughout much of the world, there is a correspondingly pervasive and strong culture of weight stigma. For example, representative studies show that some forms of weight discrimination are more prevalent even than discrimination based on race or ethnicity. In this Opinion article, we review compelling evidence that weight stigma is harmful to health, over and above objective body mass index. Weight stigma is prospectively related to heightened...
Show moreIn an era when obesity prevalence is high throughout much of the world, there is a correspondingly pervasive and strong culture of weight stigma. For example, representative studies show that some forms of weight discrimination are more prevalent even than discrimination based on race or ethnicity. In this Opinion article, we review compelling evidence that weight stigma is harmful to health, over and above objective body mass index. Weight stigma is prospectively related to heightened mortality and other chronic diseases and conditions. Most ironically, it actually begets heightened risk of obesity through multiple obesogenic pathways. Weight stigma is particularly prevalent and detrimental in healthcare settings, with documented high levels of 'anti-fat' bias in healthcare providers, patients with obesity receiving poorer care and having worse outcomes, and medical students with obesity reporting high levels of alcohol and substance use to cope with internalized weight stigma. In terms of solutions, the most effective and ethical approaches should be aimed at changing the behaviors and attitudes of those who stigmatize, rather than towards the targets of weight stigma. Medical training must address weight bias, training healthcare professionals about how it is perpetuated and on its potentially harmful effects on their patients. Weight stigma is likely to drive weight gain and poor health and thus should be eradicated. This effort can begin by training compassionate and knowledgeable healthcare providers who will deliver better care and ultimately lessen the negative effects of weight stigma.
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Date Issued: 2018-08-15
Identifier: FSU_pmch_30107800, 10.1186/s12916-018-1116-5, PMC6092785, 30107800, 30107800, 10.1186/s12916-018-1116-5
Format: Citation

Title: New Horizons For Future Research - Critical Issues To Consider For Maximizing Research Excellence And Impact.
Creator: Langhans, Wolfgang, Adan, Roger, Arnold, Myrtha, Banks, William A., Card, J. Patrick, Dailey, Megan J., Daniels, Derek, de Kloet, Annette D., de lartigue, Guillaume, Dickson,...
Show moreLanghans, Wolfgang, Adan, Roger, Arnold, Myrtha, Banks, William A., Card, J. Patrick, Dailey, Megan J., Daniels, Derek, de Kloet, Annette D., de lartigue, Guillaume, Dickson, Suzanne, Fedele, Shahana, Grill, Harvey J., Jansson, John-Olov, Kaufman, Sharon, Kolar, Grant, Krause, Eric, Lee, Shin J., Le Foll, Christelle, Levin, Barry E., Lutz, Thomas A., Mansouri, Abdelhak, Moran, Timothy H., Pacheco-Lopez, Gustavo, Ramachandran, Deepti, Raybould, Helen, Rinaman, Linda, Samson, Willis K., Sanchez-Watts, Graciela, Seeley, Randy J., Skibicka, Karolina P., Small, Dana, Spector, Alan C., Tamashiro, Kellie L., Templeton, Brian, Trapp, Stefan, Tso, Patrick, Watts, Alan G., Weissfeld, Nadja, Williams, Diana, Wolfrum, Christian, Yosten, Gina, Woods, Stephen C.
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Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000439567000005, 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.05.007
Format: Citation

Title: Body Trust As A Moderator Of The Association Between Exercise Dependence And Suicidality.
Creator: Duffy, Mary E., Rogers, Megan L., Joiner, Thomas E.
Abstract/Description: Objectives: Exercise dependence and interoceptive deficits, particularly low body trust, have been associated with suicidality. This study tested whether low body trust predicted current suicidal ideation and past suicide attempts in individuals exhibiting symptoms of exercise dependence. Methods: 540 individuals (55.6% female, mean age 36) recruited via MTurk completed online measures of exercise dependence, interoception, and history of suicidal ideation and attempts. Results: Exercise...
Show moreObjectives: Exercise dependence and interoceptive deficits, particularly low body trust, have been associated with suicidality. This study tested whether low body trust predicted current suicidal ideation and past suicide attempts in individuals exhibiting symptoms of exercise dependence. Methods: 540 individuals (55.6% female, mean age 36) recruited via MTurk completed online measures of exercise dependence, interoception, and history of suicidal ideation and attempts. Results: Exercise dependence symptoms and low body trust were associated with suicidal ideation. Body trust moderated the relationship between exercise dependence symptoms and suicidal ideation. Continuance in exercise despite adverse consequences and low body trust were associated with past suicide attempts. Conclusions: Body trust was associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in individuals with exercise dependence symptoms, and the associations strengthened as body trust decreased. The experience of not trusting one's own body may exacerbate suicide risk in at-risk individuals. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Date Issued: 2018-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000439956800005, 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.06.005
Format: Citation

Title: Selective activation of estrogen receptors, ERα and GPER-1, rapidly decreases food intake in female rats.
Creator: Butler, Michael J, Hildebrandt, Ryan P, Eckel, Lisa A
Abstract/Description: Many of estradiol's behavioral effects are mediated, at least partially, via extra-nuclear estradiol signaling. Here, we investigated whether two estrogen receptor (ER) agonists, targeting ERα and G protein-coupled ER-1 (GPER-1), can promote rapid anorexigenic effects. Food intake was measured in ovariectomized (OVX) rats at 1, 2, 4, and 22 h following subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of an ERα agonist (PPT; 0-200 μg/kg), a GPER-1 agonist (G-1; 0-1600 μg/kg), and a GPER-1 antagonist (G-36; 0-80...
Show moreMany of estradiol's behavioral effects are mediated, at least partially, via extra-nuclear estradiol signaling. Here, we investigated whether two estrogen receptor (ER) agonists, targeting ERα and G protein-coupled ER-1 (GPER-1), can promote rapid anorexigenic effects. Food intake was measured in ovariectomized (OVX) rats at 1, 2, 4, and 22 h following subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of an ERα agonist (PPT; 0-200 μg/kg), a GPER-1 agonist (G-1; 0-1600 μg/kg), and a GPER-1 antagonist (G-36; 0-80 μg/kg). To investigate possible cross-talk between ERα and GPER-1, we examined whether GPER-1 blockade affects the anorexigenic effect of PPT. Feeding was monitored in OVX rats that received s.c. injections of vehicle or 40 μg/kg G-36 followed 30 min later by s.c. injections of vehicle or 200 μg/kg PPT. Selective activation of ERα and GPER-1 alone decreased food intake within 1 h of drug treatment, and feeding remained suppressed for 22 h following PPT treatment and 4 h following G-1 treatment. Acute administration of G-36 alone did not suppress feeding at any time point. Blockade of GPER-1 attenuated PPT's rapid (within 1 h) anorexigenic effect, but did not modulate PPT's ability to suppress food intake at 2, 4 and 22 h. These findings demonstrate that selective activation of ERα produces a rapid (within 1 h) decrease in food intake that is best explained by a non-genomic signaling pathway and thus implicates the involvement of extra-nuclear ERα. Our findings also provide evidence that activation of GPER-1 is both sufficient to suppress feeding and necessary for PPT's rapid anorexigenic effect.
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Date Issued: 2018-07-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_29807036, 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.05.018, PMC6076327, 29807036, 29807036, S0018-506X(18)30012-6
Format: Citation

Title: Impaired Antisaccades In Obsessive-compulsive Disorder: Evidence From Meta-analysis And A Large Empirical Study.
Creator: Bey, Katharina, Lennertz, Leonhard, Gruetzmann, Rosa, Heinzel, Stephan, Kaufmann, Christian, Klawohn, Julia, Riesel, Anja, Meyhoefer, Inga, Ettinger, Ulrich, Kathmann, Norbert,...
Show moreBey, Katharina, Lennertz, Leonhard, Gruetzmann, Rosa, Heinzel, Stephan, Kaufmann, Christian, Klawohn, Julia, Riesel, Anja, Meyhoefer, Inga, Ettinger, Ulrich, Kathmann, Norbert, Wagner, Michael
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Abstract/Description: Increasing evidence indicates that patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) exhibit alterations in fronto-striatal circuitry. Performance deficits in the antisaccade task would support this model, but results from previous small-scale studies have been inconclusive as either increased error rates, prolonged antisaccade latencies, both or neither have been reported in OCD patients. In order to address this issue, we investigated antisaccade performance in a large sample of OCD...
Show moreIncreasing evidence indicates that patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) exhibit alterations in fronto-striatal circuitry. Performance deficits in the antisaccade task would support this model, but results from previous small-scale studies have been inconclusive as either increased error rates, prolonged antisaccade latencies, both or neither have been reported in OCD patients. In order to address this issue, we investigated antisaccade performance in a large sample of OCD patients (n = 169) and matched control subjects (n = 183). As impaired antisaccade performance constitutes a potential endophenotype of OCD, unaffected first-degree relatives of OCD patients (n = 100) were assessed, as well. Furthermore, we conducted a quantitative meta-analysis to integrate our data with previous findings. In the empirical study, OCD patients exhibited significantly increased antisaccade latencies, intra-subject variability (ISV) of antisaccade latencies, and antisaccade error rates. The latter effect was driven by errors with express latency (80-130 ms), as patients did not differ significantly from controls with regards to regular errors (>130 ms). Notably, unaffected relatives of OCD patients showed elevated antisaccade express error rates and increased ISV of antisaccade latencies, as well. Antisaccade performance was not associated with state anxiety within groups. Among relatives, however, we observed a significant correlation between antisaccade error rate and harm avoidance. Medication status of OCD patients, symptom severity, depressive comorbidity, comorbid anxiety disorders and OCD symptom dimensions did not significantly affect antisaccade performance. Meta-analysis of 10 previous and the present empirical study yielded a medium-sized effect (SMD = 0.48, p < 0.001) for higher error rates in OCD patients, while the effect for latencies did not reach significance owing to strong heterogeneity (SMD = 0.51, p = 0.069). Our results support the assumption of impaired antisaccade performance in OCD, although effects sizes were only moderately large. Furthermore, we provide the first evidence that increased antisaccade express error rates and ISV of antisaccade latencies may constitute endophenotypes of OCD. Findings regarding these more detailed antisaccade parameters point to potentially underlying mechanisms, such as early pre-stimulus inhibition of the superior colliculus.
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Date Issued: 2018-06-29
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000436854900001, 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00284
Format: Citation

Title: Impaired Antisaccades in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Evidence From Meta-Analysis and a Large Empirical Study..
Creator: Bey, Katharina, Lennertz, Leonhard, Grützmann, Rosa, Heinzel, Stephan, Kaufmann, Christian, Klawohn, Julia, Riesel, Anja, Meyhöfer, Inga, Ettinger, Ulrich, Kathmann, Norbert,...
Show moreBey, Katharina, Lennertz, Leonhard, Grützmann, Rosa, Heinzel, Stephan, Kaufmann, Christian, Klawohn, Julia, Riesel, Anja, Meyhöfer, Inga, Ettinger, Ulrich, Kathmann, Norbert, Wagner, Michael
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Abstract/Description: Increasing evidence indicates that patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) exhibit alterations in fronto-striatal circuitry. Performance deficits in the antisaccade task would support this model, but results from previous small-scale studies have been inconclusive as either increased error rates, prolonged antisaccade latencies, both or neither have been reported in OCD patients. In order to address this issue, we investigated antisaccade performance in a large sample of OCD...
Show moreIncreasing evidence indicates that patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) exhibit alterations in fronto-striatal circuitry. Performance deficits in the antisaccade task would support this model, but results from previous small-scale studies have been inconclusive as either increased error rates, prolonged antisaccade latencies, both or neither have been reported in OCD patients. In order to address this issue, we investigated antisaccade performance in a large sample of OCD patients ( = 169) and matched control subjects ( = 183). As impaired antisaccade performance constitutes a potential endophenotype of OCD, unaffected first-degree relatives of OCD patients ( = 100) were assessed, as well. Furthermore, we conducted a quantitative meta-analysis to integrate our data with previous findings. In the empirical study, OCD patients exhibited significantly increased antisaccade latencies, intra-subject variability (ISV) of antisaccade latencies, and antisaccade error rates. The latter effect was driven by errors with express latency (80-130 ms), as patients did not differ significantly from controls with regards to regular errors (>130 ms). Notably, unaffected relatives of OCD patients showed elevated antisaccade express error rates and increased ISV of antisaccade latencies, as well. Antisaccade performance was not associated with state anxiety within groups. Among relatives, however, we observed a significant correlation between antisaccade error rate and harm avoidance. Medication status of OCD patients, symptom severity, depressive comorbidity, comorbid anxiety disorders and OCD symptom dimensions did not significantly affect antisaccade performance. Meta-analysis of 10 previous and the present empirical study yielded a medium-sized effect ( = 0.48, < 0.001) for higher error rates in OCD patients, while the effect for latencies did not reach significance owing to strong heterogeneity ( = 0.51, = 0.069). Our results support the assumption of impaired antisaccade performance in OCD, although effects sizes were only moderately large. Furthermore, we provide the first evidence that increased antisaccade express error rates and ISV of antisaccade latencies may constitute endophenotypes of OCD. Findings regarding these more detailed antisaccade parameters point to potentially underlying mechanisms, such as early pre-stimulus inhibition of the superior colliculus.
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Date Issued: 2018-06-29
Identifier: FSU_pmch_30008679, 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00284, PMC6033994, 30008679, 30008679
Format: Citation

Title: Flexible Coding Of Visual Working Memory Representations During Distraction.
Creator: Lorenc, Elizabeth S., Sreenivasan, Kartik K., Nee, Derek E., Vandenbroucke, Annelinde R. E., D'Esposito, Mark
Abstract/Description: Visual working memory (VWM) recruits a broad network of brain regions, including prefrontal, parietal, and visual cortices. Recent evidence supports a "sensory recruitment" model of VWM, whereby precise visual details are maintained in the same stimulus-selective regions responsible for perception. A key question in evaluating the sensory recruitment model is how VWM representations persist through distracting visual input, given that the early visual areas that putatively represent VWM...
Show moreVisual working memory (VWM) recruits a broad network of brain regions, including prefrontal, parietal, and visual cortices. Recent evidence supports a "sensory recruitment" model of VWM, whereby precise visual details are maintained in the same stimulus-selective regions responsible for perception. A key question in evaluating the sensory recruitment model is how VWM representations persist through distracting visual input, given that the early visual areas that putatively represent VWM content are susceptible to interference from visual stimulation. To address this question, we used a functional magnetic resonance imaging inverted encoding model approach to quantitatively assess the effect of distractors on VWM representations in early visual cortex and the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), another region previously implicated in the storage of VWM information. This approach allowed us to reconstruct VWM representations for orientation, both before and after visual interference, and to examine whether oriented distractors systematically biased these representations. In our human participants (both male and female), we found that orientation information was maintained simultaneously in early visual areas and IPS in anticipation of possible distraction, and these representations persisted in the absence of distraction. Importantly, early visual representations were susceptible to interference; VWM orientations reconstructed from visual cortex were significantly biased toward distractors, corresponding to a small attractive bias in behavior. In contrast, IPS representations did not show such a bias. These results provide quantitative insight into the effect of interference on VWM representations, and they suggest a dynamic tradeoff between visual and parietal regions that allows flexible adaptation to task demands in service of VWM.
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Date Issued: 2018-06-06
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000435412100003, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3061-17.2018
Format: Citation

Title: Flexible Coding of Visual Working Memory Representations during Distraction.
Creator: Lorenc, Elizabeth S, Sreenivasan, Kartik K, Nee, Derek E, Vandenbroucke, Annelinde R E, D'Esposito, Mark
Abstract/Description: Visual working memory (VWM) recruits a broad network of brain regions, including prefrontal, parietal, and visual cortices. Recent evidence supports a "sensory recruitment" model of VWM, whereby precise visual details are maintained in the same stimulus-selective regions responsible for perception. A key question in evaluating the sensory recruitment model is how VWM representations persist through distracting visual input, given that the early visual areas that putatively represent VWM...
Show moreVisual working memory (VWM) recruits a broad network of brain regions, including prefrontal, parietal, and visual cortices. Recent evidence supports a "sensory recruitment" model of VWM, whereby precise visual details are maintained in the same stimulus-selective regions responsible for perception. A key question in evaluating the sensory recruitment model is how VWM representations persist through distracting visual input, given that the early visual areas that putatively represent VWM content are susceptible to interference from visual stimulation.To address this question, we used a functional magnetic resonance imaging inverted encoding model approach to quantitatively assess the effect of distractors on VWM representations in early visual cortex and the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), another region previously implicated in the storage of VWM information. This approach allowed us to reconstruct VWM representations for orientation, both before and after visual interference, and to examine whether oriented distractors systematically biased these representations. In our human participants (both male and female), we found that orientation information was maintained simultaneously in early visual areas and IPS in anticipation of possible distraction, and these representations persisted in the absence of distraction. Importantly, early visual representations were susceptible to interference; VWM orientations reconstructed from visual cortex were significantly biased toward distractors, corresponding to a small attractive bias in behavior. In contrast, IPS representations did not show such a bias. These results provide quantitative insight into the effect of interference on VWM representations, and they suggest a dynamic tradeoff between visual and parietal regions that allows flexible adaptation to task demands in service of VWM. Despite considerable evidence that stimulus-selective visual regions maintain precise visual information in working memory, it remains unclear how these representations persist through subsequent input. Here, we used quantitative model-based fMRI analyses to reconstruct the contents of working memory and examine the effects of distracting input. Although representations in the early visual areas were systematically biased by distractors, those in the intraparietal sulcus appeared distractor-resistant. In contrast, early visual representations were most reliable in the absence of distraction. These results demonstrate the dynamic, adaptive nature of visual working memory processes, and provide quantitative insight into the ways in which representations can be affected by interference. Further, they suggest that current models of working memory should be revised to incorporate this flexibility.
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Date Issued: 2018-06-06
Identifier: FSU_pmch_29739867, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3061-17.2018, PMC5990978, 29739867, 29739867, JNEUROSCI.3061-17.2018
Format: Citation

Title: Adhd, Depression, And Motor Vehicle Crashes: A Prospective Cohort Study Of Continuously-monitored, Real-world Driving.
Creator: Aduen, Paula A., Kofler, Michael J., Sarver, Dustin E., Wells, Erica L., Soto, Elia F., Cox, Daniel J.
Abstract/Description: ADHD is associated with automobile crashes, traffic fatalities, and serious road trauma, but it is unclear whether this risk is (a) driven by ADHD symptoms specifically, and (b) unique to ADHD or transdiagnostic across psychiatric disabilities, such as depression, that also have concentration problems as core symptoms. The current study provides the first prospective, continuously-monitored evaluation of crash risk related to ADHD symptoms, including the first on-road comparison of ADHD with...
Show moreADHD is associated with automobile crashes, traffic fatalities, and serious road trauma, but it is unclear whether this risk is (a) driven by ADHD symptoms specifically, and (b) unique to ADHD or transdiagnostic across psychiatric disabilities, such as depression, that also have concentration problems as core symptoms. The current study provides the first prospective, continuously-monitored evaluation of crash risk related to ADHD symptoms, including the first on-road comparison of ADHD with another high-prevalence psychiatric disability (depression). A probability-based sample of 3226 drivers from six U.S. sites, including subsamples with self-reported ADHD (n = 274) and depression (n = 251), consented to have their vehicles outfitted with sophisticated data acquisition technologies to continuously monitor real-world, day-to-day driving from 'engine-on to engine-of for 1-2 years (Mean = 440 consecutive days/driver, Mean = 9528 miles/driver). Crashes and near-crashes were objectively identified via software-based algorithms and double-coded manual validation (blinded to clinical status). Miles driven, days monitored, age, gender, education, and marital status were controlled. ADHD symptoms portended 5% increased crash risk per increase in symptom severity score (IRR = 1.05). This risk corresponded to approximately 1 biennial crash and 1 annual near-crash per driver with ADHD; crash risk doubled for drivers reporting ADHD symptom severity near the sample's maximum. Analyses based on self-reported clinical status indicated similarly elevated rates for ADHD (IRR = 1.46) and depression (IRR = 1.34) that may be related, in part, to both groups' inattention/concentration symptoms. Risk was not attenuated by ADHD usual treatment, but varied according to antidepressant medication status. Previous studies have significantly underestimated the risk for traffic crashes conveyed by ADHD and depression.
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Date Issued: 2018-06-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000430521400007, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.02.026
Format: Citation

Title: Looking Behind The Score: Skill Structure Explains Sex Differences In Skilled Video Game Performance.
Creator: Harwell, Kyle W., Boot, Walter R., Ericsson, K. Anders
Abstract/Description: Some have explained large sex differences in visuospatial abilities by genetic adaptations to different roles in primitive hunter-gatherer societies and the interaction of innate biological differences and environmental factors. We explored the extent to which variations in behavior and acquired skills can provide alternative accounts for sex differences in the performance of a complex spatially-demanding video game (Space Fortress). Men and women with limited video game experience were given...
Show moreSome have explained large sex differences in visuospatial abilities by genetic adaptations to different roles in primitive hunter-gatherer societies and the interaction of innate biological differences and environmental factors. We explored the extent to which variations in behavior and acquired skills can provide alternative accounts for sex differences in the performance of a complex spatially-demanding video game (Space Fortress). Men and women with limited video game experience were given 30 hours of training, and latent curve analyses examined the development of their ship control performance and behavior. Men had significantly better control performance than women before and after training, but differences diminished substantially over the training period. An analysis of participants' joystick behaviors revealed that initially men and women relied on different patterns of control behaviors, but changes in these behaviors over time accounted for the reduced sex differences in performance. When we controlled for these differences in behavior, sex effects after training were no longer significant. Finally, examining the development of control performance and control behaviors of men and women categorized as initially high and low performers revealed the lower-performing women may have been controlling their ship using an approach that was very different from the men and higher-performing women. The potential problems of analyzing men and women's spatial performance as homogenous groups are discussed, as well as how these issues may account for sex differences in skilled video game performance and perhaps other domains involving spatial abilities.
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Date Issued: 2018-05-30
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000433634800028, 10.1371/journal.pone.0197311
Format: Citation

Title: Looking behind the score: Skill structure explains sex differences in skilled video game performance..
Creator: Harwell, Kyle W, Boot, Walter R, Ericsson, K Anders
Abstract/Description: Some have explained large sex differences in visuospatial abilities by genetic adaptations to different roles in primitive hunter-gatherer societies and the interaction of innate biological differences and environmental factors. We explored the extent to which variations in behavior and acquired skills can provide alternative accounts for sex differences in the performance of a complex spatially-demanding video game (Space Fortress). Men and women with limited video game experience were given...
Show moreSome have explained large sex differences in visuospatial abilities by genetic adaptations to different roles in primitive hunter-gatherer societies and the interaction of innate biological differences and environmental factors. We explored the extent to which variations in behavior and acquired skills can provide alternative accounts for sex differences in the performance of a complex spatially-demanding video game (Space Fortress). Men and women with limited video game experience were given 30 hours of training, and latent curve analyses examined the development of their ship control performance and behavior. Men had significantly better control performance than women before and after training, but differences diminished substantially over the training period. An analysis of participants' joystick behaviors revealed that initially men and women relied on different patterns of control behaviors, but changes in these behaviors over time accounted for the reduced sex differences in performance. When we controlled for these differences in behavior, sex effects after training were no longer significant. Finally, examining the development of control performance and control behaviors of men and women categorized as initially high and low performers revealed the lower-performing women may have been controlling their ship using an approach that was very different from the men and higher-performing women. The potential problems of analyzing men and women's spatial performance as homogenous groups are discussed, as well as how these issues may account for sex differences in skilled video game performance and perhaps other domains involving spatial abilities.
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Date Issued: 2018-05-30
Identifier: FSU_pmch_29847565, 10.1371/journal.pone.0197311, PMC5976164, 29847565, 29847565, PONE-D-17-30687
Format: Citation

Title: New horizons for future research - Critical issues to consider for maximizing research excellence and impact.
Creator: Langhans, Wolfgang, Adan, Roger, Arnold, Myrtha, Banks, William A, Card, J Patrick, Dailey, Megan J, Daniels, Derek, de Kloet, Annette D, de Lartigue, Guillaume, Dickson,...
Show moreLanghans, Wolfgang, Adan, Roger, Arnold, Myrtha, Banks, William A, Card, J Patrick, Dailey, Megan J, Daniels, Derek, de Kloet, Annette D, de Lartigue, Guillaume, Dickson, Suzanne, Fedele, Shahana, Grill, Harvey J, Jansson, John-Olov, Kaufman, Sharon, Kolar, Grant, Krause, Eric, Lee, Shin J, Le Foll, Christelle, Levin, Barry E, Lutz, Thomas A, Mansouri, Abdelhak, Moran, Timothy H, Pacheco-López, Gustavo, Ramachandran, Deepti, Raybould, Helen, Rinaman, Linda, Samson, Willis K, Sanchez-Watts, Graciela, Seeley, Randy J, Skibicka, Karolina P, Small, Dana, Spector, Alan C, Tamashiro, Kellie L, Templeton, Brian, Trapp, Stefan, Tso, Patrick, Watts, Alan G, Weissfeld, Nadja, Williams, Diana, Wolfrum, Christian, Yosten, Gina, Woods, Stephen C
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Date Issued: 2018-05-12
Identifier: FSU_pmch_29886182, 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.05.007, PMC6034110, 29886182, 29886182, S2212-8778(18)30363-6
Format: Citation

Title: Improving risk prediction accuracy for new soldiers in the U.S. Army by adding self-report survey data to administrative data.
Creator: Bernecker, Samantha L, Rosellini, Anthony J, Nock, Matthew K, Chiu, Wai Tat, Gutierrez, Peter M, Hwang, Irving, Joiner, Thomas E, Naifeh, James A, Sampson, Nancy A, Zaslavsky,...
Show moreBernecker, Samantha L, Rosellini, Anthony J, Nock, Matthew K, Chiu, Wai Tat, Gutierrez, Peter M, Hwang, Irving, Joiner, Thomas E, Naifeh, James A, Sampson, Nancy A, Zaslavsky, Alan M, Stein, Murray B, Ursano, Robert J, Kessler, Ronald C
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Abstract/Description: High rates of mental disorders, suicidality, and interpersonal violence early in the military career have raised interest in implementing preventive interventions with high-risk new enlistees. The Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (STARRS) developed risk-targeting systems for these outcomes based on machine learning methods using administrative data predictors. However, administrative data omit many risk factors, raising the question whether risk targeting could be...
Show moreHigh rates of mental disorders, suicidality, and interpersonal violence early in the military career have raised interest in implementing preventive interventions with high-risk new enlistees. The Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (STARRS) developed risk-targeting systems for these outcomes based on machine learning methods using administrative data predictors. However, administrative data omit many risk factors, raising the question whether risk targeting could be improved by adding self-report survey data to prediction models. If so, the Army may gain from routinely administering surveys that assess additional risk factors. The STARRS New Soldier Survey was administered to 21,790 Regular Army soldiers who agreed to have survey data linked to administrative records. As reported previously, machine learning models using administrative data as predictors found that small proportions of high-risk soldiers accounted for high proportions of negative outcomes. Other machine learning models using self-report survey data as predictors were developed previously for three of these outcomes: major physical violence and sexual violence perpetration among men and sexual violence victimization among women. Here we examined the extent to which this survey information increases prediction accuracy, over models based solely on administrative data, for those three outcomes. We used discrete-time survival analysis to estimate a series of models predicting first occurrence, assessing how model fit improved and concentration of risk increased when adding the predicted risk score based on survey data to the predicted risk score based on administrative data. The addition of survey data improved prediction significantly for all outcomes. In the most extreme case, the percentage of reported sexual violence victimization among the 5% of female soldiers with highest predicted risk increased from 17.5% using only administrative predictors to 29.4% adding survey predictors, a 67.9% proportional increase in prediction accuracy. Other proportional increases in concentration of risk ranged from 4.8% to 49.5% (median = 26.0%). Data from an ongoing New Soldier Survey could substantially improve accuracy of risk models compared to models based exclusively on administrative predictors. Depending upon the characteristics of interventions used, the increase in targeting accuracy from survey data might offset survey administration costs.
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Date Issued: 2018-04-03
Identifier: FSU_pmch_29615005, 10.1186/s12888-018-1656-4, PMC5883887, 29615005, 29615005, 10.1186/s12888-018-1656-4
Format: Citation

Title: Sleep In A Large, Multi-university Sample Of College Students: Sleep Problem Prevalence, Sex Differences, And Mental Health Correlates.
Creator: Becker, Stephen P., Jarrett, Matthew A., Luebbe, Aaron M., Garner, Annie A., Burns, G. Leonard, Kofler, Michael J.
Abstract/Description: Objectives: To (1) describe sleep problems in a large, multi-university sample of college students; (2) evaluate sex differences; and (3) examine the unique associations of mental health symptoms (i.e., anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattention [ADHD-IN], ADHD hyperactivity-impulsivity [ADHD-HI]) in relation to sleep problems. Methods: 7,626 students (70% female; 81% White) ages 18-29 years (M = 19.14, SD = 1.42) from six universities completed measures...
Show moreObjectives: To (1) describe sleep problems in a large, multi-university sample of college students; (2) evaluate sex differences; and (3) examine the unique associations of mental health symptoms (i.e., anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattention [ADHD-IN], ADHD hyperactivity-impulsivity [ADHD-HI]) in relation to sleep problems. Methods: 7,626 students (70% female; 81% White) ages 18-29 years (M = 19.14, SD = 1.42) from six universities completed measures assessing mental health symptoms and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results: A substantial minority of students endorsed sleep problems across specific sleep components. Specifically, 27% described their sleep quality as poor, 36% reported obtaining less than 7 hours of sleep per night, and 43% reported that it takes >30 minutes to fall asleep at least once per week. 62% of participants met cut-off criteria for poor sleep, though rates differed between females (64%) and males (57%). In structural regression models, both anxiety and depression symptoms were uniquely associated with disruptions in most PSQI sleep component domains. However, anxiety (but not depression) symptoms were uniquely associated with more sleep disturbances and sleep medication use, whereas depression (but not anxiety) symptoms were uniquely associated with increased daytime dysfunction. ADHD-IN symptoms were uniquely associatedwith poorer sleep quality and increased daytime dysfunction, whereas ADHD-HI symptoms were uniquely associated with more sleep disturbances and less daytime dysfunction. Lastly, ADHD-IN, anxiety, and depression symptoms were each independently associated with poor sleep status. Conclusions: This study documents a high prevalence of poor sleep among college students, some sex differences, and distinct patterns of mental health symptoms in relation to sleep problems. (c) 2018 National Sleep Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Date Issued: 2018-04
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000428027200009, 10.1016/j.sleh.2018.01.001
Format: Citation

Title: Multi-trait Profiles And Their Relation To Substance Use Problems And Cluster B Personality Disorder Features: A Replication Study.
Creator: Moltisanti, Allison J., Ennis, Chelsea R., Chavarria, Jesus, Smith, Caitlin E., Taylor, Jeanette
Abstract/Description: Substance use disorders (SUDs) and Cluster B personality disorders (PDs) may have shared risk through profiles of personality and motivational traits. The present study sought to replicate in a national sample of adults past research which found multi-trait profiles that were associated with disinhibitory disorders in a college sample. Another aim was to test whether gender differences in the prevalence of disinhibitory disorders are attributable to underlying differences in personality-based...
Show moreSubstance use disorders (SUDs) and Cluster B personality disorders (PDs) may have shared risk through profiles of personality and motivational traits. The present study sought to replicate in a national sample of adults past research which found multi-trait profiles that were associated with disinhibitory disorders in a college sample. Another aim was to test whether gender differences in the prevalence of disinhibitory disorders are attributable to underlying differences in personality-based risk. Cluster analysis was used to identify multi-trait profiles from impulsivity, constraint, negative emotionality, behavioral activation system (BAS), and behavioral inhibition system (BIS) scale scores. Analyses yielded similar multi-trait profiles to those found in past research, including a "disinhibited" profile with high impulsivity, high BAS, and low constraint, as well as a " high affectivity/impulsive" profile with high negative emotionality, impulsivity, BAS, and BIS. These profiles were associated with elevated drug problems and Cluster B PD features. Results support the validity these trait profiles and their association with disinhibitory psychopathology. Gender was associated with some, but not all, disinhibitory disorders while controlling for cluster membership, suggesting that multi-trait personality clusters may represent a more proximal risk factor than gender for certain disinhibitory disorders.
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Date Issued: 2018-04-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000433974500002, 10.1521/jscp.2018.37.4.252
Format: Citation

Title: Inhibition, Updating Working Memory, And Shifting Predict Reading Disability Symptoms In A Hybrid Model: Project Kids.
Creator: Daucourt, Mia C., Schatschneider, Christopher, Connor, Carol M., Al Otaiba, Stephanie, Hart, Sara A.
Abstract/Description: Recent achievement research suggests that executive function (EF), a set of regulatory processes that control both thought and action necessary for goal-directed behavior, is related to typical and atypical reading performance. This project examines the relation of EF, as measured by its components, Inhibition, Updating Working Memory, and Shifting, with a hybrid model of reading disability (RD). Our sample included 420 children who participated in a broader intervention project when they...
Show moreRecent achievement research suggests that executive function (EF), a set of regulatory processes that control both thought and action necessary for goal-directed behavior, is related to typical and atypical reading performance. This project examines the relation of EF, as measured by its components, Inhibition, Updating Working Memory, and Shifting, with a hybrid model of reading disability (RD). Our sample included 420 children who participated in a broader intervention project when they were in KG-third grade (age M = 6.63 years, SD = 1.04 years, range = 4.79-10.40 years). At the time their EF was assessed, using a parent-report Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), they had a mean age of 13.21 years (SD = 1.54 years; range = 10.47-16.63 years). The hybrid model of RD was operationalized as a composite consisting of four symptoms, and set so that any child could have any one, any two, any three, any four, or none of the symptoms included in the hybrid model. The four symptoms include low word reading achievement, unexpected low word reading achievement, poorer reading comprehension compared to listening comprehension, and dual-discrepancy response-to-intervention, requiring both low achievement and low growth in word reading. The results of our multilevel ordinal logistic regression analyses showed a significant relation between all three components of EF (Inhibition, Updating Working Memory, and Shifting) and the hybrid model of RD, and that the strength of EF's predictive power for RD classification was the highest when RD was modeled as having at least one or more symptoms. Importantly, the chances of being classified as having RD increased as EF performance worsened and decreased as EF performance improved. The question of whether any one EF component would emerge as a superior predictor was also examined and results showed that Inhibition, Updating Working Memory, and Shifting were equally valuable as predictors of the hybrid model of RD. In total, all EF components were significant and equally effective predictors of RD when RD was operationalized using the hybrid model.
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Date Issued: 2018-03-20
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000427890900001, 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00238
Format: Citation

Title: Inhibition, Updating Working Memory, and Shifting Predict Reading Disability Symptoms in a Hybrid Model: Project KIDS..
Creator: Daucourt, Mia C, Schatschneider, Christopher, Connor, Carol M, Al Otaiba, Stephanie, Hart, Sara A
Abstract/Description: Recent achievement research suggests that executive function (EF), a set of regulatory processes that control both thought and action necessary for goal-directed behavior, is related to typical and atypical reading performance. This project examines the relation of EF, as measured by its components, Inhibition, Updating Working Memory, and Shifting, with a hybrid model of reading disability (RD). Our sample included 420 children who participated in a broader intervention project when they...
Show moreRecent achievement research suggests that executive function (EF), a set of regulatory processes that control both thought and action necessary for goal-directed behavior, is related to typical and atypical reading performance. This project examines the relation of EF, as measured by its components, Inhibition, Updating Working Memory, and Shifting, with a hybrid model of reading disability (RD). Our sample included 420 children who participated in a broader intervention project when they were in KG-third grade (age = 6.63 years, = 1.04 years, range = 4.79-10.40 years). At the time their EF was assessed, using a parent-report Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), they had a mean age of 13.21 years ( = 1.54 years; range = 10.47-16.63 years). The hybrid model of RD was operationalized as a composite consisting of four symptoms, and set so that any child could have any one, any two, any three, any four, or none of the symptoms included in the hybrid model. The four symptoms include low word reading achievement, unexpected low word reading achievement, poorer reading comprehension compared to listening comprehension, and dual-discrepancy response-to-intervention, requiring both low achievement and low growth in word reading. The results of our multilevel ordinal logistic regression analyses showed a significant relation between all three components of EF (Inhibition, Updating Working Memory, and Shifting) and the hybrid model of RD, and that the strength of EF's predictive power for RD classification was the highest when RD was modeled as having at least one or more symptoms. Importantly, the chances of being classified as having RD increased as EF performance worsened and decreased as EF performance improved. The question of whether any one EF component would emerge as a superior predictor was also examined and results showed that Inhibition, Updating Working Memory, and Shifting were equally valuable as predictors of the hybrid model of RD. In total, all EF components were significant and equally effective predictors of RD when RD was operationalized using the hybrid model.
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Date Issued: 2018-03-20
Identifier: FSU_pmch_29662458, 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00238, PMC5890166, 29662458, 29662458
Format: Citation

Title: Neurocognitive and Behavioral Predictors of Social Problems in ADHD: A Bayesian Framework.
Creator: Kofler, Michael J.
Abstract/Description: Objective: Social problems are a key area of functional impairment for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and converging evidence points to executive dysfunction as a potential mechanism underlying ADHD-related social dysfunction. The evidence is mixed, however, with regard to which neurocognitive abilities account for these relations. Method: A well-characterized group of 117 children ages 8–13 (M = 10.45, SD = 1.53; 43 girls; 69.5% Caucasian/Non-Hispanic) with...
Show moreObjective: Social problems are a key area of functional impairment for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and converging evidence points to executive dysfunction as a potential mechanism underlying ADHD-related social dysfunction. The evidence is mixed, however, with regard to which neurocognitive abilities account for these relations. Method: A well-characterized group of 117 children ages 8–13 (M = 10.45, SD = 1.53; 43 girls; 69.5% Caucasian/Non-Hispanic) with ADHD (n = 77) and without ADHD (n = 40) were administered multiple, counterbalanced tests of neurocognitive functioning and assessed for social skills via multi-informant reports. Results: Bayesian linear regressions revealed strong support for working memory and cross-informant interfering behaviors (inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity) as predictors of parent- and teacher-reported social problems. Working memory was also implicated in social skills acquisition deficits, performance deficits, and strengths based on parent and/or teacher report; inattention and/or hyperactivity showed strong correspondence with cross-informant social problems in all models. There was no evidence for, and in most models strong evidence against, effects of inhibitory control and processing speed. The ADHD group was impaired relative to the non-ADHD group on social skills (d = 0.82–0.88), visuospatial working memory (d = 0.89), and phonological working memory (d = 0.58). In contrast, the Bayesian ANOVAs indicated that the ADHD and non-ADHD groups were equivalent on processing speed, IQ, age, gender, and socioeconomic status (SES). There was no support for or against group differences in inhibition. Conclusions: These findings confirm that ADHD is associated with impaired social performance, and implicate working memory and core ADHD symptoms in the acquisition and performance of socially skilled behavior.
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Date Issued: 2018-03-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1507141559_0ef9e931, 10.1037/neu0000416
Format: Citation

Title: Potential effects of severe bilateral amygdala damage on psychopathic personality features: A case report..
Creator: Lilienfeld, Scott O, Sauvigné, Katheryn C, Reber, Justin, Watts, Ashley L, Hamann, Stephan, Smith, Sarah Francis, Patrick, Christopher J, Bowes, Shauna M, Tranel, Daniel
Abstract/Description: The fearlessness model posits that psychopathy is underpinned by a deficiency in the capacity to experience fear, predisposing to other features of the condition, such as superficial charm, guiltlessness, callousness, narcissism, and dishonesty. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether fearlessness is irrelevant, necessary, sufficient, or merely contributory to psychopathy. In the present case study, we sought to examine the fearlessness model by studying an extensively investigated female patient...
Show moreThe fearlessness model posits that psychopathy is underpinned by a deficiency in the capacity to experience fear, predisposing to other features of the condition, such as superficial charm, guiltlessness, callousness, narcissism, and dishonesty. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether fearlessness is irrelevant, necessary, sufficient, or merely contributory to psychopathy. In the present case study, we sought to examine the fearlessness model by studying an extensively investigated female patient-S. M.-who experienced early emerging bilateral calcifications of the amygdala, resulting in a virtual absence of fear. We aimed to replicate findings regarding S. M.'s deficient experience of self-reported fear and examine her levels of triarchic psychopathy dimensions (boldness, meanness, disinhibition). We also examined S. M.'s history of heroic behaviors given conjectures that fearlessness contributes to both heroism and psychopathy. Compared with population-based norms, S. M. reported deficient levels of self-reported fear and self-control, as well as elevated levels of heroism. She did not, however, exhibit elevated levels of the core affective deficits of psychopathy, as reflected in measures of coldheartedness and meanness. These findings suggest that severe fear deficits may be insufficient to yield the full clinical picture of psychopathy, although they do not preclude the possibility that these deficits are necessary. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Date Issued: 2018-03-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_27936839, 10.1037/per0000230, PMC5665719, 27936839, 27936839, 2016-59617-001
Format: Citation

Title: Early temperamental fearfulness and the developmental trajectory of error-related brain activity.
Creator: Meyer, Alexandria, Hajcak, Greg, Torpey-Newman, Dana, Kujawa, Autumn, Olino, Thomas M, Dyson, Margaret, Klein, Daniel N
Abstract/Description: The error-related negativity (ERN) is a negative deflection in the event-related potential waveform that occurs when an individual makes a mistake, and an increased ERN has been proposed as a biomarker for anxiety. However, previous work suggests that fearful children are characterized by a smaller ERN. We have proposed that this may reflect the changing phenomenology of anxiety across development. In the current study, we investigate this possibility using a longitudinal within-subject...
Show moreThe error-related negativity (ERN) is a negative deflection in the event-related potential waveform that occurs when an individual makes a mistake, and an increased ERN has been proposed as a biomarker for anxiety. However, previous work suggests that fearful children are characterized by a smaller ERN. We have proposed that this may reflect the changing phenomenology of anxiety across development. In the current study, we investigate this possibility using a longitudinal within-subject design. In 271 children, we completed observational measures of fear when the children were 3 years old, and then measured the ERN when the children were 6 and 9 years old. Fearful children were characterized by a decreased ERN when they were 6-year-old; by age 9, the same children who were fearful at age 3 had increased ERNs-a pattern that closely resembles that of anxious adolescents and adults.
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Date Issued: 2018-03-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_29344944, 10.1002/dev.21605, PMC5815917, 29344944, 29344944
Format: Citation

Title: A genetic variant brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) polymorphism interacts with hostile parenting to predict error-related brain activity and thereby risk for internalizing disorders in children.
Creator: Meyer, Alexandria, Hajcak, Greg, Hayden, Elizabeth, Sheikh, Haroon I, Singh, Shiva M, Klein, Daniel N
Abstract/Description: The error-related negativity (ERN) is a negative deflection in the event-related potential occurring when individuals make mistakes, and is increased in children with internalizing psychopathology. We recently found that harsh parenting predicts a larger ERN in children, and recent work has suggested that variation in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene may moderate the impact of early life adversity. Parents and children completed measures of parenting when children were 3...
Show moreThe error-related negativity (ERN) is a negative deflection in the event-related potential occurring when individuals make mistakes, and is increased in children with internalizing psychopathology. We recently found that harsh parenting predicts a larger ERN in children, and recent work has suggested that variation in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene may moderate the impact of early life adversity. Parents and children completed measures of parenting when children were 3 years old (N = 201); 3 years later, the ERN was measured and diagnostic interviews as well as dimensional symptom measures were completed. We found that harsh parenting predicted an increased ERN only among children with a methionine allele of the BDNF genotype, and evidence of moderated mediation: the ERN mediated the relationship between parenting and internalizing diagnoses and dimensional symptoms only if children had a methionine allele. We tested this model with externalizing disorders, and found that harsh parenting predicted externalizing outcomes, but the ERN did not mediate this association. These findings suggest that harsh parenting predicts both externalizing and internalizing outcomes in children; however, this occurs through different pathways that uniquely implicate error-related brain activity in the development of internalizing disorders.
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Date Issued: 2018-02-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_28427482, 10.1017/S0954579417000517, PMC5752624, 28427482, 28427482, S0954579417000517
Format: Citation

Title: The time has come for dimensional personality disorder diagnosis.
Creator: Hopwood, Christopher J, Kotov, Roman, Krueger, Robert F, Watson, David, Widiger, Thomas A, Althoff, Robert R, Ansell, Emily B, Bach, Bo, Michael Bagby, R, Blais, Mark A,...
Show moreHopwood, Christopher J, Kotov, Roman, Krueger, Robert F, Watson, David, Widiger, Thomas A, Althoff, Robert R, Ansell, Emily B, Bach, Bo, Michael Bagby, R, Blais, Mark A, Bornovalova, Marina A, Chmielewski, Michael, Cicero, David C, Conway, Christopher, De Clercq, Barbara, De Fruyt, Filip, Docherty, Anna R, Eaton, Nicholas R, Edens, John F, Forbes, Miriam K, Forbush, Kelsie T, Hengartner, Michael P, Ivanova, Masha Y, Leising, Daniel, John Livesley, W, Lukowitsky, Mark R, Lynam, Donald R, Markon, Kristian E, Miller, Joshua D, Morey, Leslie C, Mullins-Sweatt, Stephanie N, Hans Ormel, J, Patrick, Christopher J, Pincus, Aaron L, Ruggero, Camilo, Samuel, Douglas B, Sellbom, Martin, Slade, Tim, Tackett, Jennifer L, Thomas, Katherine M, Trull, Timothy J, Vachon, David D, Waldman, Irwin D, Waszczuk, Monika A, Waugh, Mark H, Wright, Aidan G C, Yalch, Mathew M, Zald, David H, Zimmermann, Johannes
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Date Issued: 2018-02-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_29226598, 10.1002/pmh.1408, PMC5811364, 29226598, 29226598
Format: Citation

Title: Eating disorders in children: is avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder a feeding disorder or an eating disorder and what are the implications for treatment?.
Creator: Kennedy, Grace A, Wick, Madeline R, Keel, Pamela K
Abstract/Description: Avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is a current diagnosis in the "Feeding and Eating Disorders" section of the (fifth edition) and captures a heterogeneous presentation of eating disturbances. In recent years, ARFID has been studied primarily within the context of eating disorders despite having historical roots as a feeding disorder. The following review examines ARFID's similarities with and differences from feeding disorders and eating disorders, focusing on research...
Show moreAvoidant-restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is a current diagnosis in the "Feeding and Eating Disorders" section of the (fifth edition) and captures a heterogeneous presentation of eating disturbances. In recent years, ARFID has been studied primarily within the context of eating disorders despite having historical roots as a feeding disorder. The following review examines ARFID's similarities with and differences from feeding disorders and eating disorders, focusing on research published within the last three years. Implications of this differentiation for treatment are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2018-01-18
Identifier: FSU_pmch_29399331, 10.12688/f1000research.13110.1, PMC5773930, 29399331, 29399331
Format: Citation

Title: Disturbance Of Gut Satiety Peptide In Purging Disorder.
Creator: Keel, Pamela K., Eckel, Lisa A., Hildebrandt, Britny A., Haedt-Matt, Alissa A., Appelbaum, Jonathan, Jimerson, David C.
Abstract/Description: ObjectiveLittle is known about biological factors that contribute to purging after normal amounts of foodthe central feature of purging disorder (PD). This study comes from a series of nested studies examining ingestive behaviors in bulimic syndromes and specifically evaluated the satiety peptide YY (PYY) and the hunger peptide ghrelin in women with PD (n=25), bulimia nervosa-purging (BNp) (n=26), and controls (n=26). Based on distinct subjective responses to a fixed meal in PD (Keel, Wolfe,...
Show moreObjectiveLittle is known about biological factors that contribute to purging after normal amounts of foodthe central feature of purging disorder (PD). This study comes from a series of nested studies examining ingestive behaviors in bulimic syndromes and specifically evaluated the satiety peptide YY (PYY) and the hunger peptide ghrelin in women with PD (n=25), bulimia nervosa-purging (BNp) (n=26), and controls (n=26). Based on distinct subjective responses to a fixed meal in PD (Keel, Wolfe, Liddle, DeYoung, & Jimerson, ), we tested whether postprandial PYY response was significantly greater and ghrelin levels significantly lower in women with PD compared to controls and women with BNp. MethodParticipants completed structured clinical interviews, self-report questionnaires, and laboratory assessments of gut peptide and subjective responses to a fixed meal. ResultsWomen with PD demonstrated a significantly greater postprandial PYY response compared to women with BNp and controls, who did not differ significantly. PD women also endorsed significantly greater gastrointestinal distress, and PYY predicted gastrointestinal intestinal distress. Ghrelin levels were significantly greater in PD and BNp compared to controls, but did not differ significantly between eating disorders. Women with BNp endorsed significantly greater postprandial hunger, and ghrelin predicted hunger. DiscussionPD is associated with a unique disturbance in PYY response. Findings contribute to growing evidence of physiological distinctions between PD and BNp. Future research should examine whether these distinctions account for differences in clinical presentation as this could inform the development of specific interventions for patients with PD.
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Date Issued: 2018-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000418270800007, 10.1002/eat.22806
Format: Citation

Title: Do Gender Differences in Perceived Prototypical Computer Scientists and Engineers Contribute to Gender Gaps in Computer Science and Engineering?.
Creator: Ehrlinger, Joyce, Plant, E Ashby, Hartwig, Marissa K, Vossen, Jordan J, Columb, Corey J, Brewer, Lauren E
Abstract/Description: Women are vastly underrepresented in the fields of computer science and engineering (CS&E). We examined whether women might view the intellectual characteristics of prototypical individuals in CS&E in more stereotype-consistent ways than men might and, consequently, show less interest in CS&E. We asked 269 U.S. college students (187, 69.5% women) to describe the prototypical computer scientist (Study 1) or engineer (Study 2) through open-ended descriptions as well as through a set of trait...
Show moreWomen are vastly underrepresented in the fields of computer science and engineering (CS&E). We examined whether women might view the intellectual characteristics of prototypical individuals in CS&E in more stereotype-consistent ways than men might and, consequently, show less interest in CS&E. We asked 269 U.S. college students (187, 69.5% women) to describe the prototypical computer scientist (Study 1) or engineer (Study 2) through open-ended descriptions as well as through a set of trait ratings. Participants also rated themselves on the same set of traits and rated their similarity to the prototype. Finally, participants in both studies were asked to describe their likelihood of pursuing future college courses and careers in computer science (Study 1) or engineering (Study 2). Across both studies, we found that women offered more stereotype-consistent ratings than did men of the intellectual characteristics of prototypes in CS (Study 1) and engineering (Study 2). Women also perceived themselves as less similar to the prototype than men did. Further, the observed gender differences in prototype perceptions mediated the tendency for women to report lower interest in CS&E fields relative to men. Our work highlights the importance of prototype perceptions for understanding the gender gap in CS&E and suggests avenues for interventions that may increase women's representation in these vital fields.
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Date Issued: 2018-01-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_29367799, 10.1007/s11199-017-0763-x, PMC5756563, 29367799, 29367799, 763
Format: Citation

Title: Hand proximity effects are fragile: a useful null result..
Creator: Andringa, Ronald, Boot, Walter R, Roque, Nelson A, Ponnaluri, Sadhana
Abstract/Description: Placing one's hands near an object has been reported to enhance visual processing in a number of ways. We explored whether hand proximity confers an advantage when applied to complex visual search. In one experiment, participants indicated the presence or absence of a target item in a baggage x-ray image by pressing response boxes located at the edge of a tablet computer screen, requiring them to grip the display between their hands. Alternatively, they responded using a mouse held within...
Show morePlacing one's hands near an object has been reported to enhance visual processing in a number of ways. We explored whether hand proximity confers an advantage when applied to complex visual search. In one experiment, participants indicated the presence or absence of a target item in a baggage x-ray image by pressing response boxes located at the edge of a tablet computer screen, requiring them to grip the display between their hands. Alternatively, they responded using a mouse held within their lap. Contrary to expectations, hand position did not influence search performance. In a second experiment, participants used their finger to trace along the x-ray image while searching. In addition to any effect of hand proximity it was predicted that this strategy would encourage a more systematic search strategy. Participants inspected bags longer using this strategy, but this did not translate into improved target detection. A third experiment attempted to replicate the near-hands advantage in a change detection paradigm featuring simple stimuli (Tseng and Bridgeman, Experimental Brain Research 209:257-269, 2011), and the same equipment and hand positions as Experiment 1, but was unable to do so. One possibility is that the grip posture associated with holding a tablet is not conducive to producing a near-hands advantage. A final experiment tested this hypothesis with a direct replication of Tseng and Bridgeman, in which participants responded to stimuli presented on a CRT monitor using keys attached to the side of the monitor. Still, no near-hands advantage was observed. Our results suggest that the near-hands advantage may be sensitive to small differences in procedure, a finding that has important implications for harnessing the near-hands advantage to produce better performance in applied contexts.
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Date Issued: 2018-01-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_29607404, 10.1186/s41235-018-0094-7, PMC5871631, 29607404, 29607404, 94
Format: Citation

Title: Assessing Working Memory In Children With Adhd: Minor Administration And Scoring Changes May Improve Digit Span Backward's Construct Validity.
Creator: Wells, Erica L., Kofler, Michael J., Soto, Elia F., Schaefer, Hillary S., Sarver, Dustin E.
Abstract/Description: Background: Pediatric ADHD is associated with impairments in working memory, but these deficits often go undetected when using clinic-based tests such as digit span backward. Aims: The current study pilot-tested minor administration/scoring modifications to improve digit span backward's construct and predictive validities in a well-characterized sample of children with ADHD. Methods and procedures: WISC-IV digit span was modified to administer all trials (i.e., ignore discontinue rule) and...
Show moreBackground: Pediatric ADHD is associated with impairments in working memory, but these deficits often go undetected when using clinic-based tests such as digit span backward. Aims: The current study pilot-tested minor administration/scoring modifications to improve digit span backward's construct and predictive validities in a well-characterized sample of children with ADHD. Methods and procedures: WISC-IV digit span was modified to administer all trials (i.e., ignore discontinue rule) and count digits rather than trials correct. Traditional and modified scores were compared to a battery of criterion working memory (construct validity) and academic achievement tests (predictive validity) for 34 children with ADHD ages 8-13 (M = 10.41; 11 girls). Outcomes and results: Traditional digit span backward scores failed to predict working memory or KTEA-2 achievement (all ns). Alternate administration/scoring of digit span backward significantly improved its associations with working memory reordering (r = .58), working memory dual-processing (r = .53), working "memory updating (r = .28), and KTEA-2 achievement (r = .49). Conclusions and implications: Consistent with prior work, these findings urge caution when interpreting digit span performance. Minor test modifications may address test validity concerns, and should be considered in future test revisions. Digit span backward becomes a valid measure of working memory at exactly the point that testing is traditionally discontinued.
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Date Issued: 2018-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000422892300015, 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.10.024
Format: Citation

Title: The Strategic Moral Self: Self-presentation Shapes Moral Dilemma Judgments.
Creator: Rom, Sarah C., Conway, Paul
Abstract/Description: Research has focused on the cognitive and affective processes underpinning dilemma judgments where causing harm maximizes outcomes. Yet, recent work indicates that lay perceivers infer the processes behind others' judgments, raising two new questions: whether decision-makers accurately anticipate the inferences perceivers draw from their judgments (i.e., meta-insight), and, whether decision-makers strategically modify judgments to present themselves favorably. Across seven studies, a) people...
Show moreResearch has focused on the cognitive and affective processes underpinning dilemma judgments where causing harm maximizes outcomes. Yet, recent work indicates that lay perceivers infer the processes behind others' judgments, raising two new questions: whether decision-makers accurately anticipate the inferences perceivers draw from their judgments (i.e., meta-insight), and, whether decision-makers strategically modify judgments to present themselves favorably. Across seven studies, a) people correctly anticipated how their dilemma judgments would influence perceivers' ratings of their warmth and competence, though self-ratings differed (Studies 1-3), b) people strategically shifted public (but not private) dilemma judgments to present themselves as warm or competent depending on which traits the situation favored (Studies 4-6), and, c) self-presentation strategies augmented perceptions of the weaker trait implied by their judgment (Study 7). These results suggest that moral dilemma judgments arise out of more than just basic cognitive and affective processes; complex social considerations causally contribute to dilemma decision-making.
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Date Issued: 2018-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000418989800003, 10.1016/j.jesp.2017.08.003
Format: Citation

Title: Reading on Paper and Screen among Senior Adults: Cognitive Map and Technophobia..
Creator: Hou, Jinghui, Wu, Yijie, Harrell, Erin
Abstract/Description: While the senior population has been increasingly engaged with reading on mobile technologies, research that specifically documents the impact of technologies on reading for this age group has still been lacking. The present study investigated how different reading media (screen versus paper) might result in different reading outcomes among older adults due to both cognitive and psychological factors. Using a laboratory experiment with 81participants aged 57 to 85, our results supported past...
Show moreWhile the senior population has been increasingly engaged with reading on mobile technologies, research that specifically documents the impact of technologies on reading for this age group has still been lacking. The present study investigated how different reading media (screen versus paper) might result in different reading outcomes among older adults due to both cognitive and psychological factors. Using a laboratory experiment with 81participants aged 57 to 85, our results supported past research and showed the influence of cognitive map formation on readers' feelings of fatigue. We contributed empirical evidence to the contention that reading on a screen could match that of reading from paper if the presentation of the text on screen resemble that of the print. Our findings also suggested that individual levels of technophobia was an important barrier to older adults' effective use of mobile technologies for reading. In the analyses, we further showed that technophobia was correlated with technology experience, certain personality traits, and age. The present study highlights the importance of providing tailored support that helps older adults overcome psychological obstacles in using technologies.
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Date Issued: 2017-12-19
Identifier: FSU_pmch_29312073, 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02225, PMC5742182, 29312073, 29312073
Format: Citation

Title: Deontological Dilemma Response Tendencies and Sensorimotor Representations of Harm to Others.
Creator: Christov-Moore, Leonardo, Conway, Paul, Iacoboni, Marco
Abstract/Description: The dual process model of moral decision-making suggests that decisions to reject causing harm on moral dilemmas (where causing harm saves lives) reflect concern for others. Recently, some theorists have suggested such decisions actually reflect self-focused concern about causing harm, rather than witnessing others suffering. We examined brain activity while participants witnessed needles pierce another person's hand, versus similar non-painful stimuli. More than a month later, participants...
Show moreThe dual process model of moral decision-making suggests that decisions to reject causing harm on moral dilemmas (where causing harm saves lives) reflect concern for others. Recently, some theorists have suggested such decisions actually reflect self-focused concern about causing harm, rather than witnessing others suffering. We examined brain activity while participants witnessed needles pierce another person's hand, versus similar non-painful stimuli. More than a month later, participants completed moral dilemmas where causing harm either did or did not maximize outcomes. We employed process dissociation to independently assess harm-rejection (deontological) and outcome-maximization (utilitarian) response tendencies. Activity in the posterior inferior frontal cortex (pIFC) while participants witnessed others in pain predicted deontological, but not utilitarian, response tendencies. Previous brain stimulation studies have shown that the pIFC seems crucial for sensorimotor representations of observed harm. Hence, these findings suggest that deontological response tendencies reflect genuine other-oriented concern grounded in sensorimotor representations of harm.
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Date Issued: 2017-12-12
Identifier: FSU_pmch_29311859, 10.3389/fnint.2017.00034, PMC5733021, 29311859, 29311859
Format: Citation

Title: Do Undiagnosed Suicide Decedents Have Symptoms of a Mental Disorder?.
Creator: Joiner, Thomas E, Buchman-Schmitt, Jennifer M, Chu, Carol
Abstract/Description: Psychological autopsy studies consistently report that the rate of detected mental disorders among suicide decedents is below 100%. This implies three possibilities: (a) a subset of suicide decedents did not have a mental disorder at the time of death; (b) all suicide decedents suffered from a mental disorder, but some were undetected due to methodological limitations; and/or (c) suicide decedents with an undetected mental disorder displayed significant and perhaps subclinical features of a...
Show morePsychological autopsy studies consistently report that the rate of detected mental disorders among suicide decedents is below 100%. This implies three possibilities: (a) a subset of suicide decedents did not have a mental disorder at the time of death; (b) all suicide decedents suffered from a mental disorder, but some were undetected due to methodological limitations; and/or (c) suicide decedents with an undetected mental disorder displayed significant and perhaps subclinical features of a mental disorder. In this article, we examined these possibilities by evaluating the differences in symptoms and stressors between suicide decedents who were undiagnosed and those diagnosed with a mental disorder at the time of death. We reviewed 130 case studies of community-based suicide decedents originally described in Robins' (1981) psychological autopsy study. Without exception, suicide decedents in Robins' sample suffered either from a clearly diagnosable mental disorder or displayed features indicative of a significant, even if subclinical, presentation of a mental disorder. Undiagnosed and diagnosed suicide decedents did not significantly differ with regards to demographics, violence of suicide method, suicide attempt history, the number and intensity of stressful life events preceding death, and whether their death was a murder-suicide. Although clearly not all who suffer from mental disorders will die by suicide, these findings imply that all who die by suicide appear to exhibit, at minimum, subclinical psychiatric symptoms with the great majority showing prominent clinical symptoms. We conclude with clinical implications and recommendations for future study.
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Date Issued: 2017-12-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_28685838, 10.1002/jclp.22498, PMC5690847, 28685838, 28685838
Format: Citation

Title: Comorbid sleep disorders and suicide risk among children and adolescents with bipolar disorder.
Creator: Stanley, Ian H, Hom, Melanie A, Luby, Joan L, Joshi, Paramjit T, Wagner, Karen D, Emslie, Graham J, Walkup, John T, Axelson, David A, Joiner, Thomas E
Abstract/Description: Children and adolescents with bipolar disorder are at increased risk for suicide. Sleep disturbances are common among youth with bipolar disorder and are also independently implicated in suicide risk; thus, comorbid sleep disorders may amplify suicide risk in this clinical population. This study examined the effects of comorbid sleep disorders on suicide risk among youth with bipolar disorder. We conducted secondary analyses of baseline data from the Treatment of Early Age Mania (TEAM) study,...
Show moreChildren and adolescents with bipolar disorder are at increased risk for suicide. Sleep disturbances are common among youth with bipolar disorder and are also independently implicated in suicide risk; thus, comorbid sleep disorders may amplify suicide risk in this clinical population. This study examined the effects of comorbid sleep disorders on suicide risk among youth with bipolar disorder. We conducted secondary analyses of baseline data from the Treatment of Early Age Mania (TEAM) study, a randomized controlled trial of individuals aged 6-15 years (mean ± SD = 10.2 ± 2.7 years) with DSM-IV bipolar I disorder (N = 379). Sleep disorders (i.e., nightmare, sleep terror, and sleepwalking disorders) and suicide risk were assessed via the WASH-U-KSADS and the CDRS-R, respectively. We constructed uncontrolled logistic regression models as well as models controlling for trauma history, a generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) diagnosis, and depression symptoms. Participants with a current comorbid nightmare disorder versus those without were nearly twice as likely to screen positive for suicide risk in an uncontrolled model and models controlling for trauma history, a GAD diagnosis, and depression symptoms. Neither a current comorbid sleep terror disorder nor a sleepwalking disorder was significantly associated with suicide risk. This pattern of findings remained consistent for both current and lifetime sleep disorder diagnoses. Youth with bipolar I disorder and a comorbid nightmare disorder appear to be at heightened suicide risk. Implications for assessment and treatment are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2017-12-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_28777984, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.07.027, PMC5653415, 28777984, 28777984, S0022-3956(17)30625-8
Format: Citation

Title: Weight suppression and bulimic syndrome maintenance: Preliminary findings for the mediating role of leptin..
Creator: Keel, Pamela K, Bodell, Lindsay P, Haedt-Matt, Alissa A, Williams, Diana L, Appelbaum, Jonathan
Abstract/Description: Longitudinal studies support a prospective relationship between weight suppression (WS) and bulimic syndrome (BN-S) maintenance. Although biobehavioral mechanisms have been proposed to explain this link, such mechanisms have yet to be identified. Given that weight loss would reduce leptin levels which may influence eating, this study examined whether reduced leptin levels mediate the link between greater WS and longer illness duration. Women (N = 53), ages 18-45 years, were recruited from the...
Show moreLongitudinal studies support a prospective relationship between weight suppression (WS) and bulimic syndrome (BN-S) maintenance. Although biobehavioral mechanisms have been proposed to explain this link, such mechanisms have yet to be identified. Given that weight loss would reduce leptin levels which may influence eating, this study examined whether reduced leptin levels mediate the link between greater WS and longer illness duration. Women (N = 53), ages 18-45 years, were recruited from the community if they met criteria for a BN-S, including either DSM-5 bulimia nervosa (BN; n = 33) or purging disorder (PD: n = 20), and fell within a healthy weight range (18.5-26.5 kg/m ). Participants completed clinical assessments and provided blood samples to measure circulating leptin. Significant associations were found among greater WS, lower leptin concentrations, and longer duration of illness. Mediation analyses using bootstrapping procedures indicated all paths were significant and that leptin mediated the link between WS and illness duration. An alternative model in which longer illness duration contributed to leptin, via greater WS, was not supported. Longitudinal research is needed to support temporal associations and explore behavioral mechanisms linking leptin to illness trajectory.
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Date Issued: 2017-12-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_29044587, 10.1002/eat.22788, PMC5752142, 29044587, 29044587
Format: Citation

Title: The interpersonal theory of suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a decade of cross-national research..
Creator: Chu, Carol, Buchman-Schmitt, Jennifer M, Stanley, Ian H, Hom, Melanie A, Tucker, Raymond P, Hagan, Christopher R, Rogers, Megan L, Podlogar, Matthew C, Chiurliza, Bruno, Ringer,...
Show moreChu, Carol, Buchman-Schmitt, Jennifer M, Stanley, Ian H, Hom, Melanie A, Tucker, Raymond P, Hagan, Christopher R, Rogers, Megan L, Podlogar, Matthew C, Chiurliza, Bruno, Ringer, Fallon B, Michaels, Matthew S, Patros, Connor H G, Joiner, Thomas E
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Abstract/Description: Over the past decade, the interpersonal theory of suicide has contributed to substantial advances in the scientific and clinical understanding of suicide and related conditions. The interpersonal theory of suicide posits that suicidal desire emerges when individuals experience intractable feelings of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness and near-lethal or lethal suicidal behavior occurs in the presence of suicidal desire and capability for suicide. A growing number of studies...
Show moreOver the past decade, the interpersonal theory of suicide has contributed to substantial advances in the scientific and clinical understanding of suicide and related conditions. The interpersonal theory of suicide posits that suicidal desire emerges when individuals experience intractable feelings of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness and near-lethal or lethal suicidal behavior occurs in the presence of suicidal desire and capability for suicide. A growing number of studies have tested these posited pathways in various samples; however, these findings have yet to be evaluated meta-analytically. This paper aimed to (a) conduct a systematic review of the unpublished and published, peer-reviewed literature examining the relationship between interpersonal theory constructs and suicidal thoughts and behaviors, (b) conduct meta-analyses testing the interpersonal theory hypotheses, and (c) evaluate the influence of various moderators on these relationships. Four electronic bibliographic databases were searched through the end of March, 2016: PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Hypothesis-driven meta-analyses using random effects models were conducted using 122 distinct unpublished and published samples. Findings supported the interpersonal theory: the interaction between thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness was significantly associated with suicidal ideation; and the interaction between thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and capability for suicide was significantly related to a greater number of prior suicide attempts. However, effect sizes for these interactions were modest. Alternative configurations of theory variables were similarly useful for predicting suicide risk as theory-consistent pathways. We conclude with limitations and recommendations for the interpersonal theory as a framework for understanding the suicidal spectrum. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Date Issued: 2017-12-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_29072480, 10.1037/bul0000123, PMC5730496, 29072480, 29072480, 2017-47896-001
Format: Citation

Title: Interactive effects of Traumatic Brain Injury and Anxiety Sensitivity Cognitive Concerns on Post-traumatic Stress among Active Duty Soldiers.
Creator: Albanese, Brian J, Macatee, Richard J, Schmidt, Norman B, Leeson, Bruce, Clemans, Tracy A, Mintz, Jim, Rudd, M David, Bryan, Craig J
Date Issued: 2017-12-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_30220753, 10.1007/s10608-017-9863-8, PMC6136659, 30220753, 30220753
Format: Citation

Title: "I don't want to grow up, I'm a [Gen X, Y, Me] kid": Increasing maturity fears across the decades..
Creator: Smith, April R, Bodell, Lindsay P, Holm-Denoma, Jill, Joiner, Thomas E, Gordon, Kathryn H, Perez, Marisol, Keel, Pamela K
Abstract/Description: The current studies examined the hypothesis that maturity fears are increasing among undergraduate men and women from the United States over time. Study 1 used a time-lag method to assess generational effects of maturity fears among a large sample (n = 3,291) of undergraduate men and women assessed in 1982, 1992, 2002, and 2012. Results revealed that both men and women reported significantly higher rates of maturity fears across time. Study 2 replicated these findings, and used a more...
Show moreThe current studies examined the hypothesis that maturity fears are increasing among undergraduate men and women from the United States over time. Study 1 used a time-lag method to assess generational effects of maturity fears among a large sample (n = 3,291) of undergraduate men and women assessed in 1982, 1992, 2002, and 2012. Results revealed that both men and women reported significantly higher rates of maturity fears across time. Study 2 replicated these findings, and used a more restricted time frame to more closely examine the rate of change. Undergraduate women (n = 554) were assessed in 2001, 2003, 2009, and 2012. Maturity fears were again found to increase from 2001 to 2012. Recent cohorts of emerging adults seem more reluctant to mature than previous cohorts. Many contributing factors may be at play, including challenging economic times, social pressures to remain youthful, and/or internal fears of assuming increased responsibility.
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Date Issued: 2017-11-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_29225386, 10.1177/0165025416654302, PMC5718623, 29225386, 29225386
Format: Citation

Title: Approximate Number Sense Shares Etiological Overlap with Mathematics and General Cognitive Ability.
Creator: Lukowski, Sarah L, Rosenberg-Lee, Miriam, Thompson, Lee A, Hart, Sara A, Willcutt, Erik G, Olson, Richard K, Petrill, Stephen A, Pennington, Bruce F
Abstract/Description: Approximate number sense (ANS), the ability to rapidly and accurately compare quantities presented non-symbolically, has been proposed as a precursor to mathematics skills. Earlier work reported low heritability of approximate number sense, which was interpreted as evidence that approximate number sense acts as a fitness trait. However, viewing ANS as a fitness trait is discordant with findings suggesting that individual differences in approximate number sense acuity correlate with...
Show moreApproximate number sense (ANS), the ability to rapidly and accurately compare quantities presented non-symbolically, has been proposed as a precursor to mathematics skills. Earlier work reported low heritability of approximate number sense, which was interpreted as evidence that approximate number sense acts as a fitness trait. However, viewing ANS as a fitness trait is discordant with findings suggesting that individual differences in approximate number sense acuity correlate with mathematical performance, a trait with moderate genetic effects. Importantly, the shared etiology of approximate number sense, mathematics, and general cognitive ability has remained unexamined. Thus, the etiology of approximate number sense and its overlap with math and general cognitive ability was assessed in the current study with two independent twin samples (N = 451 pairs). Results suggested that ANS acuity had moderate but significant additive genetic influences. ANS also had overlap with generalist genetic mechanisms accounting for variance and covariance in mathematics and general cognitive ability. Furthermore, ANS may have genetic factors unique to covariance with mathematics beyond overlap with general cognitive ability. Evidence across both samples was consistent with the proposal that the etiology of approximate number sense functions similar to that of mathematics and general cognitive skills.
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Date Issued: 2017-11-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_29867283, 10.1016/j.intell.2017.08.005, PMC5982592, 29867283, 29867283
Format: Citation

Title: Neuronal Intrinsic Physiology Changes During Development of a Learned Behavior.
Creator: Ross, Matthew T, Flores, Diana, Bertram, Richard, Johnson, Frank, Hyson, Richard L
Abstract/Description: Juvenile male zebra finches learn their songs over distinct auditory and sensorimotor stages, the former requiring exposure to an adult tutor song pattern. The cortical premotor nucleus HVC (acronym is name) plays a necessary role in both learning stages, as well as the production of adult song. Consistent with neural network models where synaptic plasticity mediates developmental forms of learning, exposure to tutor song drives changes in the turnover, density, and morphology of HVC synapses...
Show moreJuvenile male zebra finches learn their songs over distinct auditory and sensorimotor stages, the former requiring exposure to an adult tutor song pattern. The cortical premotor nucleus HVC (acronym is name) plays a necessary role in both learning stages, as well as the production of adult song. Consistent with neural network models where synaptic plasticity mediates developmental forms of learning, exposure to tutor song drives changes in the turnover, density, and morphology of HVC synapses during vocal development. A network's output, however, is also influenced by the intrinsic properties (e.g., ion channels) of the component neurons, which could change over development. Here, we use patch clamp recordings to show cell-type-specific changes in the intrinsic physiology of HVC projection neurons as a function of vocal development. Developmental changes in HVC neurons that project to the basal ganglia include an increased voltage sag response to hyperpolarizing currents and an increased rebound depolarization following hyperpolarization. Developmental changes in HVC neurons that project to vocal-motor cortex include a decreased resting membrane potential and an increased spike amplitude. HVC interneurons, however, show a relatively stable range of intrinsic features across vocal development. We used mathematical models to deduce possible changes in ionic currents that underlie the physiological changes and to show that the magnitude of the observed changes could alter HVC circuit function. The results demonstrate developmental plasticity in the intrinsic physiology of HVC projection neurons and suggest that intrinsic plasticity may have a role in the process of song learning.
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Date Issued: 2017-10-20
Identifier: FSU_pmch_29062887, 10.1523/ENEURO.0297-17.2017, PMC5649544, 29062887, 29062887, eN-NWR-0297-17
Format: Citation

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