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Title: Metabolic and Behavioral Effects of Zinc Deficiency in Rats.
Creator: Evans, Stephanie Anne, Levenson, Cathy W., Overton, J. Michael, Ouimet, Charles, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Disruptions in the regulation of food intake and metabolism can result in obesity or anorexia. It is clear that zinc deficiency results in anorexia and previous research suggests the existence of alterations in energy efficiency and metabolism. Zinc deficiency results in changes in neuropeptides that regulate energy intake and expenditure. Numerous diagnostic conditions also result in anorexia and wasting, similar to that of zinc deficiency. However, the mechanism underlying these...
Show moreDisruptions in the regulation of food intake and metabolism can result in obesity or anorexia. It is clear that zinc deficiency results in anorexia and previous research suggests the existence of alterations in energy efficiency and metabolism. Zinc deficiency results in changes in neuropeptides that regulate energy intake and expenditure. Numerous diagnostic conditions also result in anorexia and wasting, similar to that of zinc deficiency. However, the mechanism underlying these abnormalities remains unknown, and the behavioral and metabolic effects of zinc deficiency have not been fully established. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to fully characterize the behavioral and metabolic consequences of zinc deficiency and its association with anxiety, and to suggest mechanisms underlying the anorexia associated with zinc deficiency and other clinical conditions. Despite differences in locomotor activity between zinc deficient(ZD, zinc, ad lib) and pair-fed (PF, 28 ppm zinc, amount consumed by ZD), there were no differences in MR, RQ or BMR. This suggests a greater metabolic cost of activity may exist in ZD. Contrary to previous studies, this work shows a decrease in consummatory food intake with zinc deficiency without evidence of alterations in appetitive motivational behaviors. This suggests that zinc deficiency alters the hedonic impact of food reward, but not the motivation to seek food. The data presented here also suggests an anxiogenic effect associated with zinc deficiency, which may be involved in the hedonic changes in food intake. Furthermore, this work suggests that alterations of the opioid reward system may be involved in the anorexia and anxiety-like behaviors produced by zinc deficiency.
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Date Issued: 2003
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0436
Format: Thesis

Title: Evaluating the Effect of a Nutrition Intervention on Fruit and Vegetable Choices by Students in Elementary, Middle, and High Schools, Through the Use of Daily Production Records.
Creator: Medina-Zimmerman, Jennifer Belen, Cook, Laura R., Abood, Doris, Zahn, Doug, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The rising prevalence of obesity in the United States is a serious health concern. The increased prevalence of obesity in children has motivated researchers and health professionals to work in the community to educate and implement interventions to improve the dietary habits of American children. Schools provide an excellent setting for nutrition interventions aimed at children. Increasing fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption among children is an effective way to promote and teach healthy...
Show moreThe rising prevalence of obesity in the United States is a serious health concern. The increased prevalence of obesity in children has motivated researchers and health professionals to work in the community to educate and implement interventions to improve the dietary habits of American children. Schools provide an excellent setting for nutrition interventions aimed at children. Increasing fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption among children is an effective way to promote and teach healthy food habits and to reduce obesity by substituting FV for foods high in fat, cholesterol, sodium, and sugar. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a nutrition intervention on FV choices by students using daily production records. Daily production records (DPR) were evaluated from three Florida districts during two consecutive school years. There were nine schools in the three districts who implemented interventions. Intervention activities included addition of salad bars, promotion of FV, sampling of FV, increasing variety and quantity of FV available, and improved merchandising of FV. Data measured were FV servings chosen by students since consumption could not be determined without additional observations or plate waste data. The total number of FV servings chosen per student per lunch period per school was determined by subtracting the number of leftover FV servings from the number of FV servings prepared. Numbers of servings of different types of FV were added together for each day. FV servings were divided by the total number of students who participated in the National School Lunch Program for each lunch period at each school. FV servings were compared pre- and post-intervention to evaluate any changes. Results showed an increase from 1.44 to 1.65 servings per student. Data were also analyzed by district and school type. Two of the three school districts showed significant increases in FV servings chosen per student. Elementary and Middle schools also showed significant increases in FV choices. It can be concluded from these results that the use of DPR is a useful method for measuring FV servings to assess interventions in a school setting when the aim of the intervention is focused on promotion of FV and increasing FV choices and consumption.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0492
Format: Thesis

Title: Exploration of Factors Influencing Cognition in People with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
Creator: Smith, Erlinda Fay, Toole, Tonya, Panton, Lynn, Faria, Sandra, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: There has been particular interest in studying the impact of cognitive changes in individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). This population can have decreased cognition for any number of reasons including age-related declines in blood flow, disease-related declines in blood flow which affects oxygen transport to the brain, and both age and disease related declines in physical activity. PURPOSE: The purpose of the original study is to investigate the relationship between...
Show moreThere has been particular interest in studying the impact of cognitive changes in individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). This population can have decreased cognition for any number of reasons including age-related declines in blood flow, disease-related declines in blood flow which affects oxygen transport to the brain, and both age and disease related declines in physical activity. PURPOSE: The purpose of the original study is to investigate the relationship between age, psychological well-being, health related quality of life (HRQL), six-minute walk distance (6MWD), seven-day physical activity recall (7DPAR), vocabulary subtest scores, pulmonary function values and five specific cognitive domains (motor speed, perceptual motor speed and sequencing, inhibitory processing, verbal fluency, and psychomotor performance) in a sample of people with COPD. METHODS: A total of 13 people with COPD aged 45 to 85 years participated in the study. There was one measure designated for each of the five cognitive domains: Motor Speed was measured by the Finger Tapping Test; Perceptual Motor Speed and Sequencing was measured by the Connections Test; Inhibitory Processing was measured by the Stroop Color Test; Verbal Fluency was measured by the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT); and Psychomotor Performance was measured by the Digit Symbol Substitution Test. Seven correlation and five multiple regression hypotheses were designed to measure the relationships among the variables. RESULTS: Significance in age (hypothesis 1) was seen in three of the five cognitive domain measures: Connections Test Numbers Letters [-.570*, p an unexpected significant relationship observed regarding the vocabulary subtest and Stroop Color, however it was in the opposite direction than the recommended hypothesis 5 [-.576*, p Hypothesis 10 regarding Inhibitory Processing, however was supported among all of the models 1-5. CONCLUSION: One consistent feature noted within the results was the significant percentages of variation accounted for by age alone or with age and 6MWD, in the cognitive domains perceptual motor speed and sequencing, inhibitory processing, and psychomotor performance. The identified relationships are consistent with the literature except for the results from BDI and vocabulary subtest. The mechanisms for decreased cognition are multiple and the present study can be regarded as a springboard for future research in the area of COPD.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0342
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure on Hematological Markers and Exercise Performance.
Creator: Austin, Krista G., Haymes, Emily M., Eckel, Lisa, Panton, Lynn, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The primary purpose of this study was to examine the erythropoietic response to intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE) vs. intermittent hypoxic training (IHT). A secondary purpose was to assess the effects of IHE and IHT on time trial performance (TT), maximal oxygen carrying capacity (VO2max), and submaximal exercise capacity. Six cyclists and three triathletes participated in two experimental normobaric hypoxic trials (IHE and IHT) and a control (CTR) period of 28 days. The two experimental...
Show moreThe primary purpose of this study was to examine the erythropoietic response to intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE) vs. intermittent hypoxic training (IHT). A secondary purpose was to assess the effects of IHE and IHT on time trial performance (TT), maximal oxygen carrying capacity (VO2max), and submaximal exercise capacity. Six cyclists and three triathletes participated in two experimental normobaric hypoxic trials (IHE and IHT) and a control (CTR) period of 28 days. The two experimental normobaric hypoxic trials were a completed at 14.4% O2 concentration (3,000m) and consisted of: 1) a resting passive exposure in a seated position (IHE) and 2) cycling exercise at ~60-70% of heart rate reserve. Assessment of erythropoietin (Epo), free testosterone (FT) hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), reticulocytes (Rct), serum iron (SI), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin recptor (sTfr), ferritin (SF), total plasma proteins (TPP), and plasma osmolality (Posm) was taken 1 day prior to the start of each experimental trial and control period, and on days 1, 5, 14, 28 and 1 day after each of these periods for all participants. Evaluation of VO2max, power output at the lactate threshold (LT), submaximal exercise capacity (oxygen uptake [VO2], ventilation rate [Ve], heart rate [HR], arterial oxgen saturation [SaO2] and blood lactate [HLa]) and TT was completed before and after each 28 day period. Results of a 3 x 6 ANOVA for measures of Epo, Hb, Hct, Rct, SI, TIBC, sTfr, SF, TPP and Posm did not demonstrate any significant trial by time interactions. A significant interaction between time and trial for FT was found; however, results of a one-way ANOVA conducted for each condition did not reveal any significant effects for IHE, IHT or CTR. A main effect for time was demonstrated for SF; however, results of a one-way ANOVA revealed no significant differences between time points when multiple comparisons were corrected utilizing the Bonferroni procedure. Results of a 3 x 2 ANOVA for measures of performance did not reveal any significant trial by time interactions for VO2max, LT, submaximal VO2, HR, Ve and SaO2. A significant trial by time interaction was found for HLa at 30 minutes of exercise. HLa was significantly lower following IHT when compared to pre-exposure values. A significant main effect for condition was demonstrated at 30 minutes for SaO2. SaO2 was significantly lower during the IHE condition when compared to IHT. A significant trial by time interaction was found for TT. TT was significantly faster following IHT when compared to pre-exposure times. Significant main effects for time were found for LT, maximal heart rate and maximal HLa at 0, 2 and 10 minutes post exercise. The LT was significantly higher in the post time period when compared to pretesting values. Maximal heart rate and HLa at 0, 2 and 10 minutes in the post time period were significantly lower when compared to pre testing values. Further statistical analysis of the variables of Hb, Hct, LT, VO2max, TT and submaximal exercise performance was performed on those individuals who maintained an SaO2
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0260
Format: Thesis

Title: Antigenicity of the Low Molecular Weight Proteins in Selected Tree Nuts, Oilseeds, Legumes and Cereals.
Creator: Ahrens, Susan Ellen, Sathe, Shridhar K., Roux, Kenneth H., Mistry, Anahita, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The antigenic properties of the low molecular weight (LMW) proteins, polypeptides and peptides of several plant foods were evaluated. Trichloroacetic acid (0.6 M) was used to isolate the non-proteins nitrogen fraction of selected tree nuts, oilseeds, legumes and cereals. The antigenicity and cross-reactivity for LMW proteins, polypeptides and peptides were evaluated with polyclonal antibodies raised against almond, almond major protein (AMP), cashew major protein (CMP), peanut, pecan,...
Show moreThe antigenic properties of the low molecular weight (LMW) proteins, polypeptides and peptides of several plant foods were evaluated. Trichloroacetic acid (0.6 M) was used to isolate the non-proteins nitrogen fraction of selected tree nuts, oilseeds, legumes and cereals. The antigenicity and cross-reactivity for LMW proteins, polypeptides and peptides were evaluated with polyclonal antibodies raised against almond, almond major protein (AMP), cashew major protein (CMP), peanut, pecan, pistachio and walnut glutelin and monoclonal antibodies raised against AMP (mAb 4C10 and 4F10) and cashew (Ana o 1-4B7 and Ana o 2-4H9). Three immunological assays were utilized to determine antigenicity and cross-reactivity, including Dot blotting, Western blotting and ELISA. The ELISA utilized in this study used rabbit anti almond as the primary antibody, and the almond standard curve had an IC50 value of 0.4837 ± 0.028 mg/ml. Significant antigenicity and cross-reactivity in the NPN fraction was found with Dot blot, Western blot and ELISA assays. Antigenic peptides with a molecular weight range of 7.69-31.02 kDa were identified. TCA extracted tree nut and oilseed samples were typically more cross reactive than legumes and cereals. Typically, cereals were not determined to be cross-reactive in more than one assay. Polyclonal antibodies that were raised against whole proteins recognized more antigenic LMW species than polyclonal antibodies that were more specific. Also, monoclonal antibodies did not recognize any cross-reactive species in the NPN fraction. This study serves as a preliminary tool for LMW antigen identification and can guide the direction of future research in this area. Establishing clinical relevance in humans will be important before these LMW antigens can be considered allergens. If identified antigens are determined to be allergens, research focused on reducing their allergenicity can be approached.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0019
Format: Thesis

Title: A Comparison of the Effects of Two Acute Resistance Training Bouts on Post Exercise Oxygen Consumption.
Creator: Abboud, George Joseph, Panton, Lynn, Rudd, Andy, Haymes, Emily, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Although there are limited data to support significant increases in resting metabolic rate (RMR) following resistance training, recent investigations have shown excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) to be significantly elevated above baseline for up to 72 hours in untrained and trained men. PURPOSE: To compare the effects of two acute bouts of resistance exercise of differing loads on EPOC. METHODS: Eight experienced resistance trained males (22 ± 3 yrs.) were recruited to...
Show moreAlthough there are limited data to support significant increases in resting metabolic rate (RMR) following resistance training, recent investigations have shown excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) to be significantly elevated above baseline for up to 72 hours in untrained and trained men. PURPOSE: To compare the effects of two acute bouts of resistance exercise of differing loads on EPOC. METHODS: Eight experienced resistance trained males (22 ± 3 yrs.) were recruited to participate in this investigation. Subjects participated in two randomized acute resistance training bouts separated by at least one week with a total volume of weight lifted of 10,000 kg and 20,000 kg. A high intensity lifting protocol was used with subjects lifting approximately 85% of their 1 repetition maximum for each of the following 4 lifts; bench press, barbell squat, barbell row and Romanian deadlift. Exercise energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate (RMR) were measured by indirect calorimetry during both exercise bouts and for 30 minutes approximately 8.5 and 1.5 hours prior to each acute bout of exercise (baseline measurements) and again approximately 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours following exercise. Creatine kinase and ratings of perceived muscle soreness were measured with all post exercise metabolic measurements and immediately prior to and post exercise. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyze dependent measures. Significance was accepted at p
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0102
Format: Thesis

Title: Assessing the Shelf Life of Retail Shrimp Using Real-Time Microrespirometer.
Creator: Alderees, Fahad, Hsieh, Yun-Hwa Peggy, Arjmandi, Bahram, Huffer, Fred W., Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Shrimp is the most consumed seafood item in the United States (U.S.). Currently 90% of the shrimp consumed in the U.S. is imported from a few Asian countries. When imported shrimp arrives to its destination, it probably contains a load of microbial contamination due to the post-harvest processing steps such as transportation, handling, preparation, beheading, peeling, deveining, packaging and storage that could add further bacterial contamination. Most of the U.S. import refusals belong to...
Show moreShrimp is the most consumed seafood item in the United States (U.S.). Currently 90% of the shrimp consumed in the U.S. is imported from a few Asian countries. When imported shrimp arrives to its destination, it probably contains a load of microbial contamination due to the post-harvest processing steps such as transportation, handling, preparation, beheading, peeling, deveining, packaging and storage that could add further bacterial contamination. Most of the U.S. import refusals belong to seafood shipments due to the detection of bacterial contamination and filthy appearance. Upon shipment arrival, testing for microbial activities of seafood requires a two day incubation period when using the traditional Aerobic Plate Count (APC) method; however, a novel non-instrumental microrespirometer which was developed by Hsieh and Hsieh (2000) can determine the microbial activity of the sample in real-time by measuring the CO2 evolution rate (CER). CO2 is a byproduct of microbial respiration which can be used as a direct indicator of biological activity. The unique characteristic of this method is that it is a simple device that can determine the microbial activity in food less than one hour and is highly sensitive in determining the CER and simple to operate. The use of the microrespirometer instead of the APC in testing the imported seafood shipments will save a great deal of time and lower the cost for both importers and exporters by lowering the testing cost and reducing the costly waiting time at the ports. The specific objectives of this study are: 1) to validate the real-time microrespirometer method by correlating the rapid CER results with the traditional cultural APC method, 2) to establish a shrimp spoilage cut-off value of CER using the microrespirometer method by comparing the results with sensory analysis, 3) to exam the effect of chloramphenicol on shrimp shelf life using non-instrumental microrespirometer, APC method and sensory analysis and 4) to compare the shelf life of farm-raised imported shrimp with domestic wild-caught shrimp using non-instrumental microrespirometer, APC, pH and sensory analysis. Frozen domestic wild-caught shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) and imported farm-raised shrimp (Panaeus vannamei) were purchased locally. Domestic shrimp were treated with chloramohenicol at 10 and 30 ppm and stored at 4°C along with the untreated domestic and imported shrimp. Samples were tested daily using the microrespirometer, APC, pH and olfactory sensory analysis. The p values and correlations between CER, APC and sensory analysis were determined using SPSS Statistic software and Microsoft Excel 2007. The microrespirometer and pH determinations were done in triplicate; the APC was performed in duplicate and the experiments were repeated twice. The CER method was found to be highly correlated with the APC (R²=0.812 to 0.929) for all samples stored at 4°C. When samples' spoilage odor became noticeable, the average CER value of all samples was 27.23 µl/h/g. In order to allow for a small safe margin, a CER value of 25 µl/h/g was identified as a safe cut-off value for raw shrimp stored at 4°C. Samples treated with chloramphenicol had significant (P The difference in microbial quality and shelf life of various (source of origin and drug treatment) shrimp samples were able to be determined rapidly and accurately when using the real-time CER method.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0160
Format: Thesis

Title: The Relationship of Oral Contraceptive Use with Substrate Utilization in Regularly Active Females during Moderate Intensity Exercise.
Creator: Anderson, Elyzabeth A., Dorsey, Jodee, Lynn, Susan, Haymes, Emily M., Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Whole body lipid and carbohydrate utilization during moderate intensity exercise was examined in eumenorrheic women using oral contraceptive agents (OCA) (n=10) compared to women who were not using OCA (n=9) during the high and low hormone phases of the menstrual cycle. High hormone phases were considered to be the mid-luteal phase of non-OCA users, or the third week of active pill phase of OCA users. Low hormone phases were the placebo pill phase for OCA users or the early follicular phase...
Show moreWhole body lipid and carbohydrate utilization during moderate intensity exercise was examined in eumenorrheic women using oral contraceptive agents (OCA) (n=10) compared to women who were not using OCA (n=9) during the high and low hormone phases of the menstrual cycle. High hormone phases were considered to be the mid-luteal phase of non-OCA users, or the third week of active pill phase of OCA users. Low hormone phases were the placebo pill phase for OCA users or the early follicular phase of non-OCA users. Subjects were tested in an overnight fasted state. The two exercise trials consisted of cycling for one hour at 65% of peak oxygen consumption on an electronically braked cycle ergometer. Substrate utilization was assessed at rest and at 15 minute intervals during exercise using respiratory gas analysis and measurements of serum glycerol and free fatty acids and plasma glucose. Measurements of plasma estradiol and progesterone at rest and plasma insulin at rest, 30, and 60 minutes were also performed. The only significant difference noted in lipid utilization was a lower resting respiratory exchange ratio (RER), during the high hormone phases compared to the low hormone phases of the menstrual cycle for both OCA and non-OCA users. A main effect of ovarian hormones and insulin was also found, in that higher circulating insulin levels were noted in the high hormone phases when compared to the low hormone phases, regardless of OCA use. There were also significant changes over time for substrate utilization during exercise, as expected, but there were not any significant differences for OCA use or menstrual cycle phase. These findings suggest that there is no need to omit female subjects using OCA from studies examining energy substrate utilization during moderate intensity exercise.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0195
Format: Thesis

Title: Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody Specific to Hen Alpha-Livetin.
Creator: Mu, Han, Rao, Qinchun, Sathe, Shridhar K., Yang, Wei, Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
Abstract/Description: Egg is one of the major allergens with specific labeling requirements. α-livetin, which also called chicken serum albumin (CSA), is one of the major allergens in egg need to be detected in food matrix. A monoclonal antibody (mA) specific to α-livetin was developed, but the property of this mAb is not clear. The relationship between matrix effect, extractability of α-livetin and their thermostability during in vitro study need to be elaborated. Our research aims (1) to characterize this mAb...
Show moreEgg is one of the major allergens with specific labeling requirements. α-livetin, which also called chicken serum albumin (CSA), is one of the major allergens in egg need to be detected in food matrix. A monoclonal antibody (mA) specific to α-livetin was developed, but the property of this mAb is not clear. The relationship between matrix effect, extractability of α-livetin and their thermostability during in vitro study need to be elaborated. Our research aims (1) to characterize this mAb that is specific for α-livetin; (2) to develop a novel extraction buffer for α-livetin (CSA) in egg yolk and chicken blood; (3) we hypothesis matrix-induced thermal instability of α-livetin (CSA) because of hydrophobic effect (hydrophobic effect) and chemical interaction (thiol-disulfide interchange) interaction. mAb was purified from the supernatant using immunoaffinity. Indirect non-competitive ELISA was performed to study the selectivity of mAb. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was performed to further investigate the isoelectric point (pI). SDS PAGE was performed to study the molecular integrity and solubility of the target protein with different pH conditions. BCA assay was performed to study the solubility of the target protein with different heating conditions. Western blot was performed to study the mAb selectivity; to verify the target protein’s molecular weight; to optimized the extractability of the extraction buffer; to investigate antigenicity of the target protein under extraction buffer with different pH conditions; to test the antigenicity of the target protein under different heat treatment conditions. As to the results of this study, the target protein of the mAb is α-livetin (chicken serum albumin) (70 kDa). As for buffer selection, on one hand, detergent increased the solubility of the target protein, on the other hand, based on the property of this mAb reducing reagent was required to cleave the disulfide bond of α- livetin to enhance antigenicity intensity. As for pH effect, α-livetin remained its antigenicity under neutral condition after heat treatment in the novel extraction buffer, and its immunoreactivity did not change significantly (P > 0.05) after heat treatment. Finally, a novel extraction buffer (10mM DTT with 0.1% SDS in PBS under neutral pH) was developed. The target protein was successfully isolated. The target’s antigenicity reaction with the mAb decreased after heat treatment was confirmed.
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Date Issued: 2017
Identifier: FSU_FALL2017_Mu_fsu_0071N_14238
Format: Thesis

Title: Relationship of Measures of Sleep Quantity and Quality with Performance Variables in NCAA Division I Female Soccer Players.
Creator: Abegg, Marisa R., Panton, Lynn B., Kasper, Mark J., Ormsbee, Michael J., Tenenbaum, Gershon, Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food,...
Show moreAbegg, Marisa R., Panton, Lynn B., Kasper, Mark J., Ormsbee, Michael J., Tenenbaum, Gershon, Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
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Abstract/Description: BACKGROUND: The growth in popularity of women's soccer has led to an increased interest in the physical, physiological, and technical demands for these athletes. To meet these demands, optimal preparation and recovery are necessary. One growing area of interest in athletic performance is the role that sleep may have in preparation and recovery. However, details about sport-specific benefits of sleep are limited, particularly in female collegiate athletes. Athletes in the collegiate setting...
Show moreBACKGROUND: The growth in popularity of women's soccer has led to an increased interest in the physical, physiological, and technical demands for these athletes. To meet these demands, optimal preparation and recovery are necessary. One growing area of interest in athletic performance is the role that sleep may have in preparation and recovery. However, details about sport-specific benefits of sleep are limited, particularly in female collegiate athletes. Athletes in the collegiate setting may suffer from lack of sleep due to the stresses of academics and athletics. Moreover, measurement of sleep in elite college soccer players using actigraphy does not exist in the literature. PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between sleep quantity and quality and soccer-specific performance variables in an elite group of female soccer players. METHODS: Eight NCAA college-aged competitive Division I women's soccer players (18-23 yrs) participated in the study. Global Positioning Systems (GPS), heart rate monitoring and video analysis technologies were used during matches along with 24-hour actigraphy through the season. Actigraphy was also used to measure sleep quantity and quality. Data were collected for all 26 matches but only four competitive matches were included in the analysis as they met the following requirements: an evening match beginning at 1900 EST, time zones were not traveled across, goal differential was no more than two points (indicating a high level of competition) and for players' data to be included they must have played at least 45 minutes of the 90-minute match. The night prior to the match was included for the data analyses of sleep quantity and quality. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was utilized to determine whether the vectors of the means in groups of variables were significant. Paired t-tests were used to analyze if differences in variables of performance existed after the "best" and "worst" nights of sleep for quantity and quality. Significance was set at p[less than]0.05. RESULTS: Mean sleep quantity and quality for the "best" (575.0 ± 38.4 minutes, 91.9 ± 2.6% of time in bed spent sleeping) and "worst" (416 ± 57.6 minutes, 76.2 ± 12.1% of time in bed spent sleeping) nights were significantly different. The MANOVAs were not significantly different for the physiological and physical variables for quantity and quality of sleep. No differences in performance variables were observed after "best" and "worst" quantity sleep matches. However, differences existed between "best" and "worst" quality of sleep. Percent time spent exercising above 85% of the maximal heart rate (HRmax) was significantly lower after the "best" night of sleep (30.2 ± 13.5 vs. 47.9 ± 24.3%). Heart rate exertion was higher after the "best" night of sleep (518.5 ± 193.1 vs. 387.6 ± 148.9 AU) meaning the athletes were exercising at higher heart rates throughout the match without spending as much time in the anaerobic zone ([greater than]85%HRmax). High metabolic load distance (distance running at speeds greater than 19 km/hr and distance accelerating or decelerating quickly ([greater than]2 m/s^2) was lower after the "best" quality night (11.8 ± 3.6 vs. 16.3 ± 6.0 yds/min) and the number of decelerations was higher after the "best" quality night (69.7 ± 28.1 vs. 50.6 ± 25.9) indicating less stress on the body. CONCLUSION: Quality of sleep is important for reducing the time spent exercising in the anaerobic zone ([greater than]85% HRmax). However the time spent exercising at high heart rates below the ventilatory threshold may be increased after a night of better sleep quality, indicating an increased aerobic capacity during a competitive women's soccer match.
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Date Issued: 2015
Identifier: FSU_2015fall_Abegg_fsu_0071N_12918
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Six Days of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Strength, Power, and Endurance in Crossfit Athletes.
Creator: Kramer, Samuel James, Ormsbee, Michael J., Spicer, Maria T., Panton, Lynn B., Leeser, Michael J., Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition,...
Show moreKramer, Samuel James, Ormsbee, Michael J., Spicer, Maria T., Panton, Lynn B., Leeser, Michael J., Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
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Abstract/Description: Background: Athletes continue to strive for an edge over the competition. In recent years, dietary nitrate supplementation, particularly in the form of beetroot juice, has been shown to improve oxygen cost economy in endurance-focused submaximal intensity exercise and extend the time to exhaustion during maximal intensity exercise. However, scarce literature exists on the effects of nitrate supplementation on sports that focus mainly on strength and power. CrossFit is a sport that relies on...
Show moreBackground: Athletes continue to strive for an edge over the competition. In recent years, dietary nitrate supplementation, particularly in the form of beetroot juice, has been shown to improve oxygen cost economy in endurance-focused submaximal intensity exercise and extend the time to exhaustion during maximal intensity exercise. However, scarce literature exists on the effects of nitrate supplementation on sports that focus mainly on strength and power. CrossFit is a sport that relies on strength, power, and endurance, and incorporates high-intensity, Olympic-based lifting and interval training exercises. Purpose: To investigate the effects of six days of dietary nitrate supplementation on strength, power and endurance in CrossFit athletes. Methods: Twelve male CrossFit athletes (age, 23 ± 5 years; CrossFit training [greater than]3 days/week for at least 4 months) participated in this randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. After familiarization, baseline testing for peak aerobic capacity (VO₂peak), anthropometrics, and body composition (BodPod®) was performed. A three-day food log was completed both before and after the completion of the study. The food consumed 24 hours before the first trial was followed for each subsequent trial. Day 1 baseline testing included a blood draw for plasma nitrate and nitrite, as well as strength (Biodex), power (Wingate), and endurance (2K row) tests. Day two consisted of a sport-specific CrossFit circuit known as Grace. After testing, participants consumed either 8 mmol potassium nitrate (N) or 8 mmol of potassium chloride (PL) in pill form for six days. After this period, the participants returned for post-testing, had a 10-day washout period, and then returned for baseline and post-testing consuming the opposite supplement. Repeated measures of analysis of variance and a Student's T-test (SPSS Version 21, Cary, NC) were used to compare results. Results: There were no significant differences in dietary intake except for fiber (PRE: 22 ± 9 vs POST: 27 ± 11 g, P = 0.03). Plasma nitrate did not significantly change in N (PRE: 146.77 ± 69.48 vs POST: 192.05 ± 69.48 nM, P = 0.07) but did significantly increase in PL (PRE: 140.96 ± 59.98 vs POST: 204.82 ± 64.82 nM, P = 0.02). There were no significant differences for isokinetic strength measurements, but for isometric extension 60° there was a main effect of time (P = 0.03) which equated to a 17.23 ± 13.04 Nm (10.19 ± 36.60 %) increase in force in N and a 10.65 ± 6.42 Nm (6.11 ± 17.36 %) increase in PL. The Wingate power test resulted in a main effect of time, but no group x time effect. However, N increased 58.92 ± 7.11 W (6.62 ± 3.96 %), but PL only increased 6.92 ± 26.01 W (0.77 ± 14.19 %; P = 0.08). No significant differences between groups were measured for the 2000-m rowing test. While not statistically significant, the time to complete the Grace circuit improved on average by -32.35 ± 53.24 sec (-8.94 ± 31.14 %) in N compared to a -10.83 ± 12.68 sec (-3.84 ± 8.94 %) in PL. Conclusion: Consuming dietary nitrate in the potassium nitrate salt form did not statistically improve strength, power, or endurance in male CrossFit athletes. However, while not statistically significant, the improvement in the time to complete the sport specific Grace test using N may be meaningful during competition.
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Date Issued: 2015
Identifier: FSU_2015fall_Kramer_fsu_0071N_12871
Format: Thesis

Title: Impact of a Webbased Program on Knowledge About Osteoporosis Prevention Among College Students in China.
Creator: Yu, Xiao, Rankins, Jenice, Hsieh, YunHwa Peggy, Lustria, Mia Liza A., Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Osteoporosis is a serious public health problem which threatens millions of people worldwide. Since there is no cure for osteoporosis, prevention strategies such as educational programs are critical. Educational approaches to osteoporosis prevention among Chinese populations have not been substantially studied. The purpose of this study, a web-based educational approach, is to help fill this research void. There are three reasons a web-based approach was chosen for this study: 1) It is a...
Show moreOsteoporosis is a serious public health problem which threatens millions of people worldwide. Since there is no cure for osteoporosis, prevention strategies such as educational programs are critical. Educational approaches to osteoporosis prevention among Chinese populations have not been substantially studied. The purpose of this study, a web-based educational approach, is to help fill this research void. There are three reasons a web-based approach was chosen for this study: 1) It is a novel approach to osteoporosis prevention in China; 2) There is potential to reach large numbers of people at a relatively low cost; and 3) the web provides suitable mechanism to study a Chinese population in China while matriculating in the U.S. This study was designed to assess the impact of a web-based program on knowledge, health beliefs and self-efficacy about osteoporosis prevention among college students in China. A website was constructed around the following four educational modules, undergirded in behavioral change principles aligned with the Health Belief Model: 1) Knowledge of osteoporosis; 2) Prevention of osteoporosis; 3) Calcium and osteoporosis; and 4) Exercise and osteoporosis. Three pre-validated questionnaires consisting of several sub-scales were posted to the website to pre- and post-test participants' knowledge (Osteoporosis Knowledge Test – OKT), health beliefs (Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale - OHBS) and self-efficacy (Osteoporosis Self Efficacy Scale - OSES). The study was carried out between May and July 2008. One hundred and thirty-one Chinese college students (mean age 22.5 ± 3.0 yrs) completed the program. Post-test results were significantly improved over pre-test results for all survey sub-scales. Unless otherwise indicated, the level of significance for the following subscales' pre-post-test results were P Results indicate that this web-based osteoporosis education program was effective in increasing knowledge, health beliefs, and self-efficacy about osteoporosis among college students in China. The strategies used to develop the program could provide guidance for future studies.
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Date Issued: 2008
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0827
Format: Thesis

Title: Effects of Whole Body Vibration Training in Pre-Frail and Frail Skilled Nursing Home Residents.
Creator: Grubbs, Brandon Ford, Panton, Lynn B., Contreras, Robert J. (Robert John), Kim, Jeong-Su, Figueroa, Arturo, Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of...
Show moreGrubbs, Brandon Ford, Panton, Lynn B., Contreras, Robert J. (Robert John), Kim, Jeong-Su, Figueroa, Arturo, Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
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Abstract/Description: BACKGROUND: Frailty syndrome is a geriatric medical condition characterized by diminished muscular strength and endurance, weight loss, and weakened physiologic function. Frailty syndrome tends to manifest itself amongst morbidities and, consequently, individual health complications are regularly targeted by clinicians with the physical state of frailty often left untreated. A majority of nursing home residents are believed to suffer from frailty syndrome; therefore, this group of older...
Show moreBACKGROUND: Frailty syndrome is a geriatric medical condition characterized by diminished muscular strength and endurance, weight loss, and weakened physiologic function. Frailty syndrome tends to manifest itself amongst morbidities and, consequently, individual health complications are regularly targeted by clinicians with the physical state of frailty often left untreated. A majority of nursing home residents are believed to suffer from frailty syndrome; therefore, this group of older adults deserves our attention. Unloaded whole body vibration training (WBVT) has been shown to improve strength and functional performance in higher functioning older adults without frailty syndrome. PURPOSE: To determine and compare the effects of 12 weeks of WBVT to standard care alone (CON) on body composition, strength, functional performance, and inflammation in 20 (16 female) pre-frail and frail skilled nursing home residents (82 ± 5 years). METHODS: This was a non-randomized controlled trial. Participants were recruited from three skilled nursing facilities in Tallahassee, FL. Participants (WBVT: n=14; CON: n=11) were screened for frailty syndrome using the FRAIL scale. Handgrip (HG) and isometric knee extension strength (KE) were measured using a hand and mechanical push-pull dynamometer. Bioelectrical impedance was used to determine lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM), skeletal muscle index (SMI), and phase angle (PA; a measure of tissue health). Inflammation was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure resting serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP). The short physical performance battery (SPPB) and timed up-and-go (TUG) were used to assess functionality. Participants were assigned to either 12 weeks of WBVT (2x/wk) or CON. WBVT consisted of 3x10 of 4 lower body exercises with 50 seconds of vertical vibration (25-40 Hz) per set. CON continued with day-to-day activities and followed doctor’s orders. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze baseline data between the WBVT and CON groups. Dependent variables were analyzed using a 2 x 2 (group x time) factorial ANOVA with repeated measures on the last factor. When a significant group-by-time interaction and/or time effect was identified, between-groups and within-group comparisons were performed using independent and paired t-tests. Significance was set at p≤0.05. RESULTS: Twenty participants completed the intervention (WBVT: n=10; CON: n=10). The FRAIL Scale identified 5 participants as pre-frail (WBVT: n=4) and 15 as frail (CON: n=9). Sarcopenia (low SMI and HG or SPPB) was identified in 9 participants (WBVT: n=6), of which 4 were obese (WBVT: n=3). BMI classification ranged from underweight to stage-3 obesity (15.3-38.2 kg/m2). Hypertension (85%), depression (75%), Alzheimer’s or dementia (50%), and diabetes mellitus (55%) were the most frequent medical conditions reported. Nineteen participants were treated with polypharmacy (>5 drugs) and all required assistive devices for ambulation. All WBVT participants completed the 24 exercise sessions. There were no differences between groups in baseline measures of body composition, strength, functional performance, and inflammation. There was no significant change in LM, FM, PA, or CRP in either group. There were significant time effects on body mass (F1,18=8.869, p=0.008, η2=0.330) and BMI (F1,18, p=0.014, η2=0.293). The standard care group increased their body mass (p=0.022) and BMI (p=0.028), but neither body mass nor BMI were different between groups post-intervention (p>0.05). There was a significant group-by-time interaction (F1,18=5.434, p=0.032, η2=0.232) for KE. WBVT significantly improved KE (p=0.003), but KE was not different between groups post-intervention (p>0.05). There was a significant group-by-time interaction for SPPB performance (F1,18=4.84, p=0.041, η2 = 0.212). Total SPPB score improved by 15.6% following WBVT (p=0.089) with a magnitude of change in the WBVT (∆ SPPB=+0.7 units) that was greater (p=0.041) than CON (∆ SPPB=-0.4 units). CONCLUSION: WBVT in pre-frail and frail skilled nursing home residents was well tolerated and occurred without adverse health complications. WBVT can be used in skilled nursing facilities to counteract losses in leg strength and some measures of physical function. WBVT interventions of longer frequency and duration could demonstrate to be useful for greater improvements in strength and functional performance.
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Date Issued: 2017
Identifier: FSU_SUMMER2017_Grubbs_fsu_0071E_14006
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Twelve Weeks of Whole-Body Vibration Training and Low-Intensity Resistance Exercise Training on Arterial Function, Muscle Strength, and Physical Performance in Dynapenic Postmenopausal Women.
Creator: Jaime, Salvador J. (Salvador Joseph), Figueroa, Arturo, Chase, P. Bryant, Ormsbee, Michael J., Salazar, Gloria, Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department...
Show moreJaime, Salvador J. (Salvador Joseph), Figueroa, Arturo, Chase, P. Bryant, Ormsbee, Michael J., Salazar, Gloria, Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
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Abstract/Description: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in the modern world, markedly in postmenopausal women. Increased arterial stiffness, measured as increased pulse wave velocity (PWV), and endothelial dysfunction are large contributors to the development of CVD during aging. Skeletal muscle mass has an inverse association with arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction which may illustrate increased risk for CVD in sedentary normal-weight women. However, age-related loss of...
Show moreCardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in the modern world, markedly in postmenopausal women. Increased arterial stiffness, measured as increased pulse wave velocity (PWV), and endothelial dysfunction are large contributors to the development of CVD during aging. Skeletal muscle mass has an inverse association with arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction which may illustrate increased risk for CVD in sedentary normal-weight women. However, age-related loss of strength (dynapenia) greatly exceeds loss of mass (sarcopenia) and while not related to increased PWV, it is associated with increased risk for CVD, disability, and all-cause mortality. High intensity resistance exercise training (RET) is the most effective exercise modality for prevention and treatment of sarcopenia and dynapenia. However, previous research has shown detrimental effects to the vascular system. Low-intensity RET (LIRET) is an effective form of exercise to increase muscle mass and strength, however with no effect in vascular or endothelial function in sedentary populations. Whole-body vibration training (WBVT) uses a vibrating platform to increase muscle activity during exercise and has a proposed thixotropic effect to increase blood flow to the working muscle. Additionally, WBVT reduces blood pressure and arterial stiffness with concurrent increases in muscle mass and strength similar to traditional moderate- and high-intensity RET. However, conventional WBVT uses the body weight as the only workload. Thus, to perform an exercise at a similar intensity as LIRET, an additional external weight may be needed during WBVT. PURPOSE: The aim of this study were; 1) to evaluate the effects of 12 weeks of WBVT and LIRET on hemodynamics and arterial stiffness; 2) to evaluate the effects of WBVT and LIRET on muscle strength as well as physical performance (6-minute walk test); and 3) to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of WBVT and LIRET on endothelial function and vasodilatory response to exercise. METHODS: Thirty-one postmenopausal women were stratified by age, body mass index (BMI), and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) (age, 65 ± 4 years; BMI, 23.2 ± 2.6 kg/m2; MVC, 17.3 ± 2.7 kg) and randomized into 2 experimental intervention groups, WBVT and LIRET, or a control group for 12 weeks. WBVT and LIRET consisted of 3 supervised exercise sessions per week (4 leg exercises). The following parameters were measured before and after 12 weeks of the assigned intervention: brachial and aortic systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse pressure (PP), heart rate, augmented pressure (AP), augmentation index (AIx), AIx adjusted to 75 beats per minute (AIx@75), carotid-femoral PWV (cfPWV), brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV), femoral-ankle PWV (faPWV), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), brachial and popliteal diameter, mean blood velocity (MBV), blood flow, vascular conductance, active and reactive hyperemia, 6-minute walk test time (6MWT), and leg strength including leg press (LP), flexion (LFlex), and extension (LExt). RESULTS: There were no significant differences between groups for any variables except for HR and 6MWT distance, which were lower and higher, respectively, in the WBVT compared to the other two groups at baseline. There were no significant changes in peripheral or central pressures over the 12-week intervention period. The WBVT group had significant reductions in AIx (-4.2 ± 1.5%, P = 0.016), AIx@75 (-4.2 ± 1.7 %, P = 0.033), and cfPWV (-.42 ± .18 m/s, P = 0.041) over the 12-week training protocol. There were significant group-by-time interactions for reductions in AP and AIx (with AIx@75 trending P = 0.051) in the WBVT, but not in LIRET or control groups (P < 0.05). Although resting brachial and popliteal characteristics (i.e. diameter and flow) were similar at rest between groups, WBVT and LIRET induced greater vasodilatory responses to flow-mediated dilation compared to control (P < 0.01), illustrating increased endothelial function. Additionally, WBVT elicited a greater vasodilatory response immediately post-exercise in the popliteal artery (4.9 ± 1.4 %, P = 0.007) compared to no change in control. Both, WBVT and LIRET elicited significant increases in LP, LFlex, and LExt over time (P < 0.01). These increases were significantly greater than no change in the control group. Additionally, WBVT induced a greater increase (19.2 ± 3.7%) in LExt strength compared to the increase (8.4 ± 2.6%) observed in the LIRET group (P = 0.007). The increase in LExt strength in the WBVT group was strongly associated with decreased AP (r= -.586, P = 0.045) and AIx (r=-.713, P = 0.009). CONCLUSION: We show that WBVT significantly reduced AIx and increased leg extension strength following 12 weeks of training compared to LIRET and control. The present study demonstrates that WBVT decreases central pressure wave reflection, an effect that was not accomplished by LIRET, despite similar increases in LP and LFlex strength. Interestingly, both WBVT and LIRET increased endothelial function as measured by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (systemic effect). WBVT increasing exercise-induced vasodilation in the popliteal artery (local effect) following a 6MWT with no changes in LIRET or control. While WBVT and LIRET induced similar changes in leg strength and systemic endothelial function, only WBVT reduced known indices of left ventricle afterload that are associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Therefore, while LIRET may be a feasible modality to attenuate dynapenia, it is not effective in addressing the cardiovascular risk associated with reduced muscle mass and strength in apparently healthy postmenopausal women. WBVT may be the most efficacious modality to address these concerns.
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Date Issued: 2017
Identifier: FSU_SUMMER2017_Jaime_fsu_0071E_14052
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Nighttime Consumption of Protein or Placebo on Morning Measures of Resting Metabolic Rate and Appetite in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women.
Creator: Schattinger, Christopher M. (Christopher Michael), Panton, Lynn B., Ormsbee, Michael J., Kim, Jeong-Su, Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of...
Show moreSchattinger, Christopher M. (Christopher Michael), Panton, Lynn B., Ormsbee, Michael J., Kim, Jeong-Su, Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
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Abstract/Description: PURPOSE: To determine the acute effects of nighttime pre-sleep consumption of casein protein and a placebo supplement on morning measures of RMR and appetite in pre- and postmenopausal women. METHODS: This study was a randomized crossover double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Fourteen pre- (n=7, age: 20 ± 2 years) and postmenopausal (n=7, age: 56 ± 5 years) women participated this study. On visit one subjects arrived to the laboratory between 8:00am and 12:00pm. Measurements of...
Show morePURPOSE: To determine the acute effects of nighttime pre-sleep consumption of casein protein and a placebo supplement on morning measures of RMR and appetite in pre- and postmenopausal women. METHODS: This study was a randomized crossover double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Fourteen pre- (n=7, age: 20 ± 2 years) and postmenopausal (n=7, age: 56 ± 5 years) women participated this study. On visit one subjects arrived to the laboratory between 8:00am and 12:00pm. Measurements of anthropometrics, body composition (DXA) and familiarization with RMR measurement were conducted. Visits two and three were used to assess the responses of appetite and RMR to nighttime pre-sleep consumption of a casein protein (35 g, 130 kcals) or placebo supplement 7.2g, 10 kcals). On both visits subjects arrived to the laboratory between 6:00am and 9:00am. Subjects completed a visual analogue scale (VAS) to assess hunger, satiety and desire to eat. This was followed by measurement of RMR via indirect calorimetry. After the completion of visit two subjects returned for visit three and the protocol was repeated. Dependent variables were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine differences between pre- and postmenopausal women. RMR and measures of hunger, desire to eat, and satiety was analyzed using 2x2 ANOVA (menopause status by supplement). Significance was accepted at p≤0.05 and data were reported as means ± standard deviations. RESULTS: There were no differences in subject characteristic of body composition and caloric intake between pre- and postmenopausal women except for age (pre:20 ± 2; post: 56 ± 5 yrs, p=0.001). There were significant group (pre- vs. postmenopausal) by supplement (casein protein vs. placebo) interactions for RMR expressed as total calories per day [F(1,12)=14.474, p=0.003, effect size (ES)=0.547] and oxygen consumption (VO2) (F(1,12)=7.633, p=0.017, ES=0.389). After consuming casein protein, total caloric expenditure (placebo: 1426 ± 260; casein protein: 1304 ± 269 kcals/day) and relative VO2 (placebo: 3.46 ± 0.40; casein protein: 3.14 ± 0.28 ml/kg/min) were significantly lower in premenopausal women. There were no effects of the supplements in postmenopausal women. No group by supplement interactions or main effects were found on measures of appetite. CONCLUSION: Casein protein did not benefit RMR and appetite in pre- and postmenopausal women. In premenopausal women RMR was lower after consumption of casein protein. This seems unlikely since VO2 measures were extremely high under the placebo condition in premenopausal women. Although casein protein showed no metabolic or appetite effects it is conceivable that an increase of protein in the diet could lead to other advantageous health outcomes over time. Overall the findings support the growing evidence that snack sized portions (150-200 kcal) are not harmful to metabolism or appetite when consumed before sleep.
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Date Issued: 2017
Identifier: FSU_SUMMER2017_Schattinger_fsu_0071N_14051
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Functional Impact Training and Yin Yoga on Body Composition and Bone Mineral Density in Breast Cancer Survivors.
Creator: Artese, Ashley Lynn, Panton, Lynn B., Grubbs, Laurie, Ormsbee, Michael J., Kim, Jeong-Su, Arjmandi, Bahram H, Moffatt, Robert J., Florida State University, College of Human...
Show moreArtese, Ashley Lynn, Panton, Lynn B., Grubbs, Laurie, Ormsbee, Michael J., Kim, Jeong-Su, Arjmandi, Bahram H, Moffatt, Robert J., Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
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Abstract/Description: Breast cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer among women in the United States. Although survival rates have improved following diagnosis, breast cancer survivors (BCS) must contend with the negative effects of the disease and its treatments. Breast cancer treatments can result in accelerated bone and muscle mass loss in conjunction with gains in fat mass. These unfavorable changes lead to reduced strength, physical function, and quality of life (QOL). Resistance training alone as...
Show moreBreast cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer among women in the United States. Although survival rates have improved following diagnosis, breast cancer survivors (BCS) must contend with the negative effects of the disease and its treatments. Breast cancer treatments can result in accelerated bone and muscle mass loss in conjunction with gains in fat mass. These unfavorable changes lead to reduced strength, physical function, and quality of life (QOL). Resistance training alone as well as a combination of resistance and impact training, such as hopping or jumping movements, have been effective in preventing losses in bone mineral density (BMD) and negative changes in body composition in BCS. More research is needed to determine if there is an alternative exercise mode that can promote improvements in BMD and body composition as well as strength, physical function, and QOL measures. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 24 weeks of functional impact training (FIT) that combined a circuit of resistance training exercises with high impact exercises compared to a yin yoga program on body composition (lean and fat mass), BMD, blood biomarkers for bone resorption and formation (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP-5b) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP)), strength, physical function, fatigue, and QOL in BCS. Methods: Forty-four postmenopausal BCS (60.3 ± 8.3 years) who had completed primary treatment (surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: FIT or yin yoga. Baseline body composition and regional and total BMD were measured via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Blood biomarkers for bone metabolism were analyzed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Upper body strength was assessed using a one-repetition maximum (1RM) chest press, and lower body strength was assessed via isokinetic and isometric knee extension and flexion using the Biodex System 3. The Continuous Scale-Physical Functional Performance (CS-PFP) and a sit-to-stand with the Tendo power analyzer were used to measure physical function. Fatigue and QOL were determined via the Rand 36-Item Health Survey (SF-36), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy – Breast Symptom Index (FACT-B), and the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Fatigue (FACIT-F). Participants completed the 45-minute FIT and yin yoga sessions twice weekly for 24 weeks with 48 hours between the two sessions. Measurements were completed at baseline, after 12 weeks, and at the end of the program. Changes in dependent variables over time were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA (group by time). An intention-to-treat analysis was used for participants who completed baseline testing, but not the 12- or 24-week assessments. Significance was accepted at p < 0.05. Results: Thirty-two participants completed the study with an adherence rate of 86.6% and 84.4% for the FIT and yin yoga groups, respectively. There were no group by time effects for any measures of BMD. Main time effects were observed for BMD at the left femoral neck (0.883 ± 0.138 g/cm2 to 0.870 ± 0.131 g/cm2) and left forearm measures (total forearm: 0.465 ± 0.078 g/cm2 to 0.457 ± 0.069 g/cm2). There were no other changes in body composition or BMD measures over time. There was a group by time interaction for upper body strength with the FIT group significantly improving in upper body strength (73.2 ± 18.1 kg to 83.2 ± 22.3 kg) compared to the yin yoga group (59.8 ± 14.8 kg to 59.3 ± 15.6 kg). Main time effects were observed for peak isokinetic leg extension and flexion at 60o/sec, 120o/sec and 180o/sec and isometric leg flexion. All participants improved isokinetic leg extension and flexion by an average of 13.2% and 16.2%, respectively. Isometric flexion improved by 7.3%. There were time effects for CS-PFP scores (68.53 ± 12.87 U to 73.66 ± 12.62 U), sit-to-stand peak power (700 ± 202 W to 723 ± 199 W) and peak velocity (0.92 ± 0.22 m/s to 0.95 ± 0.23 m/s), fatigue scores (38.09 ± 11.50 to 42.29 ± 9.88), all domains of the SF-36 except pain, and all domains of the FACT-B and FACIT-F except emotional wellbeing. There were no group by time interactions for any of these measures. Conclusion: Both the FIT and yin yoga interventions improved lower body strength, physical function, fatigue and QOL in BCS. The FIT intervention resulted in improvements in upper body strength compared to yin yoga. Therefore, both programs may be beneficial modes of exercise for BCS looking to improve these outcomes. More research is needed to see if a FIT program of longer duration and higher intensity can elicit improvements in body composition and BMD.
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Date Issued: 2018
Identifier: 2018_Su_Artese_fsu_0071E_14776
Format: Thesis

Title: Muscle Damage, Inflammation, and Gastrointestinal Health in the Ultraman Triathlon.
Creator: Smith, Kyle Andrew, Ormsbee, Michael J., Panton, Lynn B., Van Durme, Daniel J., Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise...
Show moreSmith, Kyle Andrew, Ormsbee, Michael J., Panton, Lynn B., Van Durme, Daniel J., Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
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Abstract/Description: PURPOSE: To examine the influence of the Ultraman triathlon (3 days of non-continuous racing; stage 1: 10 km swim and 144.8 km cycle; stage 2: 275.4 km cycle; stage 3: 84.4 km run) on circulating plasma concentrations of whole-body (CRP, IL-6, and IL-10) and gut-specific inflammatory markers (IL-17 and IL-23) in trained participants, and determine whether these variables influence performance. METHODS: Fourteen triathletes (age: 39 ± 8 yrs; 12 men, 2 women) were evaluated pre-race and post...
Show morePURPOSE: To examine the influence of the Ultraman triathlon (3 days of non-continuous racing; stage 1: 10 km swim and 144.8 km cycle; stage 2: 275.4 km cycle; stage 3: 84.4 km run) on circulating plasma concentrations of whole-body (CRP, IL-6, and IL-10) and gut-specific inflammatory markers (IL-17 and IL-23) in trained participants, and determine whether these variables influence performance. METHODS: Fourteen triathletes (age: 39 ± 8 yrs; 12 men, 2 women) were evaluated pre-race and post-race for circulating concentrations of CRP, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, and IL-23. Blood samples were drawn two days prior to stage 1 (1600 h) and one day after stage 3 (1200 h). Plasma biomarker concentrations were determined by ELISA according to manufacturer’s instructions. Data were analyzed with SPSS and significance was accepted at p < 0.05. Values are reported as means ± SD. RESULTS: Plasma CRP significantly increased from pre-race (266.27 ± 276.18 ng/mL) to post-race (25,891.94 ± 12,888.65 ng/mL; p < 0.001). Plasma IL-10 increased from pre-race (3.46 ± 2.98 pg/mL) to post-race (5.15 ± 1.89 pg/mL). Pre-race concentrations of IL-6 were below detectable limits; post-race IL-6 concentrations were 4.00 ± 3.74 pg/mL. Both pre-race and post-race concentrations of IL-17 and IL-23 were below detectable limits. Pearson’s correlation between mean finish time and post-race CRP and post-race IL-10 was 0.35 and 0.54 (p < 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The significant increase in CRP during the race may have been due to muscle damage. The greater anti-inflammatory capacity of the athletes likely led to increased clearance of IL-6, IL-17, and IL-23 the day after the race; the increase in IL-10 concentrations during the race reflect this anti-inflammatory response. A significant positive correlation between post-race IL-10 concentrations and mean finish time may indicate that a relationship between anti-inflammatory responses and performance exists.
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Date Issued: 2018
Identifier: 2018_Su_Smith_fsu_0071N_14359
Format: Thesis

Title: Smooth Muscle Cells.
Creator: Morgan, Hannah, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
Abstract/Description: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one killer globally and causes more deaths than all cancers combined each year. Advance aging is a major risk factor in the development of CVD. This is caused by the accumulation of mutations over time and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation, and damaged DNA. Angiotensin II (Ang II), a hormone critically involved in CVD, induces cellular senescence in part by activating the NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) that produces superoxide...
Show moreCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one killer globally and causes more deaths than all cancers combined each year. Advance aging is a major risk factor in the development of CVD. This is caused by the accumulation of mutations over time and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation, and damaged DNA. Angiotensin II (Ang II), a hormone critically involved in CVD, induces cellular senescence in part by activating the NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) that produces superoxide and by decreasing the expression of antioxidant enzymes like catalase. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Cornus officinalis (CO), a berry used in traditional Chinese medicine, in Nox1 expression, ROS levels, Ang II signaling and senescence in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Using Ang II as a model to induce cellular senescence, we found that CO (100 and 200 mg/ml) significantly decreased the production of ROS and senescence induced by Ang-II, suggesting that CO provides protective effects against cellular senescence. Furthermore, CO prevented Ang II effects likely by down-regulating Nox1 and up-regulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes including catalase and SOD1 in VSMCs.
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Date Issued: 2015
Identifier: FSU_migr_uhm-0572
Format: Thesis

Title: Neurotransmitter Interactions that Control High-Fat Food Intake.
Creator: Gooldy, Timothy, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
Abstract/Description: Overconsumption of highly palatable "junk food" contributes to obesity and related metabolic disorders. This project investigated the brain circuitry that allows such eating in excess of the body's energy requirements. We hypothesized that neurotransmitters mediating energy homeostasis and food reward interact within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) to control the intake of palatable foods. Specifically, we examined two neuronal projections from the hindbrain to the NAc: glucagon-like peptide 1 ...
Show moreOverconsumption of highly palatable "junk food" contributes to obesity and related metabolic disorders. This project investigated the brain circuitry that allows such eating in excess of the body's energy requirements. We hypothesized that neurotransmitters mediating energy homeostasis and food reward interact within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) to control the intake of palatable foods. Specifically, we examined two neuronal projections from the hindbrain to the NAc: glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and the A2 population of noradrenergic (NA) neurons. Both GLP-1 and A2 cell bodies are located in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and receive input from the gastrointestinal tract about incoming nutrients during meals. Our lab has previously shown that GLP-1 can act within the NAc to reduce feeding, but that maintenance on high-fat diet (HFD) impairs this response. We hypothesized that this impairment is caused by endogenous opioid activation of mu-opioid receptors (MOR) in NAc. Our studies further examined the HFD-induced impairment in GLP-1 sensitivity and attempted to lay the groundwork for investigating a possible interaction between GLP-1 and MOR in NAc. The next series of studies focused on the role of the A2 projection to NAc. We had previously found that selective lesion of this projection caused overeating and weight gain. Here we asked whether this lesion affects energy expenditure or locomotor activity. We did not observe any significant effects, but also failed to replicate the body weight effect previously obtained, so the data are not conclusive. Further analysis is ongoing.
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_uhm-0144
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Ovarian Hormone Deficiency on Lipid and Cholesterol Concentration.
Creator: Arif, Aazim, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
Abstract/Description: Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States. One of the many implications that persist in patients who suffer from coronary heart disease is the buildup of plaque within the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. Atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of plaque within the blood vessels, causes the arteries to harden. This triggers the blood vessels to narrow. Consequently, the blood flow to the heart can become restricted partially or even...
Show moreHeart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States. One of the many implications that persist in patients who suffer from coronary heart disease is the buildup of plaque within the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. Atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of plaque within the blood vessels, causes the arteries to harden. This triggers the blood vessels to narrow. Consequently, the blood flow to the heart can become restricted partially or even completely, thus leading to a myocardial infarction. In postmenopausal women, the loss of estrogens has been associated with hypercholesterolemia. One of the critical risk factors of heart disease is familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). FH is an autosomal disorder associated elevated total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins LDL. My research will focus on the effects of ovarian hormone deficiency (i.e. the loss of estrogen) on lipid and cholesterol concentration. It is widely accepted that estrogen protects against the surplus of cholesterol within the body. I hypothesize that, due to the loss of estrogen, lipids, as well as cholesterol, will increase.
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Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: FSU_migr_uhm-0149
Format: Thesis

Title: Determining Causes of Lower Back Stress Fracture in Female High School Gymnasts.
Creator: Ramon, Amanda, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
Abstract/Description: Background: Lower-back stress fractures are a common injury in thirteen to eighteen year old competitive female gymnasts, but the causes of this injury, outside of the mechanical stress of the sport, have not been thoroughly explored. Objective: Assess the nutritional intake, training habits, and menstruation patterns of female, high-school-aged gymnasts with and without lower-back stress fractures. Methods:Validated surveys were used to assess nutritional intake, training habits, and...
Show moreBackground: Lower-back stress fractures are a common injury in thirteen to eighteen year old competitive female gymnasts, but the causes of this injury, outside of the mechanical stress of the sport, have not been thoroughly explored. Objective: Assess the nutritional intake, training habits, and menstruation patterns of female, high-school-aged gymnasts with and without lower-back stress fractures. Methods:Validated surveys were used to assess nutritional intake, training habits, and menstruation patterns. Height and weight were also measured. Twenty-five female gymnasts between the ages of thirteen and eighteen, currently training on competitive levels, were recruited for the study. Eleven had a history of a lower-back stress fracture, and fourteen did not. Results were analyzed using Microsoft Excel, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ® (SPSS). A p Results: Gymnasts with lower-back stress fractures consumed significantly more vitamin A and folate on non-training days and significantly less total energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and other nutrients on training days than gymnasts without the injury. Both groups experienced similar average number of total injuries, but the lower-back stress fracture group had a higher ratio of bone injuries to total injuries. None of the training elements were significantly different between groups. Gymnasts without lower-back stress fractures were less likely to have experienced menarche. Conclusions: Menstruation patterns, higher intake of vitamin A and folate, and lower intake of energy and macronutrients were correlated with higher risk of lower-back stress fractures. Further research needs to investigate other physiological, mechanical, and postural factors possibly contributing to injuries of gymnasts.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_uhm-0353
Format: Thesis

Title: Nucleus Accumbens Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Effects on Food Reward.
Creator: Diaz, Ryan H., Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
Abstract/Description: The overconsumption of highly palatable food has been correlated to the rise in obesity and related metabolic disorders over the last several decades. Recently, evidence suggests that the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation within the nucleus accumbens core (NAcC) effects food palatability, as well as, the motivation to obtain food reward. This project served to further investigate the mechanisms behind these actions. To begin investigating the role of endogenous stimulation...
Show moreThe overconsumption of highly palatable food has been correlated to the rise in obesity and related metabolic disorders over the last several decades. Recently, evidence suggests that the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation within the nucleus accumbens core (NAcC) effects food palatability, as well as, the motivation to obtain food reward. This project served to further investigate the mechanisms behind these actions. To begin investigating the role of endogenous stimulation of GLP-1R in the NAcC, we examined the effects of the GLP-1R antagonist Exendin-(9-39) (Ex-9) on a brief access licking test to a variety of sucrose concentrations. We found that intra-NAcC Ex-9 had no effect on the licking responses to sucrose in a brief access test. To examine the effect of GLP-1R activation on the motivation to obtain food reward, we administered the GLP-1 agonist, Exendin-4 (Ex-4), intraperitoneally prior to progressive ratio operant responding for sucrose pellets. We found that Ex-4 acted to significantly increase the number of rewards earned, however, the blockade of GLP-1R in the NAcC with Ex-9 did not reverse these effects. Together, these studies suggest that NAcC GLP-1R blockade has no effect on food palatability or the motivation to obtain palatable food.
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Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: FSU_migr_uhm-0263
Format: Thesis

Title: The Prevalence of Cancer Cachexia Using Different Diagnostic Criteria.
Creator: Encina, Scarlet, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
Abstract/Description: Cancer cachexia is a wasting syndrome that has been poorly characterized partly due to the lack of an adequate definition. In an attempt to establish diagnostic criteria, a formal consensus process was established, proposing three possible definitions for cancer cachexia: 1. Weight loss >5% over past 6 months (in absence of simple starvation); 2. Body mass index (BMI) 2%; 3. Sarcopenia (i.e. muscle depletion) defined by lumbar skeletal muscle index determined by computerized tomography (CT)...
Show moreCancer cachexia is a wasting syndrome that has been poorly characterized partly due to the lack of an adequate definition. In an attempt to establish diagnostic criteria, a formal consensus process was established, proposing three possible definitions for cancer cachexia: 1. Weight loss >5% over past 6 months (in absence of simple starvation); 2. Body mass index (BMI) <20 kg/m2 and any degree of weight loss >2%; 3. Sarcopenia (i.e. muscle depletion) defined by lumbar skeletal muscle index determined by computerized tomography (CT) imaging (men <55 cm2/m2; woman < 39 cm2/m2)and any degree of weight loss >2%. Using baseline data from a clinical trial (n=547 patients with lung cancer), we investigated the use of these different diagnostic criteria and hypothesized that each criterion would result in a similar prevalence of cachexia, consistently identifying individuals across definitions. Demographic characteristics including BMI and history of weight loss were used as well as CT images obtained as part of medical diagnosis. The prevalence of cachexia by each diagnostic criterion described above was approximately 47%, 8% and 41% for criterion 1, 2 and 3, respectively. According to McNemar test, cachexia diagnosis was not consistent among the three classifications: criterion 1 vs. 2, p = <0.0001; criterion 1 vs. 3, p = 0.021, and criterion 2 vs. 3, p =<0.0001. The recently proposed diagnostic criteria for cancer cachexia do not consistently identify individuals as having this condition, which may have potential unfavorable implications to research and clinical practice.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_uhm-0305
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effectiveness of Using a Resistance Training: Specific Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale for Measuring Repetitions in Reserve in the Bench Press.
Creator: Carzoli, Joseph, Ormsbee, Michael J., Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to provide insight on autoregulation within resistance training by comparing rating of perceived exertion (RPE) values measuring repetitions in reserve (RIR) at specific intensities of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) between experienced (EB) and novice benchers (NB). Additionally, this study compared average velocity between EB and NB at the same intensities. Our findings show an inverse relationship between average velocity and RPE/RIR for all experience levels....
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to provide insight on autoregulation within resistance training by comparing rating of perceived exertion (RPE) values measuring repetitions in reserve (RIR) at specific intensities of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) between experienced (EB) and novice benchers (NB). Additionally, this study compared average velocity between EB and NB at the same intensities. Our findings show an inverse relationship between average velocity and RPE/RIR for all experience levels. Additionally, EB produced slower average velocities and higher RPE at 1RM than NB, suggesting greater neuromuscular efficiency at high intensities. The RIR-based RPE scale is an efficacious method to autoregulate training load and volume within a resistance-training program as well as for providing lifter feedback during a 1RM test.
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Date Issued: 2016
Identifier: FSU_migr_uhm-0565
Format: Thesis

Title: Protein Intake and Body Composition in Collegiate Female Dancers.
Creator: De Almeida, Giuliana, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
Abstract/Description: Protein is often recognized as the most influential macronutrient to lead to positive alterations in body composition. A diet higher in protein is not only beneficial to athletes, but also a potentially effective strategy used to promote weight loss. Recent studies suggest that an increased protein intake with or without strenuous physical exercise can lead to beneficial changes in fat mass and lean mass. This study was conducted to assess the association between protein consumption and body...
Show moreProtein is often recognized as the most influential macronutrient to lead to positive alterations in body composition. A diet higher in protein is not only beneficial to athletes, but also a potentially effective strategy used to promote weight loss. Recent studies suggest that an increased protein intake with or without strenuous physical exercise can lead to beneficial changes in fat mass and lean mass. This study was conducted to assess the association between protein consumption and body composition in 30 collegiate female dancers. Subjects completed a 3-day dietary food log followed by analysis of body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry). Subjects were then stratified into one of three categories (low, moderate, high) of protein consumption. Fat mass and lean mass were correlated to the level of protein intake (g/kg) and to each group of protein intake. No associations were noted between protein consumption and total fat mass or lean mass percentage. There were also no significant associations between protein intake and bone mineral density (BMD). Although not significantly different, the high protein group had lower body weight when compared to low protein and moderate protein consuming groups (55.11 + 9.22 kg, 60.38 + 4.58 kg, respectively). The higher protein groups also had lower fat mass percentage than the moderate and lower level protein groups, although the results were not statistically different. The results of this study demonstrate no association between protein intake and body composition in female collegiate dancers.
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Date Issued: 2015
Identifier: FSU_migr_uhm-0464
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Oral L-Citrulline and Caffeine Supplementation on Arterial Function in Healthy Males.
Creator: Grunewald, Zachary, Figueroa-Galvez, Arturo, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
Abstract/Description: Caffeine is well known to be the most highly consumed pharmacological agent in the world. Caffeine has been reported to acutely increase blood pressure (BP) and vasomotor tone for up to 3 hours after ingestion. L-citrulline supplementation given at 6 g/day has been shown to attenuate the increase in brachial and aortic systolic blood pressure (SBP) responses to sympathetic-mediated vasoconstriction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate peripheral and central blood pressures, and arterial...
Show moreCaffeine is well known to be the most highly consumed pharmacological agent in the world. Caffeine has been reported to acutely increase blood pressure (BP) and vasomotor tone for up to 3 hours after ingestion. L-citrulline supplementation given at 6 g/day has been shown to attenuate the increase in brachial and aortic systolic blood pressure (SBP) responses to sympathetic-mediated vasoconstriction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate peripheral and central blood pressures, and arterial stiffness responses to acute caffeine ingestion. Moreover, we evaluated the effectiveness of 7 days of L-citrulline supplementation given at 6 g/day to attenuate these hemodynamics responses to caffeine ingestion. In this double blind, cross-over study design, 19 males (age 22.7 ± 2.7 years, 1.80 ± 0.06 m, 82.8 ± 11.6 kg, and BMI 25.5 ± 3.4 kg/m2) were observed in the supine position before and 60 minutes after the acute ingestion of a 200 mg caffeine tablet or placebo. Significant increases (P
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_uhm-0394
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Six-Day Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Responses to Power, Strength, and Endurance Exercises in Male CrossFit Athletes.
Creator: Rivas, Daniel A. (Daniel Alejandro), Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
Abstract/Description: Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator that has been shown to improve nutrient delivery and endurance performance. Although NO production occurs via two pathways, only the exogenous or nitrite-NO pathway is facilitated in ischemic and acidic conditions that may occur during exercise. Dietary nitrate supplementation (NO3-) has been shown to enhance the exogenous pathway by increasing nitrate-derived serum nitrite. Acute to more chronic NO3- has recently shown reductions in blood pressure....
Show moreNitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator that has been shown to improve nutrient delivery and endurance performance. Although NO production occurs via two pathways, only the exogenous or nitrite-NO pathway is facilitated in ischemic and acidic conditions that may occur during exercise. Dietary nitrate supplementation (NO3-) has been shown to enhance the exogenous pathway by increasing nitrate-derived serum nitrite. Acute to more chronic NO3- has recently shown reductions in blood pressure. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of six day NO3- (8 mmol potassium nitrate per day; Shaklee Corporation®) on heart rate, blood pressure, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in CrossFit athletes (n = 12; age 23.0 ± 5.0 years; height 175.9 ± 7.4 cm; weight 82.7 ± 13.5 kg; body fat 13.9 ± 5.7 %). At baseline and following six consecutive days of NO3- or placebo (PL) (randomized, crossover design separated by 10 day washout period) testing took place over two days (day 1: Wingate power test, Biodex strength test, and 2K rowing ergometer test; day 2: Grace CrossFit test). Post-exercise diastolic blood pressure following Wingate testing (mean ± SD; 71 ± 7 vs. 78 ± 8 mmHg, P = 0.038) and RPE following the Grace test (18 ± 2 vs. 19 ± 1, P = 0.033) were significantly lower after NO3- compared to PL. NO3- appears to specifically augment NO-induced effects during sustained power exercise tests in CrossFit athletes.
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Date Issued: 2015
Identifier: FSU_migr_uhm-0446
Format: Thesis

Title: Neurosteroids for the Treatment of Brain Injury: Efficacy and Safety.
Creator: Borrego, Kiersta, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
Abstract/Description: Progesterone, a neurosteroid, reduces inflammation, cell death and oxidative stress while improving cognitive recovery following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, studies regarding the effects of Prog after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), a.k.a. concussion, have not been performed. Acute administration of Prog following TBI has been supported by past research in both rodents and humans. In these studies, Prog was acutely administered to test subjects, Sprague Dawley rats (n=6)...
Show moreProgesterone, a neurosteroid, reduces inflammation, cell death and oxidative stress while improving cognitive recovery following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, studies regarding the effects of Prog after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), a.k.a. concussion, have not been performed. Acute administration of Prog following TBI has been supported by past research in both rodents and humans. In these studies, Prog was acutely administered to test subjects, Sprague Dawley rats (n=6) using a model of mTBI. One treatment group received Prog prior to injury and one group received it after injury. No combinatorial treatment group was analyzed in the current protocol design. The test subjects that received the treatment were compared to a vehicle group (injured with no treatment) and a sham group (incision with no injury). Behavioral studies concluded that the test subjects that received Prog treatment displayed enhanced cognitive performance including; memory and learning. Molecular studies showed that Prog administration results in a reduction of proteins related to cell death, oxidative stress, demyelination and inflammation at 24hrs post-injury. As seen in previous models of more severe brain injury, Prog reduced brain swelling. Unfortunately, safety profiling showed that continuous use of Prog is detrimental to male reproduction as evident by testicular herniation.
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Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: FSU_migr_uhm-0162
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Cold Ambient Temperature on Lactate Threshold with or without an Active Warm-Up in Female Cyclists and Triathletes.
Creator: Morrissey, Margaret C. (Margaret Chase), Ormsbee, Michael J., Panton, Lynn B., Levenson, Cathy W., Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition,...
Show moreMorrissey, Margaret C. (Margaret Chase), Ormsbee, Michael J., Panton, Lynn B., Levenson, Cathy W., Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
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Abstract/Description: Introduction: Cold-induced changes in lactate kinetics are critically important for athletes, particularly those training and competing in the cold. Alterations in lactate production and/or clearance may result in altered blood lactate concentrations and calculated lactate threshold), which affects the exercise intensity that athletes can sustain during a race. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cold ambient temperature on lactate threshold with and without a preceding...
Show moreIntroduction: Cold-induced changes in lactate kinetics are critically important for athletes, particularly those training and competing in the cold. Alterations in lactate production and/or clearance may result in altered blood lactate concentrations and calculated lactate threshold), which affects the exercise intensity that athletes can sustain during a race. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cold ambient temperature on lactate threshold with and without a preceding warm-up in female cyclists/triathletes. Methods: Seven well-trained female cyclists/triathletes (age: 37 ± 5.yrs; body mass: 60.08 ± 8.93kg; VO2peak :50.36 ± 3.04 ml·kg-1·min-1; peak power output: 261.43 ± 30.78W) participated in this study and completed five study visits: 1) baseline testing; 2) familiarization trial: 3) three experimental trials. The experimental visits consisted of: 1) thermoneutral temperature (20ºC, NEU); 2) cold temperature (0ºC) without an active warm-up (CNWU); 3) cold temperature (0ºC) with 25 min active warm-up (CWU). During each condition, participants performed a lactate threshold test followed by a time to exhaustion trial at 120% of the participant’s peak power output. Heart rate (HR), VO2, core temperature, skin temperature, blood lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed throughout each trial. Magnitude based inferences were utilized to examine performance effects (interpreted with Hopkins’ effect sizes). Physiological and perceptual data was assessed via null-hypothesis testing. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Results: Power output at lactate threshold was 182.1 ± 26.4, 200.0 ± 22.6, and 192.9 ± 30.1 W for NEU, CNWU, and CWU, respectively. Power output at lactate threshold was 5.4 ± 2.6% lower in NEU vs. CWU (90% C. I= -10, 0.04; ES = -0.34). Power output at lactate threshold was 4.2 ± 2.7% higher in CNWU vs. CWU; this difference was likely trivial (90% C.I = -1.1, 9.8; ES = 0.25). Power output at lactate threshold in CNWU vs. NEU was 10.2 ± 2.6% greater and the effect was considered very likely small (90% C. I= 4.9, 15.8; ES= 0.59). At lactate threshold, there were no significant differences between groups in VO2, lactate concentration, heart rate or RPE (p = 0.487, 0.115, 0.841, and 0.87, respectively).There was an 11% increase in time to exhaustion at 120% peak power output VO2max between CNWU vs. CWU (73.14 ± 7.93 s, 64.86 ± 7.93 s; 90% C. I= -2.4, 26.5; ES =0.62, respectively) and this effect was likely small. Time to exhaustion was 7.8% longer in NEU condition compared to CWU (70.14 ± 10.45 s, 64.86 ± 7.93 s, 90% C. I= -6.2, 23.9; possibly small; ES =0.44, respectively). Lastly, CNWU vs. NEU had a possibly trivial (3%) increase in time to exhaustion (73.14 ± 7.93 s, 70.14 ± 10.45 s; 90% C.I =-9.1, 16.8; ES =0.18, respectively) Conclusion: These findings suggest that power output at lactate threshold and time to exhaustion at 120% of peak power output was greater and longer in CNWU compared to NEU in female cyclists/triathletes, likely resulting in a small change in performance. For female cyclists/triathletes exercising in the cold, it appears avoiding a 25 min active warm-up may improve performance at lactate threshold and time to exhaustion at 120% of peak power output. Therefore, athletes should consider the effect temperature has on lactate kinetics and determine appropriate training methods and race procedures necessary to optimize performance.
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Date Issued: 2018
Identifier: 2018_Sp_Morrissey_fsu_0071N_14357
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Resistance Exercise and Protein Timing on Lipolysis and Fat Oxidation in Resistance-Trained Women.
Creator: Allman, Brittany Rose, Ormsbee, Michael J., Contreras, Robert J, Kim, Jeong-Su, Panton, Lynn B., Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition,...
Show moreAllman, Brittany Rose, Ormsbee, Michael J., Contreras, Robert J, Kim, Jeong-Su, Panton, Lynn B., Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
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Abstract/Description: The number of women participating in resistance training has increased from 14.4% in 1994 to 21.0% in 2010 (418). Resistance training is known to enhance body composition (20); however, the effects of an acute bout of resistance exercise (RE) on subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SCAAT) glycerol release (lipolysis) and whole-body substrate utilization have only been documented in men (272). In fact, both RE and protein (alone and in combination) have been shown to improve lipolysis and...
Show moreThe number of women participating in resistance training has increased from 14.4% in 1994 to 21.0% in 2010 (418). Resistance training is known to enhance body composition (20); however, the effects of an acute bout of resistance exercise (RE) on subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SCAAT) glycerol release (lipolysis) and whole-body substrate utilization have only been documented in men (272). In fact, both RE and protein (alone and in combination) have been shown to improve lipolysis and fat oxidation leading to improved overall body composition (20). Mounting evidence suggests there are metabolic benefits of pre-sleep protein (PRO) consumption (65, 101, 190, 193, 274, 276). However, only one study directly assessed the effects of pre-sleep PRO consumption on SCAAT lipolysis and whole-body substrate utilization, and it was performed in overweight/obese men (190). Furthermore, few pre-sleep PRO studies to date have been directly compared to PRO consumed at other times of the day (17). Thus, it is difficult to interpret if the benefit is from pre-sleep feeding or simply increased daily PRO intake. PURPOSE: Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to assess the effects of RE (Aim 1) and pre-sleep versus daytime PRO consumption (Aim 2) on SCAAT lipolysis and whole-body substrate utilization in resistance-trained women. For Aim 1, a one-way ANOVA was used to analyze changes in interstitial GLY concentrations, metabolic rate, and plasma biomarkers around RE compared to baseline (BL) (BL, Mid-RE, post-RE). For Aim 2, a repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the differences in interstitial GLY concentrations, metabolic rate, and plasma biomarkers between PRO-PLA and PLA-PRO conditions. If a significant finding was noted, a Tukey HSD post-hoc analysis was used to locate where the difference existed. Data were analyzed using SPSS (Version 25) with significance set at p<0.05, and are presented as mean ± standard error (SE). METHODS: Thirteen healthy, resistance-trained, eumenorrheic women (age, 22±3 years) volunteered to participate in the study. Participants reported to the laboratory on five occasions: pre-testing and familiarization of maximal testing (Visit 1), maximal testing (Visit 2), familiarization (Visit 3), and two experimental visits (Visits 4 and 5). For each of the experimental visits, participants came to the laboratory in a fasted state, and microdialysis probes were inserted into the SCAAT to measure lipolysis. Participants then performed a full-body RE session consisting of the following exercises in this order: squat, bench press, Romanian deadlift, bent-over row, shoulder press, reverse lunges. After RE on each of the experimental visit days, participants were randomized to consume either daytime PRO (30 grams of casein protein) 30 minutes post-RE and pre-sleep non-caloric, sensory-matched placebo (PLA, 0 grams of casein protein) (PRO-PLA), or daytime PLA and pre-sleep PRO (PLA-PRO), switching the order of the supplements on the following visit. Participants slept in the laboratory for overnight assessment of lipolysis and dietary intake was controlled by providing participants with breakfast, lunch and dinner (Vale Food Inc., Tallahassee, FL) based on their calculated caloric needs. Resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were measured at baseline, post-RE, post pre-sleep supplement and the next morning of PLA-PRO and PRO-PLA conditions. Fasted blood samples were collected from the antecubital vein on three occasions for Aim 1: 1) baseline, 2) mid-RE, and 3) post-RE. In addition, blood samples were collected on three occasions for Aim 2: 1) 30 minutes after the daytime supplement (fed); 2) 30 minutes after the pre-sleep supplement (fed), and; 3) the next morning (fasted). Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), glycerol, glucose, and insulin were measured for Aim 1 and 2, while catecholamines (CATs) and growth hormone (GH) were measured only for Aim 1. RESULTS: After RE, REE (baseline: 1554±193; post-RE 1772±257 kcal/d; p=0.001) and fat oxidation (FatOx) (baseline: 5.64±0.23; post-RE: 7.57±0.34 g/hr; p<0.001) significantly increased (Aim 1, n=13). Additionally, SCAAT interstitial glycerol concentration was significantly higher at mid-RE (1177.4±667.1 µM, p=0.049) and post-RE (1197.3±1063.4 µM, p=0.01), compared to baseline (596.7±452.3 µM) (n=13). There were no significant changes in plasma biomarkers NEFA, glycerol, glucose, insulin, CATs, or GH. There was a significant increase in REE in both groups compared to baseline but no difference between groups. There was a significant increase in FatOx in PLA-PRO only after consuming the nighttime supplement (baseline: 5.64±0.23 g/min; PLA-PRO: 6.59±0.32 g/min, p=0.02), but no differences between PLA-PRO and PRO-PLA conditions. There were no other differences in lipolysis, metabolic measures, or plasma biomarkers between PRO-PLA or PLA-PRO conditions. RE increased lipolysis and FatOx mid-RE and post-RE in resistance-trained women. There were no differences in fat metabolism throughout sleep between PLA-PRO and PRO-PLA. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that RE improves fat metabolism potentially mediated by increases in CATs and GH. Consuming daily PRO 30 min post-RE or 30-min pre-sleep has no additional influence on fat metabolism (does not blunt overnight lipolysis) in resistance-trained women. This study was supported by a research grant from Friesland Campina® and Dymatize® Nutrition.
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Date Issued: 2018
Identifier: 2018_Sp_Allman_fsu_0071E_14358
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Acute and Repeated Long-Duration O2 Exposure on Skeletal Muscle Performance and Oxidative Stress in Navy Divers.
Creator: Myers, Christopher M. (Christopher Michael), Kim, Jeong-Su, Chase, P. Bryant, Panton, Lynn B., Ormsbee, Michael J., Florian, John P., Florida State University, College of Human...
Show moreMyers, Christopher M. (Christopher Michael), Kim, Jeong-Su, Chase, P. Bryant, Panton, Lynn B., Ormsbee, Michael J., Florian, John P., Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
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Abstract/Description: PURPOSE: Diving operations may require personnel to be immersed for extended periods while breathing compressed air or 100% O2. The main objective of this study was to investigate the physiological effects of single and repetitive diving-induced hyperoxic conditions on skeletal muscle performance at 1.35 atmospheres absolute (ATA) on skeletal muscle performance. We hypothesized that following five days of consecutive, resting, long-duration hyperoxic water immersion (WI)s 1) neuromuscular...
Show morePURPOSE: Diving operations may require personnel to be immersed for extended periods while breathing compressed air or 100% O2. The main objective of this study was to investigate the physiological effects of single and repetitive diving-induced hyperoxic conditions on skeletal muscle performance at 1.35 atmospheres absolute (ATA) on skeletal muscle performance. We hypothesized that following five days of consecutive, resting, long-duration hyperoxic water immersion (WI)s 1) neuromuscular performance would be reduced with a longer recovery time in comparison to air WIs, and 2) an increase in the production of free radicals with augmented inflammatory responses following consecutive hyperbaric, normoxic WIs. METHODS: Twenty-eight healthy, active male divers [30 ± 1 (24-43) yrs, mean ± SEM] completed five consecutive 6-hour resting WIs with 18-hour surface intervals while breathing compressed air (n=15) or 100% O2 (n=13) at 1.35 ATA. Using mixed repeated measures analysis of variance (RANOVA), skeletal muscle performance was assessed immediately before and after each WI, and 24 and 72 hours after the final WI. Assessments included maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC), maximal isokinetic (IK) contractions, 50-repetition maximal IK knee extension (50-rep), maximum handgrip (MHG), and 40% maximal handgrip endurance (MHE). Surface electromyography (sEMG) of the vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, biceps brachii, and brachioradialis, and local tissue oxygenation via near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) on the vastus lateralis, biceps brachii, and forearm flexor muscles were measured during the exercise protocols. All exercise tests were performed on the subject’s right side regardless of limb dominance. Muscle oxidative capacity (MOC) was measured on the vastus lateralis for the Air group only. Venous serum samples were analyzed for superoxide dismutase (SOD), hydrogen peroxide, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), nitrates (NO3), and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) in the Air group only. RESULTS: Significant decreases were seen in maximal strength on day (D)3 (MVIC knee extension: Air: p<0.001, 2.5%; O2: p=0.016, 4.3%; MVIC elbow flexion: p=0.002, 3.5%, combined group result). The O2 group neuromuscular activation decreased throughout the dive week (DW) and remained reduced through the DW recovery period. The Air group neuromuscular activation increased throughout the DW but returned to baseline by 72-hr post-dive. The O2 group presented with greater post-dive performance measurements (MVIC knee extension: p<0.001, 4.6%) than the Air group. A combined group day main effect demonstrated a decrease in time-to-fatigue for MHE on D5 (p=0.015, 10.2%). The Air group fully recovered by 24-hr post-dive whereas the O2 group time-to-fatigue performance did not recover by 72-hr post-dive (p=0.019, 12.2%). A 24.9% increase (p=0.04) in the MOC rate constant (k) occurred on D4 with a return to baseline by D5. The Air group showed a greater change in deoxygenated hemoglobin formation during MHE than the O2 group (p=0.04, 46.7% difference). In the Air group, the hyperbaric normoxic conditions increased TBARS formation by 11% within 15 minutes post-dive (p=0.018) with SOD formation increased by 8.5% post-dive (p=0.029) and 5% overall by D5 (p=0.04). CONCLUSION: Consecutive, resting, long-duration normoxic and hyperoxic WIs caused small, but noticeable decrements to neuromuscular activation and performance after three days of WI with an adaptation towards recovery by the end of the WI 5. However, subsequent neuromuscular activation is highly affected by the hyperoxic conditions. From the two-group statistical comparison, these changes are due to the hyperoxic exposures, appear to last beyond the 72-hr post-dive recovery period, and seem to delay the onset of muscular fatigue through increased neuromuscular hyperexcitability. Hyperbaric normoxic exposures cause statistically significant increases in oxidative stress and anti-oxidant concentrations. The effects of hyperbaric hyperoxic exposures on free radical production are not tested.
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Date Issued: 2017
Identifier: 2018_Sp_Myers_fsu_0071E_14302
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Sleep on Performance in Ultra Endurance Triathletes.
Creator: Kisiolek, Jacob Norbert, Ormsbee, Michael J., Panton, Lynn B., Chow, Graig Michael, Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food, and...
Show moreKisiolek, Jacob Norbert, Ormsbee, Michael J., Panton, Lynn B., Chow, Graig Michael, Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
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Abstract/Description: Purpose. The primary purpose was to determine the effect of sleep time on performance during a 3-day multistage ultra-endurance triathlon (stage 1: 10km swim, 144.8km bike; stage 2: 275.8km bike; stage 3: 84.4km run). Methods. Eighteen triathletes (age: 37±7.9y; height: 175±7cm; weight: 70±9kg) partook in sleep analysis pre, during, and post triathlon using an actigraphy wristband. Participants wore the band to record sleep time for five days (1-2 days pre-race, 3 race days, 1-day post-race),...
Show morePurpose. The primary purpose was to determine the effect of sleep time on performance during a 3-day multistage ultra-endurance triathlon (stage 1: 10km swim, 144.8km bike; stage 2: 275.8km bike; stage 3: 84.4km run). Methods. Eighteen triathletes (age: 37±7.9y; height: 175±7cm; weight: 70±9kg) partook in sleep analysis pre, during, and post triathlon using an actigraphy wristband. Participants wore the band to record sleep time for five days (1-2 days pre-race, 3 race days, 1-day post-race), except during racing. Bands were collected before each stage to download the previous night’s data, then re-distributed after each stage. Performance times were recorded after each stage and following total completion of the race. The data were analyzed via linear regression. Results. Using a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance, total minutes of sleep (mean±SD; pre-race: 393.9±81.1min, pre-stage 1: 342.0±90.2min, pre-stage 2: 347.5±54.6min, pre-stage 3: 299.7±107.0min, post-race: 308.8±86.3min) significantly decreased over time (p<0.05). Using a hierarchal regression, a p value approaching significance was found in pre-stage 2, sleep latency, when added to the prediction model of stage 2 performance. This p value approaching significance may have explained 6.1% of the variation in stage 2 performance (R2=0.061, p=0.064). A p-value approaching significance was found in stage 1 performance time when added to the prediction model of pre-stage 2 sleep latency. This p value approaching significance may have explained 10.3% of the variation in pre-stage 2 sleep latency (R2=0.103, p=0.58). Finally, significance was found in stage 2 performance time, when added to the prediction model of pre-stage 3 minutes of sleep. This model explained 48.1% of the variance in pre-stage 3 minutes of sleep (R2=0.48, p=0.002). Total race sleep time (Pre-stage 1, 2, and 3) was averaged; 33% of the variation in total finishing time can be predicted by average total racing sleep time (R2=0.33, p=0.015). No additional relationships were seen. A cutoff value was found at 401.6 min of average total race-night sleep time, indicating the top 25% of race finishers slept for ≥401.6 min. Conclusions. We found at specific time points, sleep latency may have been associated with changes in performance time, and exercise performance may have been associated with changes in minutes of sleep and sleep latency. Additionally, based on our results, average total race-night sleep time of roughly 402 min (6.7h/night) leads to faster finishing time in the Ultraman Florida.
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Date Issued: 2018
Identifier: 2018_Sp_Kisiolek_fsu_0071N_14355
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of a Caffeine-like Supplement, Teacrine®, on Muscular Strength and Endurance Performance in Resistance-Trained Men.
Creator: Cesareo, Kyle, Ormsbee, Michael J., Kim, Jeong-Su, Leeser, Michael J., Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
Abstract/Description: Introduction. TeaCrine® is the pharmaceutically-produced, synthetic version to naturally occurring theacrine (1, 3, 7, 9-tetramethyluric acid) found in the leaves of the Camellia kucha tea plants. Few studies have examined the effects of TeaCrine® on cognitive function, but no research exists examining its effects on exercise performance. As such, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of TeaCrine® on resistance exercise performance. Methods. Twelve resistance trained men (mean ...
Show moreIntroduction. TeaCrine® is the pharmaceutically-produced, synthetic version to naturally occurring theacrine (1, 3, 7, 9-tetramethyluric acid) found in the leaves of the Camellia kucha tea plants. Few studies have examined the effects of TeaCrine® on cognitive function, but no research exists examining its effects on exercise performance. As such, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of TeaCrine® on resistance exercise performance. Methods. Twelve resistance trained men (mean ± SD, age: 23.17 ± 3.10 years; height: 176.53 ± 5.89 cm, weight: 83.24 ± 7.23 kg) were recruited to participate in this study to examine the effects of TeaCrine on resistance exercise performance. Each participant performed (in order) one repetition maximum (1RM) bench press, 1RM squat, bench press reps to failure (RTF) at 70% 1RM, squat RTF at 70% 1RM, and 2km rowing time trial after the consumption one of four treatments (in random order): (1) Caffeine 300mg (CAFF300); (2) TeaCrine® 300mg (TEA300); (3) TeaCrine® + Caffeine combo (150mg/150mg) (COMBO); (4) Placebo (PLA). Visual analog scales for energy, focus, motivation to exercise, and fatigue were administered at baseline and, 90 min post-treatment. Rating of perceived exertion was also assessed after bench press and squat RTF at 70% 1RM. Magnitude based inferences were utilized to examine performance effects in 1RM and RTF for bench press and squat. Performance and perceptual data was also assessed via null-hypothesis testing. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Results. Mean bench press 1RM was 1.3%, 2.2%, and 2% higher in CAFF300 (120.08 ± 16.21 kg), TEA300 (118.94 ± 15.7 kg), and COMBO (119.89 ± 15.96 kg) compared to PLA (17.42 ± 15.52 kg), respectively. Mean squat 1RM was 150.57 ± 23.88, 148.48 ± 25.37, 149.81 ± 23.49, and 147.54 ± 20.8 kg for CAFF300, TEA300, COMBO, and PLA, respectively. Performance in CAFF300, TEA300, and COMBO were 1.8% ,0.2%, 1.3% higher compared to PLA. Mean bench press RTF was 1.4%, 5.0%, 1.5% higher in CAFF300 (12.41 ± 2.71 reps), TEA300 (12.83 ± 2.59 reps) and COMBO (12.50 ± 2.88 reps) compared to PLA (12.25 ± 2.67 reps), respectively. Mean differences in CAFF300, TEA300, and COMBO vs. PLA were 11.3% ,0.7%, 2.4%, respectively. Mean effects between all treatments for muscular strength and endurance were trivial and there were no significant differences between groups (p>0.05). CAFF300, TEA300, and COMBO were not different from PLA for 1RM and RTF in either the bench press or squat (p>0.05). There were no significant differences in peak or average power or velocity for bench press or squat. Only CAFF300 resulted in significant increases in energy (+9.8%; +15.3%), and motivation to exercise (+8.9%, +14.6%) vs. TEA300 and PLA, respectively, and increased focus (+9.6%) vs. TEA300, but no differences from COMBO. Conclusion. CAFF300, TEA300 and COMBO had no significant effect on 1RM, RTF, power or velocity in the bench press and squat. CAFF300 improved measures of focus, energy or motivation to exercise but TEA300, COMBO, and PLA did not.
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Date Issued: 2018
Identifier: 2018_Sp_Cesareo_fsu_0071N_14401
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Functional Impact Training and Yin Yoga on Cognition and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors.
Creator: Hunt, Rachael Leigha, Panton, Lynn B., Kim, Jeong-Su, Grubbs, Laurie, Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
Abstract/Description: Although cognition declines with age, cancer may increase that decline, either through cancer treatment or decreased quality of life (QOL) accompanied with increased anxiety and depression. Cross-sectional research shows that more active breast cancer survivors (BCS) have higher cognitive function and better QOL; however, longitudinal data are needed. Purpose: This study evaluated the effects of 3 months of functional impact training (FIT) on cognition and QOL compared to yin yoga in BCS. It...
Show moreAlthough cognition declines with age, cancer may increase that decline, either through cancer treatment or decreased quality of life (QOL) accompanied with increased anxiety and depression. Cross-sectional research shows that more active breast cancer survivors (BCS) have higher cognitive function and better QOL; however, longitudinal data are needed. Purpose: This study evaluated the effects of 3 months of functional impact training (FIT) on cognition and QOL compared to yin yoga in BCS. It was hypothesized that FIT would experience greater improvements in cognition compared to yin yoga, but similar improvements in QOL compared to yin yoga. Methods: Forty-five BCS (60.5±8.3 yrs; BMI: 29.2±7.1 kg/m2) were recruited to complete Trail-Making Test A and B [TMTA (processing speed), TMTB (executive function)], Digit Span Forward (attention) and Backward (working memory), and Controlled Oral Word Association Test [COWAT (executive function)] to assess cognitive domains. QOL was measured using the 36-item Short Form Survey (SF-36). The BCS were stratified by breast cancer stage, type of cancer treatment, and lean mass to participate in either FIT or yin yoga. Participants assigned to the FIT group completed 3 months of supervised exercise training sessions consisting of exercises that were performed using body weight, dumbbells, step benches, stability balls, and mats. These exercises were high impact and included jumping and hopping. Each exercise session lasted approximately 45 minutes and was completed twice per week. The intensity of the exercise program started out low to prevent injury and to introduce participants to the exercises and then intensity was gradually increased over the course of the 3 months. Exercises performed included squat jumps, jump lunges, push-ups, dumbbell rows, shoulder presses, biceps curls, triceps extensions, and planks. The participants progressed to more high impact versions of these exercises throughout the duration of the exercise program. All sessions were monitored and led by a certified fitness professional and all exercise sets and repetitions were recorded. Participants assigned to the yin yoga group completed 3 months of supervised yin yoga training sessions, which consisted of exercises that focus on stretching and relaxation. Exercises were lying or seated and were performed on a yoga mat using equipment such as yoga blocks, straps, and bolsters. Each yin yoga session lasted approximately 45 minutes and was completed twice per week. Baseline and 3-month changes in cognitive function and QOL were assessed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significance was accepted at p≤0.05. Results: There were no group by time differences on any of the cognitive or QOL measures in the intent-to-treat analysis or for those that completed the study. There were no significant differences from baseline on any of the cognitive measures for FIT; however, yin yoga significantly improved in the COWAT Total score from baseline (p=.03). From baseline to 3 months, FIT significantly improved in role limitations/physical (p=.04), emotional well-being (p=.01), and general health (p=.01) while yin yoga saw significant improvements in physical functioning (p=.03), emotional well-being (p=.03), and general health (p=.02) domains within the SF-36. Conclusion: In conclusion, our findings indicate that neither a FIT, combining resistance and aerobic training, nor a yin yoga program had significant improvements in cognition over 3 months. Both FIT and yin yoga may be viable options for maintenance of cognition during aging, since both saw neither a significant increase or decrease in scores. FIT and yin yoga did however demonstrate significant improvements in QOL over the 3 months of the study. Along with recent literature, it seems that exercise and yoga may both be non-pharmaceutical options for improving QOL in BCS. Further research is needed to examine the effects of FIT and yin yoga on cognition in BCS.
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Date Issued: 2018
Identifier: 2018_Sp_Hunt_fsu_0071N_14351
Format: Thesis

Title: Relationship among Dairy Foods Intake, Cardiovascular Disease Indicators and Bone Health in Community Dwelling Mid-Life and Older African Americans.
Creator: Carter, Ashley Noel, Ilich-Ernst, Jasminka Z, Darrow, Alice-Ann, Arjmandi, Bahram H, Ralston, Penny A., Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of...
Show moreCarter, Ashley Noel, Ilich-Ernst, Jasminka Z, Darrow, Alice-Ann, Arjmandi, Bahram H, Ralston, Penny A., Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
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Abstract/Description: Background Chronic diseases are prevalent among African Americans (AA) with the likelihood increasing with aging and in postmenopausal women. Diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia are the major risks for cardiovascular disease (CVD) but they also influence bone health among postmenopausal women. It has been suggested that there is a possible common link between CVD and bone health, as studies showed that unfavorable bone health may be higher in people with diabetes, hypertension and...
Show moreBackground Chronic diseases are prevalent among African Americans (AA) with the likelihood increasing with aging and in postmenopausal women. Diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia are the major risks for cardiovascular disease (CVD) but they also influence bone health among postmenopausal women. It has been suggested that there is a possible common link between CVD and bone health, as studies showed that unfavorable bone health may be higher in people with diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia— all major CVD risks. Another factor that may influence both CVD and bone health is the diet and a consumption of dairy foods, particularly the fermented dairy foods like yogurt. It is well established that low dairy consumption might lead to the deficiency of essential nutrients like calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, some B vitamins, protein and omega-3 fatty acids, all crucial in both CVD and bone health. Historically, AA are known to consume low amounts of dairy foods, in comparison to Caucasian Americans (CA), due to either true or perceived lactose intolerance or to some cultural preferences. The purpose of our study was to examine the consumption of fermented dairy foods (emphasis on yogurts) and their association with major CVD risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia), as well as the connection with osteopenia/osteoporosis in mid-life and older AA women. Methods African American women (n=70) were recruited from the community centers and events such as health fairs in North Florida. Sample size for some variables varied due to missing data and to have normality. Blood pressure and anthropometrics including weight, height, abdomen, hip and waist circumferences were measured in the standard fashion. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to assess body composition (fast and lean tissue) and bone mineral density (BMD) at different skeletal sites — (total body, spine, femur, forearm). Fasting blood samples were collected to analyze serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, and cholesterol/HDL ratio. The risk for CVD was estimated using the American Heart Association and Framingham Assessments, taking into consideration confounders and clinical variables. Food frequency questionnaire and three-day dietary records were used to assess overall dietary intake from which dairy and yogurt intake was calculated. Habitual physical activity was assessed with a self-reported questionnaire. In addition, the questionnaires to collect information about demographics, medication use and gastrointestinal symptoms were used as well. Nutrition knowledge about dairy foods before and after the educational sessions was assessed using pre- and post-tests. SPSS (version 24) was used to analyze data, including descriptive statistics, t-tests, Pearson correlations, and multiple regression. P<0.05 was deemed significant. Results Study included n=70 AA women who were 63.0±7.7 years old (mean±SD) with a BMI of 32.0±5.0 kg/m2. Approximately 70% of the participants had at least one chronic disease (diabetes, hypertension, and/or dyslipidemia) but only n=4 participants had osteopenia or osteoporosis (T-score for hip and/or spine <-1.0). Approximately 17.1% reported perceived lactose intolerance and over 70% of the participants had gastrointestinal symptoms with varying severity. Calcium intake was 788.3±520.6 mg/day, and yogurt intake amounted to 0.12±0.20 servings/day. Higher yogurt intake was associated with lower blood pressure and LDL. Participants with diabetes, hypertension, and/or dyslipidemia consumed more calcium than those without these diseases (752.1±517.6 mg/day versus 805.0±527.9 mg/day) but less servings of yogurt (0.11±0.20 versus 0.14±0.21). Multiple regression showed that CVD risk was significantly predicted by left femur BMD, age, and systolic blood pressure. Physical activity was positively associated with calcium intake. Also, the most physically active participants consumed significantly (p<0.05) higher amounts of yogurt (servings/day). The nutrition knowledge, based on true/false and multiple-choice questions that participants answered correctly, increased significantly (p<0.05) from pre- to post-test (66.6±14.5% versus 82.1±12.9%). Conclusion Overall, low calcium and yogurt consumption, perceived lactose intolerance, and dairyrelated gastrointestinal symptoms tended to be associated with a higher CVD risk. In addition, decreased yogurt consumption was associated with decreased BMD of the total body. Nutrition knowledge significantly increased after educational session. Based on our results, yogurt consumption benefited CVD risk and related risk factors in addition to bone health (depending on the skeletal site). Nutrition awareness and exposure to information about dairy is likely to help improve the cardiovascular and bone health of the target population. Future research should investigate the influence of blood pressure, diabetes and dyslipidemia on bone health as they seem to be common risk factors for CVD and osteopenia/osteoporosis.
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Date Issued: 2018
Identifier: 2018_Sp_Carter_fsu_0071E_14199
Format: Thesis

Title: Egg Consumption Positively Affect Glycemic Control and Insulin Sensitivity in Individuals with Pre- and Type II- Diabetes.
Creator: Pourafshar, Shirin, Arjmandi, Bahram H., Contreras, Robert J. (Robert John), Kim, Jeong-Su, Ralston, Penny A., Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of...
Show morePourafshar, Shirin, Arjmandi, Bahram H., Contreras, Robert J. (Robert John), Kim, Jeong-Su, Ralston, Penny A., Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
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Abstract/Description: Background and Significance: The prevalence of type II-diabetes mellitus is increasing in the United States (U.S.) and was estimated to affect 29.1 million Americans in 2012. Several factors including genetics, insulin resistance, and decreased β cell mass can lead to the development of type II-diabetes. Nonetheless, interventions that target the early stages of its pathogenesis (i.e. pre-diabetes) before individuals are diagnosed with type II-diabetes would be ideal for preventing its...
Show moreBackground and Significance: The prevalence of type II-diabetes mellitus is increasing in the United States (U.S.) and was estimated to affect 29.1 million Americans in 2012. Several factors including genetics, insulin resistance, and decreased β cell mass can lead to the development of type II-diabetes. Nonetheless, interventions that target the early stages of its pathogenesis (i.e. pre-diabetes) before individuals are diagnosed with type II-diabetes would be ideal for preventing its development. Without appropriate interventions, pre-diabetes is typically followed by type II-diabetes mellitus at an annual rate of about 10%. The influence of diet on the development of type II-diabetes mellitus has been studied for years; however, it is necessary to find dietary interventions that will effectively reduce the risk of type II-diabetes especially in those who are at a higher risk such as overweight and obese individuals. Eggs are rich source of important nutrients including proteins, vitamins, e.g. A, E, and B12, minerals, carotenoids, and lecithin. Although there are studies that have demonstrated the ability of egg consumption to improve glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and lipid profile, there is a lack of such studies in pre-diabetes as well as early stages of type II-diabetes and hence is the reason for this dissertation project. Methods: A total of 50 individuals between the ages of 40 to 75 years who are overweight or obese and have pre- and type II-diabetes were included in this 12-week, parallel, randomized intervention study. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either: 1) one large egg per day to be incorporated into their usual diets for 12 weeks; or 2) control in which participants received an equivalent amount of egg substitute in terms of calories (3/4 cup liquid egg substitute per day) incorporated into their usual diets for 12 weeks. Serum and plasma samples were analyzed for TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG levels, apoA1, fasting blood glucose levels, insulin levels, and ABCA1 levels at baseline, 6- and 12-week. Body composition including percent fat mass, fat free mass, as well as android/gynoid ratio were assessed using DXA at baseline, 6- and 12-week. Questionnaires were used for monitoring dietary and physical activity patterns over the 12 weeks of the study. Analyses were performed for the 40 subjects who completed the entire study. Results: Self-reported compliance with the regiments were reported to be excellent and the retention of participants was high. Based on the self-reported food records, there were no significant differences in the food intake between the egg group and control. Also, there were no significant differences between the two groups in physical activity levels. There were no significant differences in weight, waist and hip circumferences between the two groups. The results from DXA scan showed that android fat was significantly lower at all visits in the egg group (P=0.05, 0.02, and 0.01); however, this result cannot be attributed to the consumption of eggs. Daily intake of egg resulted in improvements of blood glucose levels which was significantly lower at final visit in the egg group (P=0.05). Participants in the egg group had significantly lower levels of HOMA-IR at all visits (P=0.01). Additionally, insulin levels in the egg group was significantly lower at baseline and 6-week visits (P=0.01). However, none of these changes can be attributed to the treatment effects. There were no significant differences within and between groups for the calculated HOMA-β values. HDL-C levels were significantly higher for all visits in the egg group versus the control (P<0.001). Additionally, in the egg group, ABCA1 protein was significantly higher at the 6-week visit (0.78±0.21 mg/dL vs 0.28±0.05, P<0.001) and tended to be higher at the final visit (0.62±0.11 vs 0.55±0.18, P=0.1). Additionally, apoA1 levels was significantly higher at final visit in the egg group compared to the control (147.43±5.34 vs 142.81±5.09, P=0.01). There were no significant changes in total cholesterol and LDL-C levels. Discussion: The findings of this study suggest that daily consumption of egg may decrease diabetes risk factors without having any adverse effects on lipid profiles in diabetic individuals.
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Date Issued: 2017
Identifier: FSU_SUMMER2017_Pourafshar_fsu_0071E_13973
Format: Thesis

Title: Effects of Vitamin D and Resistance Exercise Training on Neuromuscular Health and Function in an Obese and Pre-Diabetic Mouse Model.
Creator: Kim, Do-Houn, Kim, Jeong-Su, Grant, Samuel C., Arjmandi, Bahram H., Panton, Lynn B., Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food, and...
Show moreKim, Do-Houn, Kim, Jeong-Su, Grant, Samuel C., Arjmandi, Bahram H., Panton, Lynn B., Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
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Abstract/Description: Obesity is a known pathological condition associated with impaired glucose homeostasis leading to type 2 diabetes and increased susceptibility to loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. Recent investigations have demonstrated potential beneficial effects of vitamin D on insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle mass and function similarly to the adaptations induced by resistance exercise training (RT). The main objectives of the present study were 1) to investigate physical and metabolic...
Show moreObesity is a known pathological condition associated with impaired glucose homeostasis leading to type 2 diabetes and increased susceptibility to loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. Recent investigations have demonstrated potential beneficial effects of vitamin D on insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle mass and function similarly to the adaptations induced by resistance exercise training (RT). The main objectives of the present study were 1) to investigate physical and metabolic characteristics of a newly introduced mouse model of obesity and insulin resistance, p62 knock-out (KO) mice, in comparison to wildtype control mice (WC) and 2) to evaluate the efficacy of 10 weeks of vitamin D administration with or without RT to reduce adiposity and to alleviate the adverse effects of obesity on neuromuscular function, systemic insulin sensitivity, muscle/myofiber hypertrophy, and myofiber insulin signaling/inflammatory/myogenic regulators in p62 KO mice. In the present study, forty 24-week old p62 KO mice and ten sex-/age-match non-obese WC were utilized. In addition to non-obese, age-/gender-matched WC (n=10), p62 KO mice (n=40) were randomly assigned into one of four experimental groups (10/group) for 10 weeks: p62 KO control group (p62C, no treatment), vitamin D administration group (VD, 75 IU of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) 1/3d), resistance exercise training group (RX, ladder climbing 3/wk), or combined treatment group (VRX, VD + RX). Body weight and food intake were monitored in all groups biweekly over the 10-week intervention. In vivo measurements including body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, DXA), skeletal muscle function (i.e., grip strength and inclined plane test), and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), were performed in all groups at pre- and post-intervention. Upon completion of the intervention, blood samples, the hindlimb muscles, and the spleen were collected from mice in all groups for in vitro analysis including serum vitamin D concentration, tissue wet weights, myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA), and myofiber protein expression levels of regulatory molecules for muscle growth [i.e., mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), protein kinase B (AKT), atrogin-1, muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF-1)] and insulin signaling [i.e., insulin receptor ß (IR-ß) and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4)], pro-inflammation [i.e., tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] and bioactivity of vitamin D [i.e., vitamin D receptor (VDR)]. In the present study, p62C exhibited greater daily food intake (+17.1%) as well as increased adiposity compared to WC which involved greater total body mass (TBM) (24 weeks; +18.0%, 34 weeks: 26.2%), fat mass (FM) (24 weeks: +46.7%, 34 weeks: +69.3%), body fat percentage (%FM) (24 weeks: +28.8%, 34 weeks: +31.6%) as well as bone mineral density (BMD) (24 weeks: +8.5%, 34 weeks: +16.5%). In addition, p62C showed significantly increased fasting blood glucose levels (fBG) (+30.0%) and diminished blood glucose clearance leading to greater blood glucose levels during the OGTT [post-15 min blood glucose level (p15BG): +40.5%, post-30 min blood glucose level (p30BG): +28.3%, post-60 min blood glucose level (p60BG): +27.5%] compared to WC. p62C showed significantly lower relative grip strength (-21.7%) and sensorimotor function (-11.4%) despite greater myofiber CSA (+33.3%) compared to WC at the age of 34 weeks. The spleen mass was greater in p62C (+63.7%) than WC. Protein expression levels of total mTOR (+27.1%) and phosphorylated mTOR (+96.6%) in the soleus, total AKT in the soleus (+12.8%) and the gastrocnemius (+53.8%) were greater in p62C compared to WC. Muscle protein expression levels of MuRF-1 (+35.4%) and TNF-α (+200.4%) were higher in p62C compared to WC. Daily food intake, body weight (BW), and BMD were not different between p62C, VD, RX, and VRX. TBM elevation in p62C was attenuated in the intervention groups (VD: +13.5%, RX: +8.3%, VRX: +8.7% vs. p62C: +16.8%), which was associated with preserved FM and %FM in VD, RX, and VRX. VD (+61.1%) and VRX (+37.6%) exhibited greater circulating vitamin D levels compared to p62C. p62C exhibited significant loss of grip strength (absolute: -22.5%, relative: -38.9) and sensorimotor function (-12/8%) over time. In contrast, RX maintained both grip strength and sensorimotor function, and VD and VRX maintained grip strength after the 10-week intervention. Only RX and VRX displayed improved glucose tolerance which suppressed increases in p15BG (p62C: +16.0% vs. RX & VRX: no change), and lowered p30BG (RX: -40.0%, VRX: -36.9%) compared to p62C. No difference was observed between VD and p62C for tissue wet weights of the hindlimb muscles and the spleen, and myofiber CSA. However, RX exhibited lower spleen mass compared to p62C (-26.0%). Muscle protein expression profiles related to myofiber growth, protein degradation, glucose uptake, pro-inflammation, and the bioactivity of vitamin D were not changed by the interventions. In the present study adult p62 KO mice developed obesity, shown as increased adiposity, impaired glucose homeostasis, attenuated physical function, and an enlarged spleen. In addition, the present findings demonstrated that 10 weeks of vitamin D administration with or without RT or RT alone attenuated the progression of obesity and improved neuromuscular function in p62 KO mice. In addition, RT with or without vitamin D was effective in improving insulin sensitivity and systemic inflammation in p62 KO mice. In contrary, vitamin D administration alone was unable to induce favorable changes in insulin sensitivity, wet weights of skeletal muscle and spleen, myofiber CSA, and protein expression profiles of regulatory factors. Moreover, neither synergistic nor additive effects were noted when vitamin D administration was combined with RT.
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Date Issued: 2018
Identifier: 2018_Fall_Kim_fsu_0071E_14889
Format: Thesis

Title: The Relationship between Protein Intake on Factors Associated with Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Health in Individuals with Pre-and Type 2-Diabetes.
Creator: Akhavan, Neda S. (Neda Sara), Arjmandi, Bahram H., Levenson, Cathy W., Hickner, Robert C., Panton, Lynn B., Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of...
Show moreAkhavan, Neda S. (Neda Sara), Arjmandi, Bahram H., Levenson, Cathy W., Hickner, Robert C., Panton, Lynn B., Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science
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Abstract/Description: Background and Significance: The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and pre-diabetes continues to increase. Many individuals are not aware of having the disease or early stages of the disease, pre-diabetes, until symptoms develop and it is of particular importance to try to prevent the development of T2DM during the pre-diabetic stage. T2DM is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality due to its increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), where more than half of individuals...
Show moreBackground and Significance: The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and pre-diabetes continues to increase. Many individuals are not aware of having the disease or early stages of the disease, pre-diabetes, until symptoms develop and it is of particular importance to try to prevent the development of T2DM during the pre-diabetic stage. T2DM is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality due to its increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), where more than half of individuals with T2DM will die from complications due to CVD. Diet and lifestyle modifications play a critical role in the development and prevention of pre-diabetes and T2DM. Much focus has been given to limiting carbohydrate consumption within this population, yet there are no established recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for pre-diabetes and T2DM for protein consumption. The intake of protein above the RDA may play a role in prevention or progression of T2DM and risk factors associated with CVD. There is a sparsity of studies examining the role of protein on glycemic control as well as CVD in people with pre-diabetes and T2DM. Therefore, the purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between protein consumption as well as animal versus plant protein on glycemic control and indices of cardiovascular health in individuals with pre-diabetes and T2DM. Methods: A total of 62 men and women with pre-diabetes or T2DM that were overweight or obese between the ages of 45-75 years old were in included in this study. Participants were stratified based on their intake from a three-day food record into the following three groups based on their protein intake: protein levels of less than 0.8 grams per kilogram body weight (g/kg/bw), between 0.8 to 1.0 g/kg/bw and greater than or equal to 1.0 g/kg/bw as below-, meeting-, and above recommended-levels, respectively. During the study visit, after an overnight fast, participant's blood was drawn, anthropometric parameters were assessed, resting brachial blood pressure was taken, duel-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans were completed, and three-day food records were assessed. Results: Weight, body mass index (BMI), and hip circumference (HC), were higher in participants who consumed below and meeting the recommended levels of protein (P≤0.01 for all values and P<0.05 for all values, respectively) than those in the above recommended protein group. Waist circumference (WC) was greater (P≤0.01) for participants who consumed below recommended protein levels versus those who consumed above the recommended level. There were differences (P<0.05) in total energy, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, cholesterol, carbohydrate, and fiber intake, as well as animal and plant protein consumption amongst groups. When groups were compared, intake of animal protein, similar to total protein was different amongst groups (P≤0.01). Whereas plant protein intake was only greater in participants consuming above the recommended protein level (P≤0.01, P=0.02, below and recommended protein levels, respectively). The results of this study suggest that the higher the animal-to-plant protein ratio the higher the insulin secretion as indicated by the HOMA- β equation. Our findings also demonstrated that the higher the plant protein intake the lower the high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentration. Furthermore, a higher animal protein intake was associated with lower triglyceride (TG) concentrations. Participants who consumed above recommended protein had lower (P≤0.01) fat mass (FM) and higher lean mass (LM) (P<0.05) in all sites assessed when compared to participants who consumed below or recommended protein levels. Fat-to-lean mass ratio (FM/LM) ratio was lower in participants who consumed above the recommended protein level when compared to participants who consumed below (P=0.03) and recommended protein (P≤0.01) levels. Total-, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-, and HDL-cholesterol were significantly higher in participants who met the recommended protein intake (P=0.01, P≤0.01, P=0.04, respectively) versus participants who consumed below the recommended protein. Conclusion: Findings of this study suggest that consumption of greater than or equal to 1.0 g/kg/bw protein is associated with lowered insulin resistance in addition to BMI, HC, WC, and FM without having adverse effects on lipid profiles in overweight and obese individuals with pre-diabetes or T2DM. Additionally, increased animal protein was associated with better β-cell function and lower TG levels.
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Date Issued: 2018
Identifier: 2018_Fall_Akhavan_fsu_0071E_14863
Format: Thesis

Title: Cardiac Fatigue Following Successive Bouts of Prolonged Endurance Exercise.
Creator: Bograd, Benjamin A., Moffatt, Robert J., Grubbs, Laurie, Haymes, Emily, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to examine cardiac function during three consecutive bouts of prolonged endurance exercise (PEE) in healthy collegeaged males for the determination of cardiac myocyte damage indicative of cardiac fatigue. Additionally, multiple bouts were performed in order to examine the cardioprotective effect of exercise and ascertain whether preconditioning was induced. In order to avoid the limitations of previous studies, the exercise sessions were completed in a controlled...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to examine cardiac function during three consecutive bouts of prolonged endurance exercise (PEE) in healthy collegeaged males for the determination of cardiac myocyte damage indicative of cardiac fatigue. Additionally, multiple bouts were performed in order to examine the cardioprotective effect of exercise and ascertain whether preconditioning was induced. In order to avoid the limitations of previous studies, the exercise sessions were completed in a controlled laboratory setting at a predetermined intensity. Likewise the 3rd generation cTnT ELISA was used in order to validate previous positive results. The present study involved ten male, untrained runners (VO2 max 50.7 ± 3.8 ml/kg/min). During the experimental phase, subjects completed three consecutive treadmill runs to exhaustion separated by twenty-four hours. The average total exercise time for the three bouts combined was 204.5 ± 71.49 minutes and the individual exercise bout times were 70.6 ± 31.44, 70.0 ± 25.39, and 63.90 ± 23.95 minutes respectively. The mean peak VO2 achieved during the exercise bouts was 41.9 ± 4.8 ml/kg-1/min-1 (3.4 ± 0.4 L/min-1) which is 81.92 ± 4.4% of estimated VO2 max. Evaluation of cardiac markers and electrocardiographic data revealed no signs of cardiac fatigue. Electrocardiographic examination focused primarily on signs of myocardial damage and ischemia (ST segment, Q wave, and T wave). Data from the present study suggests that prolonged endurance exercise does not induce myocardial damage in healthy, untrained male subjects. The chosen intensity of 81.92 ± 4.4% of estimated VO2 max may have inhibited the completion of a duration sufficient to induce cardiac fatigue. Additionally, it can be hypothesized that repetitive bouts of exercise did not result in a compounding effect as cardiac fatigue was not noted during any of the exercise bouts. While no significance was found in the current study, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp 70) values increased following exercise possibly providing enhanced myocardial protection and future resistance to the damage of ischemia or infarction.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3619
Format: Thesis

Title: Purification and Characterization of Select Glycoproteins of Almonds (Prunus Dulcis L.).
Creator: Jayasena, Shyamali H., Sathe, Shridhar K., Hsieh, Yun-Hwa Peggy, Roux, Kenneth H., Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Almonds (Prunus dulcis L.) are the most widely consumed tree nuts in the USA besides USA also being the number one global producer of almonds. Although almonds can be consumed without any adverse effects by the majority of the population, a few susceptible individuals develop allergic symptoms following the ingestion of almonds. Almond allergies are the third most common of all tree nut allergies, affecting ~15% of the tree nut allergic population in the USA. Several proteins of almonds have...
Show moreAlmonds (Prunus dulcis L.) are the most widely consumed tree nuts in the USA besides USA also being the number one global producer of almonds. Although almonds can be consumed without any adverse effects by the majority of the population, a few susceptible individuals develop allergic symptoms following the ingestion of almonds. Almond allergies are the third most common of all tree nut allergies, affecting ~15% of the tree nut allergic population in the USA. Several proteins of almonds have been identified as being allergenic, including almond major protein (AMP) or amandin which is a major allergen of almonds. However, although several glycoproteins of almonds have been biochemically characterized, the potential allergenicity of most almond glycoproteins are yet to be elucidated. In the present study select almond glycoproteins were partially purified and characterized. Glycoproteins which comprise less than 2% of the total soluble proteins of almonds were purified and separated from the non-glycoprotein fraction using affinity chromatography and were further resolved in to 3 peaks when passed through a gel filtration column. The 3 glycoprotein peaks (glycoproteins A, B and C) were partially characterized biochemically and immunologically in this study. SDS- PAGE analysis under reducing conditions showed that both glycoproteins A and B had 3 major peptide bands in addition to several minor peptides. The 3 major bands of glycoprotein A had molecular masses of ~13 kDa, ~22 kDa and ~44 kDa. The major peptides of glycoprotein B were found to have molecular weights of ~12 kDa, ~34 kDa and ~62 kDa. Glycoprotein C was composed of a single major peptide of ~62 kDa and also of several minor peptides ranging from ~11 kda to ~55 kDa. The major peptides at ~62 kDa of glycoproteins B and C were identified as prunasin hydrolase and hydroxynitrile lyase, respectively by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. All three glycoproteins A, B and C were immunoreactive with polyclonal antibodies raised against whole almonds in rabbit. However, none of the 3 glycoproteins were recognized by the monoclonal antibodies 4C10 and 4F10 raised against AMP of almonds. Dot blot analysis of glycoproteins with human IgE from almond allergic patients resulted in the recognition of glycoprotein B by 6 of the 11 (53%) patient sera tested. 3 of the 11 samples (27%) reacted with glycoprotein A while most patient sera did not show any reactivity with glycoprotein C. Deglycosylation resulted in a significant loss of immunoreactivity of all 3 glycoproteins indicating the possibility of carbohydrate moieties playing a role in their immunoreactivity.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3542
Format: Thesis

Title: The Relationship Between Inflammation, Oxidative Damage, and Severity of Knee Osteoarthritis.
Creator: Browne, Jenna L., Arjmandi, Bahram H., Kim, Jeong Su, Chase, P. Bryant, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: ABSTRACT Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease that is characterized by the progressive degradation and loss of articular cartilage. The etiology of OA is complex; however, it is well known that advanced age is a major risk factor for developing OA. Evidence suggests a role for inflammation, oxidative stress and damage in the progression of OA, all of which are attributable to age-related changes in cartilage. In OA, a cascade of inflammatory events is initiated by inflammatory cytokines, thereby...
Show moreABSTRACT Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease that is characterized by the progressive degradation and loss of articular cartilage. The etiology of OA is complex; however, it is well known that advanced age is a major risk factor for developing OA. Evidence suggests a role for inflammation, oxidative stress and damage in the progression of OA, all of which are attributable to age-related changes in cartilage. In OA, a cascade of inflammatory events is initiated by inflammatory cytokines, thereby increasing activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and accelerating oxidative damage leading to cell death. Furthermore, free ROS cause damage to DNA. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the extent to which serum and synovial fluid indicators of inflammation (C-reactive protein, CRP) and oxidative damage to DNA (8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine, 8-OH2dG) are related to OA severity. Blood and synovial fluid samples were obtained from a total of 40 men and women with knee OA undergoing arthroscopic or total knee replacement surgery. Serum and synovial fluid CRP and 8-OH2dG were analyzed using commercially available assays. The findings from this study indicate that there was no statistical difference between synovial fluid concentrations of CRP (P=0.230). Serum CRP was found to be significantly higher in patients with severe OA than in those with moderate OA (P=0.007). In patients with moderate OA the mean serum concentration of CRP exceeded the mean synovial fluid concentration by approximately 2-fold (P=0.012) whereas in those with severe OA the mean serum concentration of CRP exceeded the mean synovial fluid concentration by approximately 3-fold (P
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-5537
Format: Thesis

Title: Chemical Composition of Select Pecan [Carya Illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] Varieties and Antigenic Stability of Pecan Proteins.
Creator: Venkatachalam, Mahesh, Sathe, Shridhar K., Roux, Kenneth H., Levenson, Cathy W., Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Chemical composition of 25 pecan varieties revealed considerable differences in moisture (2.1-6.4%), protein (6.0-11.3%), lipid (65.9-78.0%), total soluble sugars (3.3-5.3%), ash (1.2-1.8%) and tannins (0.7-2.7%) when analyzed on an edible portion basis. Pecan varieties had similar protein polypeptide profiles as revealed by SDS-PAGE, IEF, and pecan pAb based Western blotting analysis. Both pH and ionic strength were important for pecan protein solubilization. Borate Saline Buffer (pH 8.45)...
Show moreChemical composition of 25 pecan varieties revealed considerable differences in moisture (2.1-6.4%), protein (6.0-11.3%), lipid (65.9-78.0%), total soluble sugars (3.3-5.3%), ash (1.2-1.8%) and tannins (0.7-2.7%) when analyzed on an edible portion basis. Pecan varieties had similar protein polypeptide profiles as revealed by SDS-PAGE, IEF, and pecan pAb based Western blotting analysis. Both pH and ionic strength were important for pecan protein solubilization. Borate Saline Buffer (pH 8.45) was an optimum solvent for extraction of pecan proteins among the mild buffers tested. Protein solubility was minimal in pH 3-7 range and increased significantly on either side of this pH range. Increasing ionic strength from 0 to 4 M NaCl significantly improved (~8 fold) protein solubilization. Glutelin fraction (63.6%) accounted for the major portion of the total solubilized pecan proteins followed by globulin (31.5%), prolamin (3.4%) and albumin (1.5%) respectively. The majority of the pecan polypeptides were in the MW and pI range of 12,000-66,000 Da and pH 4.0-8.3 respectively. Pecan globulins contained the most glycoprotein polypeptides. Lysine was the first limiting essential amino acid in the defatted flour, globulin, prolamin and alkaline glutelin fractions. Leucine and tryptophan were the first limiting essential amino acid in albumin and acid glutelin fractions respectively. The minimum nitrogen solubility (5.9-7.5%) at 0.25-0.75 M TCA represented the non-protein nitrogen of pecan meal. Pecan pAb-based inhibition ELISA could detect pecan proteins as low as 32 ng/ml. The assay, however, was not suitable for specific detection of pecan in foods as it showed cross-reactivity to various tree nut and seed proteins. Pecan contained major allergenic polypeptides in the 50-66 kDa and 16-20 kDa range when tested with human sera IgE from 15 pecan allergic subjects. Pecan globulins contributed to the majority of 50-66 kDa allergens. ELISAs and Western blotting assays indicated that pecan proteins subjected to various thermal treatments remained antigenically stable. Complete proteolysis and loss of antigenicity was not observed in SGF and SIF in vitro digestion studies. Western blotting of SGF digested proteins displayed several low molecular weight antigenic peptides (16-20 kDa) that were either originally present in the pecan extract or were generated by pepsin under the digestion conditions.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4590
Format: Thesis

Title: Physiological Responses to Two Different Models of Daily Undulating Periodization in Trained Powerlifters.
Creator: Zourdos, Michael Christopher, Kim, Jeong-Su, Contreras, Robert J., Panton, Lynn B., Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Periodization signifies an athletic training program with structured variations in training volume and intensity to elicit peak performance for a pre-determined date at the completion of the structured training program. A type of periodized training, called linear periodization (LP), has long been utilized with seldom variations in volume and intensity occurring every few weeks. Moreover, in the preceding two decades, daily undulating periodization (DUP) has been examined in regards to its...
Show morePeriodization signifies an athletic training program with structured variations in training volume and intensity to elicit peak performance for a pre-determined date at the completion of the structured training program. A type of periodized training, called linear periodization (LP), has long been utilized with seldom variations in volume and intensity occurring every few weeks. Moreover, in the preceding two decades, daily undulating periodization (DUP) has been examined in regards to its efficacy for resistance training outcomes. DUP employs volume and intensity alterations within a training program for every session as opposed to the infrequent changes in training variables prescribed with LP. The majority of this research has demonstrated DUP to produce significantly greater one-repetition maximum (1RM) strength gains when compared to LP. Nevertheless, it is important to continue to investigate DUP in an effort to further optimize this type of training program. Therefore, the predominant aim of the present study was to examine 1RM strength adaptations in response to two different models of DUP (a modified DUP in comparison to a tradition DUP model). Further, we investigated the effects, which these training protocols had on anabolic and catabolic blood hormonal response. Eighteen male, college-aged powerlifters (body weight: 182.00 ± 25.12lbs.) were recruited for this study and assigned to one of two groups with a different weekly training order: 1) hypertrophy, strength, and power (HSP: Traditional DUP) or 2) hypertrophy, power, and strength (HPS: Modified DUP). The study lasted a total of eight weeks with each group performing a pre-testing 1RM during the first week, followed by 6 weeks of DUP training, and a post-testing 1RM during the last week. Subjects performed only the powerlifts (squat, bench press, and deadlift exercises) on testing and training days. During hypertrophy and power training sessions, subjects performed a fixed number of sets and repetitions, which progressed from week to week. However, during strength training sessions, subjects were instructed to perform repetitions until volitional failure at a given percentage in order to measure total volume (TV) of exercise performed. Additionally, blood was collected 30 minutes prior to the strength training sessions to examine alterations in hormonal markers; testosterone and cortisol in response to the DUP training protocols. Hormonal analysis was conducted using enzyme linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay kits. For 1RM squat there was a main time effect (p<0.05); however, no difference existed between increases for HSP (+7.93%) and HPS (+10.48%). Regarding bench press, only HPS significantly increased their 1RM by 8.13%, while the 1RM bench press in HSP did not significantly increase over the course of the study. There was an overall main time effect for 1RM deadlift increase (HSP: +6.70%, HPS: +7.57%) and powerlifting total (HSP: 6.70%, HPS: +8.66%), but no difference existed between groups for either measure. TV in HPS was significantly greater (p<0.05) than HSP for squat, bench press, and powerlifting total; however, there was no difference between groups (p>0.05) for the deadlift. Concerning testosterone and cortisol there was no group effect (p>0.05). Each variable, however, experienced an overall main time effect (p<0.05) with testosterone concentrations being significantly lower than pre-testing levels during weeks 5 and 6 of training, while cortisol experienced a decline during training weeks 3 and 4. Both hormones recovered to pre-testing levels in the following weeks. Our findings suggest that DUP training is effective for providing significant strength benefits over a 6-week training period in already trained powerlifters. Further, the modified DUP model (HPS) may provide additional 1RM benefits in the bench press over a 6-week training period due to an increased TV of exercise.
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-5305
Format: Thesis

Title: Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Properties of Dried Plum Polyphenols in RAW264.7 Macrophage Cells.
Creator: Kumar, Ajay, Arjmandi, Bahram H., Contreras, Robert, Levenson, Cathy W, Kim, Jeong-Su, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This thesis presents the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of dried plum polyphenols in RAW264.7 macrophages. We hypothesize that dried plum polyphenols may benefit in diseases of chronic inflammatory origin. Chronic inflammation is characterized by accumulation of macrophages at injury site and macrophages start the inflammatory cascade. Polyphenols have been found to possess strong anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. To substantiate this assumption, we tested the...
Show moreThis thesis presents the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of dried plum polyphenols in RAW264.7 macrophages. We hypothesize that dried plum polyphenols may benefit in diseases of chronic inflammatory origin. Chronic inflammation is characterized by accumulation of macrophages at injury site and macrophages start the inflammatory cascade. Polyphenols have been found to possess strong anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. To substantiate this assumption, we tested the chlorogenic acid rich dried plum polyphenols using RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Macrophages express nitric oxide (NO) and cyclooxygense-2 (COX-2) dependent prostaglandins under chronic inflammatory conditions. RAW264.7 macrophage were stimulated with 1 µg/ml of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation and treated with different doses of polyphenols (0, 0.1,1,10,100 and 1000 µg/ml), for 12 hrs. Polyphenols at a dose of 1000 µg/ml of medium was able to significantly reduce the NO production by 43% compared with LPS stimulated cells only. Moreover, LPS (10 ng/ml) induced expression of COX-2 was significantly reduced by 100 and 1000 µg/ml polyphenols. To investigate the anti-oxidant activity of polyphenols, macrophage cells were stimulated with 100 µM/ml of FeSO4 + 1mM/ml of H2O2 to induce lipid peroxidation. Polyphenols at a dose of 1000 µg/ml showed 32% reduction in malondialdehyde production. Conclusively, our study indicated that dried plum polyphenols are potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agents and can have implications in prevention of diseases of chronic inflammatory origin including bone loss.
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-2983
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of a Novel Sports Drink on Hydration Status and Performance during Prolonged Running.
Creator: Laird, Melissa D., Haymes, Emily M., Moerland, Timothy, Panton, Lynn, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The aims of this study were to examine the differences in hydration levels, perceptual differences, and running performance in trained distance runners supplemented with Gatorade (CRD), Gookinaid Hydralyte, or placebo. Ten participants completed three experimental trials consisting of running on a treadmill for 90 min. at 65%VO2max (preload run) followed by a 30 min. performance run at a self-selected pace every 2-3 weeks in 22-26¢ªC. At 15 min. intervals during the 90 min. run, 150 ml/ 70 kg...
Show moreThe aims of this study were to examine the differences in hydration levels, perceptual differences, and running performance in trained distance runners supplemented with Gatorade (CRD), Gookinaid Hydralyte, or placebo. Ten participants completed three experimental trials consisting of running on a treadmill for 90 min. at 65%VO2max (preload run) followed by a 30 min. performance run at a self-selected pace every 2-3 weeks in 22-26¢ªC. At 15 min. intervals during the 90 min. run, 150 ml/ 70 kg body mass of the respective test beverage was consumed and perceptual differences were noted. Body weights were recorded immediately prior to the start of each experimental trial, after the 90 min. preload run, and following the 30 min. performance run. There was no significant difference in hydration status among the three beverages as indicated by similar decrements in total body weight changes, sweat rates, and plasma volumes changes (p > 0.05). Additionally, there were no significant differences found among trials or time points for measures of rates of perceived exertion or thirst level (p > 0.05). A significant main effect for time was observed for stomach fullness (p = 0.01), whereby stomach fullness was higher at 45 min. than at 60 min. during the preloaded run (p = 0.041). Finally, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were found among trials for distance ran during the 30 min. performance run. The present study did not find Gookinaid Hydralyte or Gatorade to be more beneficial than placebo in enhancing 2 hr of treadmill running performance or hydration status in thermoneutral conditions. 0.05). Additionally, there were no significant differences found among trials or time points for measures of rates of perceived exertion or thirst level (p > 0.05). A significant main effect for time was observed for stomach fullness (p = 0.01), whereby stomach fullness was higher at 45 min. than at 60 min. during the preloaded run (p = 0.041). Finally, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were found among trials for distance ran during the 30 min. performance run. The present study did not find Gookinaid Hydralyte or Gatorade to be more beneficial than placebo in enhancing 2 hr of treadmill running performance or hydration status in thermoneutral conditions. 0.05). A significant main effect for time was observed for stomach fullness (p = 0.01), whereby stomach fullness was higher at 45 min. than at 60 min. during the preloaded run (p = 0.041). Finally, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were found among trials for distance ran during the 30 min. performance run. The present study did not find Gookinaid Hydralyte or Gatorade to be more beneficial than placebo in enhancing 2 hr of treadmill running performance or hydration status in thermoneutral conditions. 0.05) were found among trials for distance ran during the 30 min. performance run. The present study did not find Gookinaid Hydralyte or Gatorade to be more beneficial than placebo in enhancing 2 hr of treadmill running performance or hydration status in thermoneutral conditions.
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Date Issued: 2006
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3312
Format: Thesis

Title: The Relationship Between Nutritional Risk Factors, Nutritional Risk Indicators, and the Severity of Physical Disability within Older Adult Home Delivered Meal Program Participants.
Creator: Fordyce, Janice L., Abood, Doris A., Mullis, Ann K., Cook, Laura R., Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Science has established the existence of relationships between malnutrition and physical disability. Therefore, alleviating malnutrition may lead to prevention of physical disability and preservation of independent living. The purpose of this study was to investigate the specific relationships of certain nutritional risk factors and indicators with severity of physical disability within older adult home delivered meal program participants. Previous research supports that older adults who...
Show moreScience has established the existence of relationships between malnutrition and physical disability. Therefore, alleviating malnutrition may lead to prevention of physical disability and preservation of independent living. The purpose of this study was to investigate the specific relationships of certain nutritional risk factors and indicators with severity of physical disability within older adult home delivered meal program participants. Previous research supports that older adults who participate in home delivered meal programs are at greater risk of malnutrition and subsequent physical disability than the general older adult population. An investigation of the nutritional risk factors, nutritional risk indicators, and severity of physical disability from the 2003 nutrition assessments of 304 home delivered meal program participants sample was conducted. Risk factors evaluated were alcohol, tobacco, and medication use; oral health and presence of illness; eating alone, the ability to shop for and prepare food, and the perception of having enough money for food. Nutritional risk indicators included intake of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products, the number of daily meals consumed, and incidence of unintentional weight loss. Demographic data were also evaluated; age, gender, income, race, and Food Stamp Program participation. Nutrition educators may benefit from the significant relationships identified by these analyses. Interventions designed to decrease the incidence of malnutrition in older adult home delivered meal program participants may also produce the desired outcome of less severe physical disability.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4421
Format: Thesis

Title: The Role of Trace Metals in Neuronal Gene Expression.
Creator: Vanlandingham, Jacob W., Levenson, Cathy W., Ouimet, Charles, Freeman, Marc, Overton, J. Michael, Trombley, Paul, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida...
Show moreVanlandingham, Jacob W., Levenson, Cathy W., Ouimet, Charles, Freeman, Marc, Overton, J. Michael, Trombley, Paul, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
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Abstract/Description: The trace elements iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) play important roles in neuronal differentiation, function, and survival. These metals have been implicated in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Wilson's diseases, that have been associa ted with changes in neuronal proliferation and differentiation, and are characterized by apoptotic neuronal death. The work described in this dissertation explores the molecular roles of Fe, Cu, and...
Show moreThe trace elements iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) play important roles in neuronal differentiation, function, and survival. These metals have been implicated in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Wilson's diseases, that have been associa ted with changes in neuronal proliferation and differentiation, and are characterized by apoptotic neuronal death. The work described in this dissertation explores the molecular roles of Fe, Cu, and Zn, with a particular focus on gene expression during neuronal differentiation and apoptosis. The first part of this work uses both in vivo and in vitro models to explore the role of Fe in neuronal differentiation. This work showed that retinoic acid, a known molecular regulator of neuronal differentiation, may act through its ability to increase expression of ferritin H, a protein that plays a role in neuronal Fe utilization. The second part of this work examined the role of Cu in the molecular mechanisms responsible for neuronal apoptosis. This work showed that Cu toxicity, such as that seen in several neurodegenerative disorders, induces neuronal apoptosis that is dependent on the expression and nuclear translocation of the tumor suppressor protein p53. Because p53 acts as a DNA-binding transcription factor, fo llow-up work used oligonucleotide array to identify p53-target genes that regulate neuronal survival and apoptosis. Both pro-apoptotic genes (IGFBP-6 and c-jun) and anti-apoptotic genes (Hsp 70 and 27) were regulated by p53 under conditions of neuronal Cu-overload. We also showed that p53 trafficking was regulated by Zn. High concentrations of neuronal Zn prevented nuclear translocation of p53, inhibiting it functions in gene transcription and apoptosis. The final part of this work used subtracted cDNA libraries, differential hybridization, and high throughput gene expression profiling (microarray) to identify new molecular roles of Zn in the olfactory bulb, a region of the brain known to have high concentrations of Zn and an association with several neurological disorders. This work showed that Zn regulates a variety of bulb genes involved in both neuroplasticity and apoptosis, and suggests that previously reported positive effects of caloric restriction on neuronal survival and plasticity are abrogated by the development of Zn deficiency. In summary, this work has identified a number of novel molecular roles for the trace elements Fe, Cu, and Zn in neuronal differentiation and apoptosis, and suggests a role for these metals in neurological disorders associated with changes in neuronal survival.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4569
Format: Thesis

Title: Efficacy of Vitamin D3 and Progesterone Interactions Following Traumatic Brain Injury.
Creator: Figueiroa, Silvia, Levenson, Cathy W., Contreras, Robert J., Ilich-Ernst, Jasminka, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The health care and quality of life costs of traumatic brain injury (TBI) are growing annually. This is in part due to the fact that the effectiveness of the current treatments for TBI is limited. Recent work in animal models as well as clinical trials, has identified a positive role for the hormone progesterone in the treatment of TBI. Thus, this work sought to build on that observation and test the central hypothesis that the hormonally active form of vitamin D could be useful as an adjunct...
Show moreThe health care and quality of life costs of traumatic brain injury (TBI) are growing annually. This is in part due to the fact that the effectiveness of the current treatments for TBI is limited. Recent work in animal models as well as clinical trials, has identified a positive role for the hormone progesterone in the treatment of TBI. Thus, this work sought to build on that observation and test the central hypothesis that the hormonally active form of vitamin D could be useful as an adjunct to progesterone treatment after medial frontal cortex contusion. To test this hypothesis, we first used direct measurements of water accumulation as the site of injury to examine the extent to which vitamin D acts to reduce edema associated with TBI. We also employed two forms of (standard proton and diffusion-weighted) high strength magnetic resonance imaging (900 MHz) to develop the methodology to make long term measurements of water accumulation and the effectiveness of interventions after TBI. The results from these combined methodologies suggest that vitamin D is an effective adjunct to treatment with progesterone by reducing acute edema that is frequently associated with poor long-term behavioral outcomes. Our initial attempts to identify the mechanisms responsible for the synergistic effect of vitamin D and progesterone included measurement of a number of proteins in and around the site of injury that are known to regulate the action of steroid hormones and water accumulation in the brain. Interestingly, neither injury nor treatment altered the expression of aquaporin-4 (AQP-4), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 24-hydroxylase (CYP24). However, there was a 3-fold increase in the progesterone receptor pregnane X (PXR) and in the Multidrug resistance-1 (MDR-1) observed with progesterone treatment compared to sham. These increases were suppressed by vitamin D3 treatment, suggesting a role for vitamin D3 as a PXR antagonist. In contrast, tumor necrosis factor-á expression, which is linked to inflammation, was elevated by the combination therapy. These results suggest that vitamin D may have a role in reducing edema at the site of injury; nevertheless, future work will be needed to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for this observation and determine the impact of possible side effects such as enhanced inflammatory processes.
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Date Issued: 2008
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4459
Format: Thesis

Title: Effects of Resistance Exercise & Dried Plum Consumption on Body Composition, Muscular Strength, & Physical Function in Breast Cancer Survivors.
Creator: Simonavice, Emily Meghan, Panton, Lynn B., Tenenbaum, Gershon, Arjmandi, Bahram H., Ilich, Jasminka Z., Kim, Jeong-Su, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science,...
Show moreSimonavice, Emily Meghan, Panton, Lynn B., Tenenbaum, Gershon, Arjmandi, Bahram H., Ilich, Jasminka Z., Kim, Jeong-Su, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
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Abstract/Description: Breast cancer survivors (BCS) encounter side effects from cancer treatments that negatively affect body composition. Studies have shown that resistance training (RT) and dried plum (DP) consumption may elicit positive body composition changes. The purpose was to assess 27 BCS, (RT, n=14; RT+DP, n=13) pre-and post-intervention (6 months) on the following variables: total body and regional sites (lumbar spine, femur, and forearm) of bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition (by dual...
Show moreBreast cancer survivors (BCS) encounter side effects from cancer treatments that negatively affect body composition. Studies have shown that resistance training (RT) and dried plum (DP) consumption may elicit positive body composition changes. The purpose was to assess 27 BCS, (RT, n=14; RT+DP, n=13) pre-and post-intervention (6 months) on the following variables: total body and regional sites (lumbar spine, femur, and forearm) of bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition (by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), biochemical markers of bone turnover (bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, BAP and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase, TRAP-5b), muscular strength (chest press and leg extension 1-repetition maximums), and physical function (Continuous Scale Physical Functional Performance test). RT consisted of two days/week of ten exercises including two sets of 8-12 repetitions at ~60-80% of 1RM. RT+DP also consumed 90g of DP daily. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed no baseline differences between groups for any of the variables. A two-way group x time ANOVA revealed no interaction for any variables. Time effects were observed for BMD of the right forearm, with the RT+DP group losing significant (p<0.05) BMD from baseline to 6 months (0.476±0.059 to 0.464±0.054g/cm2). No other BMD or body composition variables were changed over the course of the study. TRAP-5b was significantly (p<0.05) decreased for the RT group (4.55±1.57 to 4.03±1.81U/L) as well as for the RT+DP group (p=0.07) (5.10±2.75 to 3.77±1.80U/L). BAP did not change over the course of the study. BCS significantly (p<0.05) increased upper [RT(68±20 to 82±21kg); RT+DP(72±24 to 96±22kg)] and lower [RT(72±19 to 88±28kg); RT+DP(77±17 to 99±19kg)] body strength and total physical function [RT(67.2±10.2 to 73.5±10.1units); RT+DP(63.7±14.1to 73.6±14.5units)]. Results showed DP did not provide additional BMD or biochemical bone turnover benefits to RT for the variables assessed. RT could be an effective means to improve biochemical markers of bone turnover, muscular strength, and physical function in BCS. A longer intervention may be needed to elicit positive changes in body composition and BMD and to reveal the true effects of DP on modulating BMD and biochemical markers of bone turnover.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-5184
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Pre-and Post-Exercise Consumption of Multi Ingredient Performance Supplements on Cardiovascular Health and Body Composition in Trained Men after Six Weeks of Resistance Training.
Creator: Thomas, Dennison David, Ormsbee, Michael J., Kim, Jeong-Su, Kim, Yu Kyoum, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Background: The cardiovascular (CV) and metabolic health benefits or risks associated with consumption of multi-ingredient performance enhancing supplements (MIPS) in conjunction with periodized resistance training (RT) in resistance trained men are unknown. This population is a major target audience for performance supplements, and therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the combined effect of RT and commercially available pre- and post-exercise performance supplements, NO...
Show moreBackground: The cardiovascular (CV) and metabolic health benefits or risks associated with consumption of multi-ingredient performance enhancing supplements (MIPS) in conjunction with periodized resistance training (RT) in resistance trained men are unknown. This population is a major target audience for performance supplements, and therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the combined effect of RT and commercially available pre- and post-exercise performance supplements, NO-Shotgun® (SHOT) and NO-Synthesize® (SYN), respectively, on CV risk and body composition in resistance trained men. Methods: Twenty-four resistance trained men completed 6 weeks (3 times/week) of whole-body periodized RT while either ingesting SHOT 30 min pre-exercise and SYN immediately post-exercise or an isocaloric maltodextrin placebo (PL) 30 min pre-exercise and immediately post-exercise. Before and after 6 weeks of RT and supplementation, resting heart rate (HR), blood pressures (BP), total body fat, android fat, gynoid fat, fat-free mass (FFM) and fasting blood measures of glucose, lipids, nitrate/nitrite (NOx), cortisol, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Statistical analysis was conducted using a 2 x 2 (group x time) repeated measures ANOVA. Significance was set at p<0.05. Results: There was no group x time interaction for HR, BP, blood glucose, lipids, NOx, CRP, cortisol concentrations or body fat. However, there was a time effect where significant decreases in body fat (MIPS: -1.2±1.2%; PL: -0.9±1.1%), android fat (MIPS: -1.8±2.1%; PL: -1.6±2.0%), and gynoid fat (MIPS: -1.3±1.6%; PL: -1.0±1.4%) for both groups were observed. FFM increased in both groups, with MIPS increasing significantly more than the PL group (4.2% vs. 1.9%, p=0.0247). Conclusions: 6 weeks of MIPS ingestion and periodized RT does not alter CV health parameters or blood indices of health or body fat more than a PL treatment in healthy, resistance-trained men. However, MIPS significantly increased FFM.
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-5229
Format: Thesis

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