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Title: Evidence-Based Research for the Geriatric Population.
Creator: Thomason, Danae Katherine, Standley, Jayne M., Darrow, Alice-Anne, Gregory, Sarah, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to analyze the existing quantitative experimental research evaluating the effect of music on symptoms of the geriatric population. A review of literature was conducted on 47 studies found in twelve refereed journals evaluating. Common objectives, assessments, and procedures were identified and clinical guidelines for evidence-based procedures were developed. Results and further quantitative research are suggested and discussed.
Date Issued: 2007
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0377
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Music Therapy and Relaxation Prior to Breastfeeding on the Anxiety of New Mothers and the Behavior State of Their Infants during Feeding.
Creator: Procelli, Danielle Elizabeth, Standley, Jayne M., Madsen, Clifford, Gregory, Dianne, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This study examined the effects of music therapy and relaxation techniques with first time mothers who were breastfeeding. Dependent variables were behavior state of the mother during breastfeeding, behavior state of the infant during breastfeeding, the mother's self-reported perception of anxiety and relaxation during breastfeeding, and the mother's perception of breastfeeding and her use of music one week post discharge. Subjects were sixty (N=60) women who had chosen breastfeeding as their...
Show moreThis study examined the effects of music therapy and relaxation techniques with first time mothers who were breastfeeding. Dependent variables were behavior state of the mother during breastfeeding, behavior state of the infant during breastfeeding, the mother's self-reported perception of anxiety and relaxation during breastfeeding, and the mother's perception of breastfeeding and her use of music one week post discharge. Subjects were sixty (N=60) women who had chosen breastfeeding as their preferred feeding method for their infant. Between 24-48 hours after giving birth to their infant, subjects were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (N=30) who received music therapy prior to breastfeeding or a no music control group (N=30). Results showed a statistically significant difference between the behavior-state of the mothers during their breastfeeding attempt. The experimental group displayed significantly less anxiety-related behaviors and more behaviors associated with relaxation and comfort. There was no significant difference between the behavior-state of the infants during breastfeeding. Data from self-report surveys revealed that mothers in the experimental music group reported feeling significantly more relaxed and less anxious after breastfeeding in the hospital then did the control group. No significant difference was found between groups based on mothers' perceptions of breastfeeding one week post hospital discharge. Additional data were collected for further analysis and implications are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0463
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Patient Preferred Live versus Recorded Music on Non-Responsive Patients in the Hospice Setting as Evidenced by Physiological and Behavioral States.
Creator: Segall, Lorna E., Darrow, Alice-Ann, Standley, Jayne M., Gregory, Dianne, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of music therapy interventions utilizing two types of patient-preferred music—recorded and live, on the behavior states, respiration rates and heart rates of hospice patients who were labeled non-responsive. Participants were 10 older adults (ranging from 60-90 years of age) who were labeled by a nurse or family support counselor as non-responsive. For this study, non-responsive was defined as not reacting to vocal stimulation. Each...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of music therapy interventions utilizing two types of patient-preferred music—recorded and live, on the behavior states, respiration rates and heart rates of hospice patients who were labeled non-responsive. Participants were 10 older adults (ranging from 60-90 years of age) who were labeled by a nurse or family support counselor as non-responsive. For this study, non-responsive was defined as not reacting to vocal stimulation. Each participant participated in sessions that were 40 minutes in length occurring on two consecutive days. The design for this study was Day 1: ABCA and Day 2: ACBA, with A-initial baseline condition, B-participant-preferred recorded music, C-participant-preferred live music, A-return to baseline condition, and patient-preferred live and recorded music conditions alternated between days. All sessions were videotaped for analysis and coded to measure the time participants spent in each of the eight behavior states according to the behavioral state coding system (Guess et al., 1990). Results indicated that the patient-preferred live music condition was significantly more effective than the patient-preferred recorded music condition and the baseline condition in eliciting participants' most alert states. Further analysis revealed no significant difference between the baseline, patient-preferred live music, or participant-preferred recorded music conditions on participants' respiration or heart rates. The live versus recorded music findings of the present study have important implications for the role of music therapists in hospice programs, and for the use of nonverbal forms of communication to evaluate the responses of patients with end-of-life diagnoses.
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Date Issued: 2007
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0282
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Individual Music Therapy Sessions on Mood and Motivation for Progress in Physical and Occupational Therapies Among Adult Rehabilitation Patients.
Creator: Aultman, Sean C., Standley, Jayne M., Madsen, Clifford K., Gregory, Dianne, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this investigation was to determine if individual music therapy sessions had an effect on state mood levels and motivation to progress in physical and occupational therapies among adult patients in an inpatient rehabilitation facility. Subjects were referred for music therapy by the facility's rehabilitation therapist or music therapy staff for issues involving depression, anxiety and low motivation in other therapies. All subjects (N=17) served as their own controls and were...
Show moreThe purpose of this investigation was to determine if individual music therapy sessions had an effect on state mood levels and motivation to progress in physical and occupational therapies among adult patients in an inpatient rehabilitation facility. Subjects were referred for music therapy by the facility's rehabilitation therapist or music therapy staff for issues involving depression, anxiety and low motivation in other therapies. All subjects (N=17) served as their own controls and were placed in a pre-test/post-test design with each instance of data collection lasting one week. During the baseline week, the music therapist assessed subjects' mood on at least three separate days. During the treatment week, subjects received at least three individual music therapy sessions that took place in the patients' rooms. Goals included increasing mood, coping skills and quality of life measures as well as decreasing depression and anxiety. Mood was assessed immediately upon concluding each session. The Profile of Mood States – Brief Form (POMS-BF) was used to measure mood while physical therapy and occupational therapy weekly progress scores were used to measure patient motivation. Results of a one-tailed repeated-measures t-test revealed significant improvements in subject POMS-BF, PT and OT scores after receiving a week of individual music therapy sessions. Findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0258
Format: Thesis

Title: The Comparison of Three Selected Music/Reading Activities on Second-Grade Students' Story Comprehension, on-Task/off-Task Behaviors, and Prefrences for the Three Selected Activities.
Creator: Azan, Amanda Marie, Darrow, Alice-Ann, Gregory, Dianne, Standley, Jayne M., College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Research suggests that music is beneficial in teaching both academic and social skills to young children. The purpose of this study was to compare three selected music/reading activities on second-grade students' story comprehension scores, on-task/off-task behaviors, and preferences for the three selected activities. The control condition was reading story with no music (SNM). The two experimental music conditions were: (1) reading story with choral refrain throughout (SCR) and (2) reading...
Show moreResearch suggests that music is beneficial in teaching both academic and social skills to young children. The purpose of this study was to compare three selected music/reading activities on second-grade students' story comprehension scores, on-task/off-task behaviors, and preferences for the three selected activities. The control condition was reading story with no music (SNM). The two experimental music conditions were: (1) reading story with choral refrain throughout (SCR) and (2) reading story with instrumental accompaniment throughout (SIA). Participants in the study were children (N=38) ages 7-8 years old, enrolled in one of three second-grade classes at a public elementary school in Northern Florida. The order of conditions was counterbalanced among the classes to control for order effects. Each class received one reading activity per week for a total of three consecutive weeks. Following each reading activity, participants were given a 10-question story comprehension test and a preference assessment. Classes were also videotaped for later analyses of on-task and off-task behaviors during each reading activity. Results indicated a significant difference in story comprehension scores among the conditions for Classes B and C. Results indicated no significant difference in story comprehension scores among the conditions for Class A. Further analyses revealed that students in two of the three classes made significantly higher comprehension scores when story reading was paired with the music conditions than the no music condition. Analysis of participants' on-task behaviors revealed the highest percentage of on-task behaviors was during music condition two (story with instrumental accompaniment), followed by music condition one (story with choral refrain). The lowest percentage of on-task behaviors was during the control condition (story with no music). Results also revealed that participants had no significant preferences for the three conditions. These findings suggest that pairing stories with music can be an effective tool in promoting second-grade students' on-task behaviors, and enhancing their story comprehension scores and their preferences for reading activities.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0269
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Music, Gestures, and Music with Gestures on the Sight-Word Recognition of Students with Dyslexia.
Creator: Draper, Ellary Anne, Darrow, Alice-Ann, Standley, Jayne M., Gregory, Sarah, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of music, gestures, and music with gestures on the sight-word recognition of students with dyslexia. Specifically, this study examined participants': 1) sight-word recognition in isolation, 2) time-delay in sight-word recognition, 3) sight-word recognition in reading passages, and 4) reading comprehension of reading passages. Students with dyslexia at a private school for students with dyslexia and attention deficit disorder served as...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to compare the effects of music, gestures, and music with gestures on the sight-word recognition of students with dyslexia. Specifically, this study examined participants': 1) sight-word recognition in isolation, 2) time-delay in sight-word recognition, 3) sight-word recognition in reading passages, and 4) reading comprehension of reading passages. Students with dyslexia at a private school for students with dyslexia and attention deficit disorder served as participants (N = 6). All participants received reading instruction on the target sight-words using music, gestures, and music with gestures. During the music condition, participants sang the target words to short melodic motifs. During the gesture condition, participants signed the words. During the music with gesture condition, participants both sang and signed the target words. Results indicated that participants made significant improvement pre- to posttest for sight-word recognition in isolation and in reading passages. All conditions resulted in significant participant improvement pre- to posttest; however, both music and gestures used alone were significantly more effective than music with gestures. There was no significant difference in participants' time-delay of sight-words in isolation or in reading comprehension of selected passages.
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Date Issued: 2007
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0676
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Music Therapy Coursework on Taiwanese College Students' Music Therapy Knowledge.
Creator: Wu, Yang-Ching, Standley, Jayne M., Darrow, Alice-Ann, Gregory, Dianne, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of the study was to explore the music therapy knowledge among college music students in Taiwan. This study chose three groups of students. Group A (n = 50) included Junior and Senior music students who had taken or were currently taking music therapy courses. Group B (n = 57) consisted of music students selected from the ranks of Sophomore or Junior at each of the colleges offering music therapy courses, who had not taken any music therapy course. Group C (n = 83) was constituted...
Show moreThe purpose of the study was to explore the music therapy knowledge among college music students in Taiwan. This study chose three groups of students. Group A (n = 50) included Junior and Senior music students who had taken or were currently taking music therapy courses. Group B (n = 57) consisted of music students selected from the ranks of Sophomore or Junior at each of the colleges offering music therapy courses, who had not taken any music therapy course. Group C (n = 83) was constituted of students selected from among the Junior and Senior attending colleges that did not offer music therapy courses. The results of the study showed that students in group A were significantly more knowledgeable about music therapy than students in groups B and C. The music therapy courses did help to increase understanding of the diverse uses of music and its applications to specific populations in a variety of settings and using different techniques. A second analysis indicated that there were no significant difference among those three groups on evaluation of music therapy interests and curriculum. The researcher suggested that music educators in Taiwan should take the benefits of course offerings in music therapy into consideration when contemplating the development of the curricula of their schools.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0707
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Group Music Therapy Interventions and Individual Music Therapy Interventions on Changes in Depressive Symptoms in Elderly Persons with Dementia in Residential Facilities.
Creator: Dobbins, Sharon Rebecca, Standley, Jayne M., Madsen, Clifford K., Gregory, Dianne, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study is to determine which form of music therapy sessions, bi-weekly group sessions or weekly individual sessions, is more effective in increasing music participation and decreasing depressive symptoms in elderly persons with dementia in a residential facility environment. The Participants (N=13), were each chosen based on a diagnosis of dementia from two residential facilities in Florida. Participants in group one (N=7) received two 30 minute group music therapy sessions...
Show moreThe purpose of this study is to determine which form of music therapy sessions, bi-weekly group sessions or weekly individual sessions, is more effective in increasing music participation and decreasing depressive symptoms in elderly persons with dementia in a residential facility environment. The Participants (N=13), were each chosen based on a diagnosis of dementia from two residential facilities in Florida. Participants in group one (N=7) received two 30 minute group music therapy sessions twice a week for three weeks, while participants in group 2 (N=6) received a 20 minute individual music therapy session once a week for three weeks. Each group acted as its own control, so data were taken the week prior to treatment as well. The instruments used in this study were a simple on task/off task form to observe participation levels. Participation levels were converted into charts and graphs. Results showed that participation levels were consistently higher in the individual sessions than in group sessions. The researcher used the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) to observe depressive symptoms. The CSDD was administered four times, at the end of the first week to establish baseline and the following three weeks of music therapy intervention. Data for the CSDD were statistically analyzed using a two-way repeated measure, ANOVA. There were significant differences in both groups on the CSDD between no intervention and the music therapy conditions (F=23.091, df=3,α=.000). However, there was no significant difference between group vs. individual music therapy sessions (F=1.247, df=3, α=.309).
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0723
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of One-to-One Music Therapy on Attitudes, Behaviors, and Body Image Dissatisfaction for University Students with Body Image Issues.
Creator: Dinkel, Rachel N., Standley, Jayne M., Madsen, Clifford, Gregory, Diane, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Body image, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorders are issues for which more and more people are seeking treatment. Children and adults alike are experiencing these problems in our society, and there are many aspects to body image problems and disordered eating that merit assistance. Research shows that recovery from eating disorders is possible with a variety of interventions, including therapy, counseling, and medication. To date there is little published research about the effects of...
Show moreBody image, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorders are issues for which more and more people are seeking treatment. Children and adults alike are experiencing these problems in our society, and there are many aspects to body image problems and disordered eating that merit assistance. Research shows that recovery from eating disorders is possible with a variety of interventions, including therapy, counseling, and medication. To date there is little published research about the effects of music therapy counseling interventions on eating disorder behaviors and issues. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a variety of music therapy interventions on the amount of self-conscious behaviors observed during one-on-one sessions. Two males and two females participated once per week for six weeks in 30- to 45-minute music therapy sessions consisting of counseling with movement-to-music activities and song writing/lyric analysis activities. Each session was videotaped for observation of self-conscious behaviors. Mean scores of pre- and post-test data as well as observational data were taken over the course of the 6 weeks. Results showed changes in clothes tugging behaviors and body-shifting behaviors at baseline from before and after the application of music and movement. Results showed that overall the participants experienced an increase in positive attitudes and behaviors related to their body image. Also, participants reported positive experiences regarding the study's effect on their body image.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0728
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Music Therapy and Deep Breathing on Pain in Patients Recovering from Gynecologic Surgery in the Pacu.
Creator: Adams, Kristen S., Standley, Jayne M., Gregory, Dianne, Madsen, Clifford, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This study examined the effects of music therapy paired with deep breathing in the PACU. Dependent variables were amount of pain medication administered (measured in morphine equivalents), hospital length of stay, and perceptual data. Subjects were fifty (N=50) women undergoing gynecologic surgery requiring a hospital stay of at least one night. Subjects were randomly assigned to an experimental music group (N=25) or control group (N=25). Results showed no significant differences for pain...
Show moreThis study examined the effects of music therapy paired with deep breathing in the PACU. Dependent variables were amount of pain medication administered (measured in morphine equivalents), hospital length of stay, and perceptual data. Subjects were fifty (N=50) women undergoing gynecologic surgery requiring a hospital stay of at least one night. Subjects were randomly assigned to an experimental music group (N=25) or control group (N=25). Results showed no significant differences for pain medication between groups. The length of hospital stay was significantly shorter for the music group. Subjects in the music group also reported their post-PACU pain levels to be significantly lower than the control group. Further results and implications are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0042
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Playbased Music Therapy on the Motor and Communication Skills with a Child with Partial Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum.
Creator: Albright, Jessica P., Standley, Jayne M., Madsen, Clifford K., Gregory, Dianne, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this case study was to examine the effect of playbased music therapy on the motor and communication skills with a child with partial agenesis of the corpus callosum. The subject participated in 30 minute playbased music therapy sessions three times a week for three months. Data were collected using the Developmental Assessment of Young Children as a pretest and posttest over the same three month time period. Additionally, free text documentation notes and a checklist of...
Show moreThe purpose of this case study was to examine the effect of playbased music therapy on the motor and communication skills with a child with partial agenesis of the corpus callosum. The subject participated in 30 minute playbased music therapy sessions three times a week for three months. Data were collected using the Developmental Assessment of Young Children as a pretest and posttest over the same three month time period. Additionally, free text documentation notes and a checklist of targeted skills with corresponding attempts and skill achievement was completed after each music therapy session. Results indicate that the subject showed significant improvement. On the pretest and posttest the subject improved 12.29% on the communication standard score and 5.29% on the motor standard score, from a one to a four in the communication percentile and from a four to a six in the motor percentile, from 24 months to 31 months in the communication age equivalent and from 28 to 33 months in the motor age equivalent. There were no changes in the pretest and posttest in communication for rating as the subject stayed in the poor level, with a standard score of 70-79. For the pretest and posttest in motor the subject moved from the very poor level, standard score of 70 and below, to the poor level standard score of 70-79. Results in the month to month comparison for communication show correlations in positive directions for times attempted versus improvement in emergent verbalization in month one (r= 0.829), in month two (r= 0.698), and in month three (r= 0.864). For times attempted versus improvement for communication gestures the correlations were moderate in month one (r= 0.654) and, in month two (r= 0.485). In month three, eight out of 27 items attempted were improved. Functional assisted verbalization was used one time during the experiment and six items out of 26 items attempted improved. Small improvement was seen in functional verbalizations in month one in two out of 26 items, one out of 29 items in month two, and four out of 27 items in month three. The subject perfected the verbalization of two words in month two and six words in month three. The month to month comparison for motor skills show moderate to strong correlations in positive directions in times attempted versus improvement in month one (r= 0.642), in month two (r= 0.839), and in month three (r= 0.718). This study demonstrates the first known music therapy results with an individual with partial agenesis of the corpus callosum. These findings support the theory that music would benefit neurologic development and demonstrate a need for further music therapy investigations with individuals with partial or full agenesis of the corpus callosum.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0159
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of a Computerized Training Program on the Participants' Knowledge of Nonverbal Communication in Medical, Educational, and Therapeutic Settings.
Creator: Alexander, Jessica Kay, Darrow, Alice-Ann, Gregory, Dianne, Standley, Jayne M., College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a computerized training program on participants' knowledge concerning the role of nonverbal communication in medical, educational, and therapeutic settings. Participants in the study (n = 50) were music therapy majors (n = 35) and music education majors (n = 15) from a large Southeastern university. Two 30-minute training modules were designed and programmed for the purposes of the study utilizing the computer software program...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a computerized training program on participants' knowledge concerning the role of nonverbal communication in medical, educational, and therapeutic settings. Participants in the study (n = 50) were music therapy majors (n = 35) and music education majors (n = 15) from a large Southeastern university. Two 30-minute training modules were designed and programmed for the purposes of the study utilizing the computer software program Adobe Captivate 3. Participants were individually pre- and posttested before and after completing the modules during two 45-minute separate sessions. Participants' made significant gains from pre- to posttest indicating that the computerized training modules were effective for teaching music therapy and music education students knowledge of nonverbal communication. There were no significant differences between music therapy or music education majors or between males and females in their abilities to learn information utilizing the computerized training program. Previous research indicates that nonverbal communication is an important factor in effective clinical and educational practice; however, nonverbal communication is not typically a part of most music therapy or music education curricula. The present study indicates that the computerized instruction utilized in this study is a viable method for teaching students, and perhaps practitioners, information related to the effective use of nonverbal communication in clinical and education practice.
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Date Issued: 2008
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0163
Format: Thesis

Title: The Deaf Perspective: A Content Analysis Study to Determine Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Individuals' Perceptions and Attitudes Towards Music.
Creator: Watkins Wilver, Corinne Scalia, Darrow, Alice-Ann, Standley, Jayne M., Gooding, Lori F. (Lori Fogus), Florida State University, College Ofmusic, College of Music
Abstract/Description: The purpose of the present study was to determine deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals’ perceptions and attitudes towards music. Content analysis was used to examine online weblogs, vlogs, videos, and articles written by deaf or hard-of-hearing individuals that focused on the topic of music. Results revealed a total of 27 relevant online sources used in the current study. Of those sources, 215 individual comments about music were analyzed for thematic content and placed into one of 18...
Show moreThe purpose of the present study was to determine deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals’ perceptions and attitudes towards music. Content analysis was used to examine online weblogs, vlogs, videos, and articles written by deaf or hard-of-hearing individuals that focused on the topic of music. Results revealed a total of 27 relevant online sources used in the current study. Of those sources, 215 individual comments about music were analyzed for thematic content and placed into one of 18 separate categories. The five categories or themes with the highest percentages of comments were (1) music experienced through visual or vibratory methods, (2) music and Deaf Culture, (3) personal fulfillment through music, (4) the importance of music, and (5) preference for musical instruments. Of the 215 comments, visual or vibratory stimuli were the most cited methods of experiencing music for Deaf or hard-of-hearing individuals. Many comments in the study stated feeling the vibrations produced by music is vital to being able to fully access the sound. Comments from deaf musicians also cited the importance of feeling the vibrations produced by their instruments to be able to discriminate between pitches. Thirty-seven comments in the study contained material focused on personal fulfillment through music listening, and comments on why music is significant for Deaf or hard-of-hearing individuals. Several comments within the study simply stated and validated that deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals enjoy music listening and participate in music making. Specific examples of comments about music made by deaf individuals can be found within the results section of this paper. Limitations to the study as well as implications for music educators and music therapists are also discussed.
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Date Issued: 2017
Identifier: FSU_FALL2017_Watkins_fsu_0071N_14272
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Silence, Story Reading, Acapella Singing and Guitar Playing on Inducing Sleep in Preschool Children.
Creator: Pruitt, Sarah Elizabeth, Darrow, Alice-Ann, Standley, Jayne M., Gregory, Sarah Dianne, Florida State University, College of Music, College of Music
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of silence, story reading, acapella singing, and guitar playing on inducing sleep in preschool-aged children within the first 15 minutes of naptime. Thirty-five two- and four-year old children from five classrooms at two facilities participated in the study. Each classroom scheduled afternoon naptime following lunch prior to and during this study. Participants in all five classrooms had scheduled naptimes for three days under each of the...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to determine the effects of silence, story reading, acapella singing, and guitar playing on inducing sleep in preschool-aged children within the first 15 minutes of naptime. Thirty-five two- and four-year old children from five classrooms at two facilities participated in the study. Each classroom scheduled afternoon naptime following lunch prior to and during this study. Participants in all five classrooms had scheduled naptimes for three days under each of the following four conditions: (1) silence, (2) story reading, (3) acapella singing, and (4) guitar playing. An observation form designed for data collection was used by five observers to record the number of children who had: (1) eyes open and talking, (2) eyes open and moving, (3) eyes open and not moving, (4) eyes closed and talking, (5) eyes closed and moving, (6) eyes closed and not moving at 15-second intervals during the first fifteen minutes of naptime. Data recorded in the "eyes closed and not moving" section of the observation form was used to determine the number of children asleep under each condition after 15 minutes of naptime. Results revealed no significant difference in the number of children asleep under the four naptime conditions. The rank order of the most to fewest number of children asleep under the four conditions was: story reading, silence, acapella singing and guitar playing.
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Date Issued: 2015
Identifier: FSU_2015fall_Pruitt_fsu_0071N_12985
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Preferred Recorded Music and Preferred Live Music Provided as Procedural Support on Problem and Positive Behaviors of Individuals with Dementia during Assisted Bathing: A Pilot Study.
Creator: Hagerty, Laura, Darrow, Alice-Ann, Gregory, Sarah Dianne, Standley, Jayne M., Florida State University, College of Music, College of Music
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the effect of preferred recorded music versus preferred live music provided as procedural support by a music therapist on reducing problem behaviors and increasing positive behaviors exhibited by persons with dementia during bathing procedures. Carrying out bathing procedures with persons who have dementia has been identified as one of the most challenging tasks faced by caregivers. Persons with dementia often exhibit aggressive and hostile...
Show moreThe purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the effect of preferred recorded music versus preferred live music provided as procedural support by a music therapist on reducing problem behaviors and increasing positive behaviors exhibited by persons with dementia during bathing procedures. Carrying out bathing procedures with persons who have dementia has been identified as one of the most challenging tasks faced by caregivers. Persons with dementia often exhibit aggressive and hostile behaviors when engaged in bathing procedures with their caregivers. Because of the lack of previous research designed to address these problem behaviors, and the personal nature of bathing procedures, an experimental probe was carried out with five individuals in the later stages of dementia living in a nursing facility. The designated caregivers of these five individuals volunteered their loved ones to serve as participants in this pilot study. Participants were observed for a total of three showers: one with no music, one with recorded preferred music, and one with music therapy with live preferred music. During the three showers, the music therapist and the staff member administering the bath observed the durations of both problem and positive behaviors. Results were mixed among the five participants; though preferred live music was generally more effective than recorded preferred music or no music in reducing problem behaviors and increasing positive behaviors.
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Date Issued: 2015
Identifier: FSU_2015fall_Hagerty_fsu_0071N_12960
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Performance Medium on the Emotional Response of the Listener as Measured by the Continuous Response Digital Interface.
Creator: Plack, David Scot, Madsen, Clifford K., Ohlsson, Eric, Geringer, John, Gregory, Diane, Dunnigan, Patrick, Standley, Jayne M., College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether participants from varied performance-media backgrounds experience a felt emotional response through performance media different from their own. Specifically, how does this emotional response compare to the emotional response shown through their own performance medium? Secondarily, the study examined whether the response patterns over time of the Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) dial show a relationship between listening...
Show moreThe primary purpose of this study was to determine whether participants from varied performance-media backgrounds experience a felt emotional response through performance media different from their own. Specifically, how does this emotional response compare to the emotional response shown through their own performance medium? Secondarily, the study examined whether the response patterns over time of the Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) dial show a relationship between listening groups and/or performance media. Volunteer participants (N = 143) consisted of graduate and undergraduate music majors, non-music majors, and non-musicians at a large comprehensive university. Recordings were presented using the following performance media: (1) voice, (2) wind ensemble (non-marching), (3) marching band (non-music major), (4) piano, and (5) popular dance music (non-musicians). Based on primary performance area, participants were assigned to one of the five groups: voice (n = 31), wind ensemble (n = 25), marching band (n = 27), piano (n = 33), and non-musicians (n = 27). Participants in each group were asked to manipulate the CRDI dial corresponding to their felt emotional response to the music. All participants listened and responded to five performance media renditions of Giacomo Puccini's Nessun Dorma from the opera, Turandot. Means and standard deviation were determined and graphically displayed. Graphs include separate composite means and ongoing standard deviation response graphs for each excerpt and one composite response graph detailing overall mean and overall mean standard deviation by group for each excerpt. Visual inspections of the composite graphs demonstrate both large as well as subtle differences among and between groups and that participant responses differentiated across the musical stimuli. Ongoing changing responses of participants within participant groups provide the most important description of responses. Further analysis of the composite response graphs demonstrates a strong relationship between responses of the music major groups (voice, piano, and wind ensemble) and their respective corresponding excerpts. There was also a strong relationship between the responses of the non-music major groups and their respective corresponding excerpts (DCI/marching band and popular dance music).
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Date Issued: 2006
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0648
Format: Thesis

Title: Parkinson's Disease: A Neurologic Description and Music Therapy Clinical Curriculum.
Creator: Davis, Mary-Margaret Peyton, Standley, Jayne M., Darrow, Alice-Ann, Madsen, Clifford, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Music therapy is an established healthcare profession with evidence-based, adaptive therapeutic applications providing a unique and valued role within the neurologic healthcare setting. Neuroscientific research in music is giving rise to new ideas, perspectives, and methods for the music therapy development of more effective therapeutic interventions for persons living with Parkinson's disease. Research in music therapy and in other areas such as neuroscience, physical, speech, and...
Show moreMusic therapy is an established healthcare profession with evidence-based, adaptive therapeutic applications providing a unique and valued role within the neurologic healthcare setting. Neuroscientific research in music is giving rise to new ideas, perspectives, and methods for the music therapy development of more effective therapeutic interventions for persons living with Parkinson's disease. Research in music therapy and in other areas such as neuroscience, physical, speech, and occupational therapy have established scientific evidence supporting the effect of rhythmic and musical stimulation on motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism. The contemporary music therapy neuroscience approach integrates the functional use of external rhythmic cueing and other music-based methods with a variety of research supported strategies to enhance the quality of life for the individual living with Parkinson's. This thesis provide a complete literature review, detailed description of Parkinson's disease and its symptoms, and an evidence-based music therapy curriculum for clinical treatment of this population. In fall 2008, a music therapy clinical pilot program was created and developed as a community outreach for persons living with Parkinson's disease. Music therapy curriculum evolved from this program which is currently on-going with a weekly consistent attendance. This music therapy clinical movement program entails a progression of simple to more complex movement initiations utilizing musical stimuli and external auditory cueing applied to a range of motor activities implemented at a specific number of beats per minute (BPM). Evidence-based activities include specific stretches and exercises to decrease rigidity, increase joint mobility, decrease bradykinesia and akinesia of gait initiation, and positively enhance mood. Motor-neuro exercises from the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) are also utilized. Patient preferred music is used to increase motivation to perform activity while improving fine motor coordination and motor initiation responses. Initial simple to complex movement patterns to specific rhythmic stimuli progress to structured ballroom dancing and adapted line dancing.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0805
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Music Therapy on the Spirituality of Persons in an In-Patient Hospice Unit as Measured by Self-Report.
Creator: Wlodarczyk, Natalie, Standley, Jayne M., Madsen, Clifford K., Gregory, Dianne, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of music therapy on the spirituality of persons in an in-patient hospice unit as measured by self-report. Subjects (N=10) were used as their own control in an ABAB design format. Session A consisted of approximately 30 minutes of music therapy, after which the patient/subject responded to a spiritual well-being questionnaire; session B consisted of approximately 30 minutes of a non-music visit, after which the patient/subject responded to...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect of music therapy on the spirituality of persons in an in-patient hospice unit as measured by self-report. Subjects (N=10) were used as their own control in an ABAB design format. Session A consisted of approximately 30 minutes of music therapy, after which the patient/subject responded to a spiritual well-being questionnaire; session B consisted of approximately 30 minutes of a non-music visit, after which the patient/subject responded to a spiritual well-being questionnaire. The spiritual well-being questionnaire used in this study is an 18-item, religiously non-specific, self-report questionnaire using a Likert Scale of six degrees adapted from the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (Ellison & Paloutzian, 1982). All subjects gave written consent prior to participation in the study. Data results were graphically and statistically analyzed after four visits and four spiritual well-being questionnaires were completed for each subject. Results indicate a statistically significant increase in scores on music days.
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Date Issued: 2003
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0883
Format: Thesis

Title: Hospice Music Therapy Song Repertoire and Music Therapy Techniques.
Creator: Pierce, Janelle A., VanWeelden, Kimberly, Standley, Jayne M., Gregory, Dianne, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to investigate the repertoire and therapeutic techniques utilized by hospice music therapists. An electronic survey consisting of two sections was sent to 134 hospice music therapists through email. Of these, only 40 music therapists completed the survey, creating a return rate of 30%. The first section of the survey pertained to the songs music therapists use the most frequently in the following five genres: Oldies (popular music prior to 1950); Religious...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the repertoire and therapeutic techniques utilized by hospice music therapists. An electronic survey consisting of two sections was sent to 134 hospice music therapists through email. Of these, only 40 music therapists completed the survey, creating a return rate of 30%. The first section of the survey pertained to the songs music therapists use the most frequently in the following five genres: Oldies (popular music prior to 1950); Religious/Spirituals; Country/Western; Musicals; and Popular (popular music from 1950 to the present). The second section of the survey compiled a list of 20 therapeutic techniques and the music therapists were asked to rate how frequently they use each technique. The results for this study revealed a total of 577 song recommendations for all five genres. The genres which received the most song recommendations were Popular (n = 146) and Oldies (n = 139). Additionally, results found all listed techniques, with the exception of one, were used by at least one music therapist to some degree within the hospice setting. Further results are discussed in the paper.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0810
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Music Therapy and Psychoeducation versus Psychoeducation for Mainstreaming Mental Health Patients into Society.
Creator: Pierce, James Wallace, Standley, Jayne M., Madsen, Clifford, Gregory, Dianne, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This study examined the effects of music therapy with a psychoeducation curriculum with 40 heterogeneously diagnosed adult psychiatric patients. This study used two pre/posttests, Life Skills Attitude Questionnaire (LSA) and Community Living Competencies evaluation (CLC) and subjects? perceptions of sessions as indicated by the Session Evaluation and Response Sheet (SERS). Scores on the LSA and CLC were found to be significant between groups using a Mann-Whitney U statistic test. Future...
Show moreThis study examined the effects of music therapy with a psychoeducation curriculum with 40 heterogeneously diagnosed adult psychiatric patients. This study used two pre/posttests, Life Skills Attitude Questionnaire (LSA) and Community Living Competencies evaluation (CLC) and subjects? perceptions of sessions as indicated by the Session Evaluation and Response Sheet (SERS). Scores on the LSA and CLC were found to be significant between groups using a Mann-Whitney U statistic test. Future research implications are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0811
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Patient Preferred Recorded Music versus Nonmusic on the Progress of Physical Rehabilitation in Sports Medicine.
Creator: Piercy, Sarah Elizabeth, Standley, Jayne M., Darrow, Alice-Ann, Gregory, Dianne, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of preferred recorded music on heart rate, perceived pain and total exercise capacity during regular physical therapy exercises prescribed for sports related injuries. Subjects included 16 male and 10 female athletes who were referred by an orthopedic surgeon for Physical Therapy at the Tallahassee Orthopedic Sports Physical Therapy Clinic. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups, (a) physical therapy with music, and (b)...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of preferred recorded music on heart rate, perceived pain and total exercise capacity during regular physical therapy exercises prescribed for sports related injuries. Subjects included 16 male and 10 female athletes who were referred by an orthopedic surgeon for Physical Therapy at the Tallahassee Orthopedic Sports Physical Therapy Clinic. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups, (a) physical therapy with music, and (b) physical therapy without music. A two-sample, independent method of measurement was used. Pre-tests were completed on visit one and post-tests completed on visit four. Music was not used with any subject on visit one. Baseline measurements of each variable were recorded and subjects were randomly assigned to either the music group or the control group. The control group exercised for three sessions without music. The experimental group exercised for three sessions with music. The investigator returned on the fourth visit to record final measurements of heart rate, pain perception and total exercise capacity. Differences in post-test data between groups were then compared using the Mann-Whitney U Test. Results indicated no significant differences between groups; however, mean scores for post-test data show that subjects in the music group experienced similar heart rate averages, less pain and a greater increase in total capacity of exercise. Subject's verbal feedback indicated that music during exercise increased exercise enjoyment. Only two out of the 26 participants stated that music was not part of their regular exercise routine.
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Date Issued: 2008
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0809
Format: Thesis

Title: A Replication of a Concise Emotional Inventory for an Adolescent Population.
Creator: Bailey, Christopher D., Madsen, Clifford, Standley, Jayne M., Fredrickson, William, Darrow, Alice-Ann, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Adolescent emotions are constantly changing as new life experiences and freedoms begin to emerge from daily life activity. This study investigated the emotional attribution patterns of adolescents using a concise emotional inventory. The concise emotional inventory used in this study was taken from an original study conducted by Madsen, Madsen, and Madsen (2009) which assessed the emotional attribution patterns of college-aged students. The researcher modified the concise emotional inventory...
Show moreAdolescent emotions are constantly changing as new life experiences and freedoms begin to emerge from daily life activity. This study investigated the emotional attribution patterns of adolescents using a concise emotional inventory. The concise emotional inventory used in this study was taken from an original study conducted by Madsen, Madsen, and Madsen (2009) which assessed the emotional attribution patterns of college-aged students. The researcher modified the concise emotional inventory by changing questions to better suit the adolescent population. This slightly modified scale was then used with adolescents. The scale consisted of twenty three questions and each question was answered using an 11 point Likert scale. The scale on the inventory appeared as -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, covering a range from negative through positive response. The inventory concluded with a section that allowed each participant to organize their highest and lowest scores, analyze them, and determine if any further actions or improvements were necessary. In the present study, comparisons were made with sixth- through twelfth-grade students at a large school in Northern Florida (N = 250). Comparisons from the results of the present study and results from the original study (Madsen, Madsen, and Madsen, 2009), indicated that there were in general many similarities and several differences between the emotional states of adolescents compared to college-age students. Results of the current study indicated that when participants were asked to rate their current emotional state "this morning," participants displayed the lowest mean. Also, where participants were asked to rate their current emotional state regarding "future schooling," participants displayed the highest mean. Adolescent participants were able to recognize and analyze emotional attribution as well as determine if the results were trivial or consequential. Suggestions for beneficial uses of the instrument by educators and mental health professionals are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0898
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Contingent Lullaby Music on Parent-Infant Interaction and Amount of Infant Crying in the First Six Weeks of Life.
Creator: Robertson, Amy Marie Cermak, Standley, Jayne M., Holzman, Bruce, Madsen, Clifford K., Geringer, John M., Florida State University, College of Music
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a contingent live music intervention on full term infants’ amount of crying and parent-infant interaction in the first six weeks of life. Subjects (N = 65) were parent-infant dyads who were randomly assigned to either a no-contact control or experimental treatment group. The researcher wrote an original lullaby with each mother in the experimental group and gave instructions as to how to use the lullaby as reinforcement for infant quiet,...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a contingent live music intervention on full term infants’ amount of crying and parent-infant interaction in the first six weeks of life. Subjects (N = 65) were parent-infant dyads who were randomly assigned to either a no-contact control or experimental treatment group. The researcher wrote an original lullaby with each mother in the experimental group and gave instructions as to how to use the lullaby as reinforcement for infant quiet, non-crying behavior. All subjects participated in an assessment for infant crying behaviors once a week for six weeks as well as a six-week follow up video of parent-infant interaction. Infant crying behavior was measured by recording the total number of minutes each infant cried one day a week for six weeks. Parent-infant interaction was measured by observation using the LoTTS Parent-Infant Interaction Coding Scale (Beatty, Stacks, Partridge, Tzilos, Loree, & Ondersma, 2011). All participants were asked to complete a Value of Music survey, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (Cox, Holden, & Sagovsky, 1987). All subjects in the experimental group were assessed once a week for six weeks for total number of times the contingent music was used. Results indicated that training in the contingent music intervention significantly reduced infant crying duration while increasing mother-infant interaction behaviors for mothers in the experimental group. Analysis by demographic variables such as mother parity, socioeconomic status, and marital status showed no significant group differences on infant crying or interaction scores despite the body of research showing these variables usually affect the quality of caregiver/infant involvement and attachment. Mothers that used the contingent music intervention were more motivated to sing and valued the use of music with their infants more than did mothers in the control group. The outcomes of this study warrant the need for further research on additional benefits of decreased crying time on the infant/caregiver relationship including infant sleep time and caregiver stress.
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Date Issued: 2017
Identifier: FSU_SUMMER2017_Robertson_fsu_0071E_13995
Format: Thesis

Title: Music Therapy for Eating Disorders: A Manual for the Use of Music Therapy as an Integrative Therapy for the Treatment of Individuals with Eating Disorders.
Creator: Powers, Leah Elizabeth, Gooding, Lori F. (Lori Fogus), Standley, Jayne M., Gregory, Sarah Diane, Florida State University, College of Music
Abstract/Description: An eating disorder is a psychological disorder that affects one’s eating habits. According to a 2011 study, approximately 20 million women and 10 million men in the United States suffer from a clinical eating disorder at some point in their lives (Wade, Keski-Rahkonen, & Hudson, 2011). Eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and other disorders (DSM V, 2013). Recent research has indicated that the prevalence of anorexia nervosa is 0.3% in males, 0.9%...
Show moreAn eating disorder is a psychological disorder that affects one’s eating habits. According to a 2011 study, approximately 20 million women and 10 million men in the United States suffer from a clinical eating disorder at some point in their lives (Wade, Keski-Rahkonen, & Hudson, 2011). Eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and other disorders (DSM V, 2013). Recent research has indicated that the prevalence of anorexia nervosa is 0.3% in males, 0.9% in females, and 0.3% in adolescents (Hoek, 2006). In 2007, the first national survey to include eating disorders found the prevalence of bulimia nervosa to be 1.5% in the United States (Hudson, Hiripi, Kessler, 2007). The fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2013) was revised to include binge eating disorder, which has a prevalence rate of 2.6% in white women and 4.5% in African American women (DSM V, 2013; Pike, Dohm, Striegel-Moore, & Fairburn, 2001; Striegel-Moore, Wilfley, & Pike, 2000). Though overall prevalence rates are low, eating disorders impact millions of Americans each year, and eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of all psychiatric disorders(Neumarker, 2000). Music therapy, defined as the use of musical interventions to address non-musical goals, has its roots in mental health care (Silverman, 2015). While music therapy is one of the treatment options for individuals with eating disorders, very little research is available regarding music therapy with this population (Hilliard, 2001). This manual provides an overview of music therapy for the treatment of eating disorders with the purpose of better equipping music therapists with the knowledge and tools to serve the growing eating disorder population.
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Date Issued: 2017
Identifier: FSU_SUMMER2017_Powers_fsu_0071N_14050
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Single-Session Music Therapy on Pain, Discomfort, and Anxety in In-Patient Hospice Patients.
Creator: Busé, Jonathan Payne, Gooding, Lori F. (Lori Fogus), Standley, Jayne M., Geringer, John M., Florida State University, College of Music
Abstract/Description: The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effects of single-session music therapy on pain, discomfort, and anxiety in in-patient hospice patients. Participants were adults (N=24) receiving hospice care at an in-patient hospice unit. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: experimental (single-session music therapy) and no contact control. Music therapy sessions consisted of Iso principle or music-based life review. The control group received standard care, with no...
Show moreThe purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effects of single-session music therapy on pain, discomfort, and anxiety in in-patient hospice patients. Participants were adults (N=24) receiving hospice care at an in-patient hospice unit. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: experimental (single-session music therapy) and no contact control. Music therapy sessions consisted of Iso principle or music-based life review. The control group received standard care, with no additional services provided. Physiological measures of heart rate, respiration rate, and oxygen saturation level were taken pre- and post-intervention in the music therapy group, and before and after 20 minutes in the control group. Objective nonverbal indicators of pain were also taken during the study-related sessions. Three repeated-measures ANOVAs found no significant differences between groups on physiological measures. Behavioral observations were examined graphically, with trend lines added. While not statistically significant, the music therapy group tended to have more positive responses than the control group. Limitations, implications, and need for future research are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2017
Identifier: FSU_SUMMER2017_Buse_fsu_0071N_14089
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Vocal Style on Perceived Empathy, Rapport, Patient Engagement, and Competency of Music Therapists.
Creator: Jones, Sally Ann, Gooding, Lori F., Standley, Jayne M., VanWeelden, Kimberly D., Florida State University, College of Music, College of Music
Abstract/Description: Music therapy is unique due to the integration of music and therapeutic interactions to achieve functional outcomes among clients. The purpose of this study was to investigate if singing with accurate vocal style in a music therapy session affected perceived therapeutic outcomes of a music therapy session, including perceived empathy and competency of music therapists, rapport between patient and therapist, therapeutic value of interactions, and patient engagement. Participants (N = 42) were...
Show moreMusic therapy is unique due to the integration of music and therapeutic interactions to achieve functional outcomes among clients. The purpose of this study was to investigate if singing with accurate vocal style in a music therapy session affected perceived therapeutic outcomes of a music therapy session, including perceived empathy and competency of music therapists, rapport between patient and therapist, therapeutic value of interactions, and patient engagement. Participants (N = 42) were adults 20 – 81 years old who were part of the music ministry at a local religious organization. Participants were randomly assigned to four groups and viewed a series of four videos depicting a mock music therapy session that included excerpts of a gospel, jazz, pop, and country song either with or without vocal style. Participants rated dependent measures on a five-point Likert-type rating scale. Overall results indicated a significant difference between no style and style genres regardless of therapeutic outcome measure or musical genre. Further results showed significant differences in perceived rapport, therapeutic value, and patient engagement in country, jazz, and gospel genres and perceived competency in the jazz genre. Findings suggested that vocal style is important in music therapy practice as it enhances perceived therapeutic outcomes. Implications for practice are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2018
Identifier: 2018_Sp_Jones_fsu_0071N_14557
Format: Thesis

Title: The Long-Term Effect of Music Therapy on Nurses' Self-Perceived Stress Levels.
Creator: Steele, Erica D. (Erica Danielle), Standley, Jayne M., Gregory, Sarah Dianne, Madsen, Clifford K., Florida State University, College of Music, College of Music
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to explore the long-term effect of music therapy intervention (in this case, progressive muscle relaxation) on the self-perceived stress levels of nurses compared to nurses not receiving the intervention. Forty-Six participants, who were Registered Nurses on the Oncology units of a hospital, took part in a relaxation study in which their perceived stress levels were recorded on a Likert type scale. Participants were placed in one of two groups: the progressive...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to explore the long-term effect of music therapy intervention (in this case, progressive muscle relaxation) on the self-perceived stress levels of nurses compared to nurses not receiving the intervention. Forty-Six participants, who were Registered Nurses on the Oncology units of a hospital, took part in a relaxation study in which their perceived stress levels were recorded on a Likert type scale. Participants were placed in one of two groups: the progressive muscle relaxation group (PMR), or the control group in which nurses received no relaxation intervention (NR). Results indicated that participants in the NR group or control group had no significant changes in their stress levels over a 12 hour shift period. The PMR group, or intervention group, had significant indications in relaxation between the second stress survey, given prior to the intervention, and the third stress survey given immediately following the progressive muscle relaxation intervention. After a period of 3 hours, the PMR group showed no significant increases or decreases in relaxation between the third and fourth stress survey, indicating the intervention maintained a relaxation effect after a long-term period of time. Correlations between stress and patient care, as well as, stress and job satisfaction were also identified within and between groups. These findings provide evidence of a long-term relaxation effect on stress levels through the use of music therapy intervention and also provide support for the implementation of music therapy intervention for increased medical staff support and well-being.
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Date Issued: 2018
Identifier: 2018_Sp_Steele_fsu_0071N_14356
Format: Thesis

Title: Current Perceptions of Gender Bias in Music Therapy.
Creator: Puhr, Kevin, Standley, Jayne M., Gregory, Sarah Dianne, Madsen, Clifford K., Florida State University, College of Music, College of Music
Abstract/Description: There has been much research conducted to determine the effects of gender bias in healthcare fields such as nursing. However, there has been very little research on this subject done in the field of music therapy. This study attempts to identify the status of gender bias in the field of music therapy. Participants in this study were board certified music therapists currently working (or who have worked) in the field in the United States. This survey included responses from N=560 Board...
Show moreThere has been much research conducted to determine the effects of gender bias in healthcare fields such as nursing. However, there has been very little research on this subject done in the field of music therapy. This study attempts to identify the status of gender bias in the field of music therapy. Participants in this study were board certified music therapists currently working (or who have worked) in the field in the United States. This survey included responses from N=560 Board Certified Music Therapists. Results demonstrated that there was evidence and report of gender bias affecting music therapists (across all genders) working in the field in multiple aspects of their professional life. Gender bias was perceived at much higher rates among males and individuals who identified as non-binary then among females. Despite experiencing bias, the majority of MT-BCs reported having confidence in treating clients with gender differences.
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Date Issued: 2018
Identifier: 2018_Su_Puhr_fsu_0071N_14800
Format: Thesis

Title: Music Therapy and Burnout: A Manual for Addressing, Defining, and Proposing Coping Strategies for Music Therapists Experiencing Burnout.
Creator: Gredler, Kathleen, Standley, Jayne M., Gooding, Lori F., Gregory, Sarah Dianne, Florida State University, College of Music, College of Music
Abstract/Description: The experience of burnout is profound in negatively affecting an individual's professional and personal competency, self-esteem and self-efficacy. Burnout, which demonstrates an acrimonious effect on human service professionals primarily (Freudenberger, 1974), comprises elements like emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and professional inefficacy (Maslach & Jackson, 1981). Professional demands are rapidly growing and the expectation to fulfill magnified requirements to succeed has resulted in a...
Show moreThe experience of burnout is profound in negatively affecting an individual's professional and personal competency, self-esteem and self-efficacy. Burnout, which demonstrates an acrimonious effect on human service professionals primarily (Freudenberger, 1974), comprises elements like emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and professional inefficacy (Maslach & Jackson, 1981). Professional demands are rapidly growing and the expectation to fulfill magnified requirements to succeed has resulted in a drastic increase in burnout experiences in doctors, nurses, teachers, mental health professionals, counselors, and music therapists among others in the past ten years (Brooks et al, 2010; Shanafelt et al, 2015; Britt, Koranne & Rockwood, 2017; Ryan et al, 2017). Burnout across professions is associated with a high caseload, scarce resources, and negative client feedback (Maslach, Schaufeli, & Leiter, 2001). As an occupational side effect, burnout in music therapy has correlated with decreased longevity and increased turnover rates, feelings of depersonalization, heightened anxiety, and physical issues such as fatigue and impaired memory (Decuir & Vega, 2010; Kim, 2012; Clements-Cortes, 2013). However, along with increased incidence of burnout, more individualized, specific, and effective approaches in preventing and treating burnout have emerged. The most prevalent approach has been the sensationalized yet effective concept of self-care, along with self-compassion, self-efficacy, leadership, and collaboration opportunities. Implementation of self-care strategies, tools, and techniques are becoming increasingly more prevalent in addressing and managing symptoms of burnout (Sanchez-Reilly, 2013; Coaston, 2017; Smit, 2017). This treatise provides an overview of burnout, addresses the music therapy specific experiences and conditions of burnout, and provides clinical objectives in assessing and combating burnout among music therapists. The purpose of this treatise is to (1) define burnout in terms specific to caring professions, and specifically music therapy, (2) identify causes of burnout, (3) identify current interventions in addressing burnout, and (4) introduce new clinical perspectives to the experience of burnout among music therapists.
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Date Issued: 2018
Identifier: 2018_Fall_Gredler_fsu_0071N_14935
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of a Music Therapy-Based Stress Management Program on Perceived Stress of Inmates with Mental Illness.
Creator: Austin, Molly S. (Molly Susan), Gooding, Lori F., Standley, Jayne M., Madsen, Clifford K., Florida State University, College of Music, College of Music
Abstract/Description: Because of the mental health crisis in America's prison system, there is a need for innovative treatments that help inmates with mental illness to better manage their stress. The purpose of this study was to explore the efficacy of a music therapy-based stress management course on lowering perceived stress levels of inmates with mental illnesses. Participants (N=14) were adult male inmates between the ages of 23 and 61 years old diagnosed with a mental illness receiving treatment on a...
Show moreBecause of the mental health crisis in America's prison system, there is a need for innovative treatments that help inmates with mental illness to better manage their stress. The purpose of this study was to explore the efficacy of a music therapy-based stress management course on lowering perceived stress levels of inmates with mental illnesses. Participants (N=14) were adult male inmates between the ages of 23 and 61 years old diagnosed with a mental illness receiving treatment on a Diversionary Treatment Unit (DTU) at a state prison in northwest Florida. Participants were randomly assigned to participate in either a cognitive behavioral music therapy-based stress management course or a cognitive behavioral talk-based stress management course for four weeks. Participants completed dependent measures that indicated their perceived stress levels before and after the study, and they also completed surveys regarding how helpful they perceived each session to be. Results indicated that perceived stress levels were significantly lower at posttest for both the experimental and control groups. There was no significant difference regarding perceived stress levels between the experimental and control groups. However, session helpfulness surveys indicated that a higher percentage of participants in the experimental condition perceived that the interventions were "very helpful" compared to participants in the control condition. Limitations in the current study and implications for future research and music therapy practice in corrections are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2018
Identifier: 2018_Fall_Austin_fsu_0071N_14940
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Music Therapy on Overall Satisfaction Scores of Caregiver's of Hospice Patients.
Creator: Sachariason, Kathleen, Gooding, Lori F., Standley, Jayne M., Gregory, Sarah Dianne, Florida State University, College of Music, College of Music
Abstract/Description: Music therapy services have been shown to increase patient and caregiver satisfaction with services and their perceptions of the facility where care was received. The purpose of this investigation was to gather data on the effect of routine music therapy services on hospice patients' and families' satisfaction with their overall hospice services. A retrospective chart review of CAHPS satisfaction surveys returned by primary caregivers of hospice patients who had been served in a hospice...
Show moreMusic therapy services have been shown to increase patient and caregiver satisfaction with services and their perceptions of the facility where care was received. The purpose of this investigation was to gather data on the effect of routine music therapy services on hospice patients' and families' satisfaction with their overall hospice services. A retrospective chart review of CAHPS satisfaction surveys returned by primary caregivers of hospice patients who had been served in a hospice program that offers music therapy services located in the Southeastern United States was conducted (N=189). Surveys were assigned to one of two cohorts, patients that received music therapy while on hospice services, and patients who did not receive music therapy. Seven of the 58 questions of the CAHPS survey were analyzed. Overall results indicated there were no significant differences between the means of each group on each of the seven questions. Although significance was not found, findings suggest further research focus on more specific measures of music therapy and satisfaction in the hospice setting.
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Date Issued: 2018
Identifier: 2018_Fall_Sachariason_fsu_0071N_14939
Format: Thesis

Title: The Use of Music Therapy in Adolescent and Children Behavioral Health Populations: A Scoping Review.
Creator: Hofius, Maritza, Gooding, Lori F., Standley, Jayne M., Gregory, Sarah Dianne, Florida State University, College of Music, College of Music
Abstract/Description: Music therapy has been used in the psychiatric setting to improve emotional regulation, increase coping skills and interpersonal skills, and provide a safe therapeutic environment, but evidence on the use of music therapy interventions with adolescents and children is still being developed. A scoping review was conducted to identify the literature and extent of publications that addressed music therapy for adolescents and children in psychiatric settings and their psychiatric measures,...
Show moreMusic therapy has been used in the psychiatric setting to improve emotional regulation, increase coping skills and interpersonal skills, and provide a safe therapeutic environment, but evidence on the use of music therapy interventions with adolescents and children is still being developed. A scoping review was conducted to identify the literature and extent of publications that addressed music therapy for adolescents and children in psychiatric settings and their psychiatric measures, modalities/interventions, and diagnoses. A literature search identified 24 publications that meet the inclusion criteria. Publications included research articles, case studies, literature reviews, and theoretical frameworks. Music therapist used interventions such as improvisation, songwriting, and music listening to achieve better global states for their clients. In studies, music therapists used a range of psychiatric measures with the most used ones being the Child Behavior Checklist and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Positions at outpatient centers and school settings appear to have become more available than those in traditional settings in psychiatric hospitals or residential settings. Findings further suggest that while music therapy research is developing for this population, variability and undefined factors in research lead to limited abilities to replicate or apply research clinical settings.
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Date Issued: 2018
Identifier: 2018_Fall_Hofius_fsu_0071N_14950
Format: Thesis

Title: An Examination of Accessibility at the College of Music at a Large Southeastern University.
Creator: Hethcox, Jessica, Darrow, Alice-Ann, Standley, Jayne M., Gooding, Lori F. (Lori Fogus), Florida State University, College of Music
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to examine the accessibility of music concerts and venues at a College of Music at a large Southeastern university. The secondary purpose of the study was to investigate whether accessibility affects participants’ attendance at College of Music events. Members of a patron organization who are frequent attendees at College of Music events served as participants (N=48). Participants completed a questionnaire that included 16 items related to (a) participants’...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to examine the accessibility of music concerts and venues at a College of Music at a large Southeastern university. The secondary purpose of the study was to investigate whether accessibility affects participants’ attendance at College of Music events. Members of a patron organization who are frequent attendees at College of Music events served as participants (N=48). Participants completed a questionnaire that included 16 items related to (a) participants’ demographic information, (b) the accessibility of halls at the College of Music for people with physical disabilities, hearing loss, and vision loss, (c) accessibility of the box office and parking, and, (d) how accessibility affects participants’ concert attendance. Results indicated the majority of participants reported the halls at the College of Music were accessible for people with physical disabilities, hearing loss, and vision loss. Other findings were: (1) parking is the greatest challenge for participants when attending College of Music events, (2) the concert box office for purchasing tickets is accessible, (3) participants do not research information on accessibility before events; therefore, have little knowledge that accessibility information is available, (4) accessibility does not affect participants’ attendance at College of Music events; however, parking and accessibility of the drop off area for some halls discourages them from bringing older family members and friends for whom walking any distance is a challenge. These findings indicate participants perceive the College of Music’s accessibility efforts positively regarding their concert attendance.
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Date Issued: 2019
Identifier: 2019_Spring_Hethcox_fsu_0071N_15190
Format: Thesis

Title: Music Therapy Degree Programs: Forecasting Enrollment, Program Development, and Faculty Demand.
Creator: Iwamasa, Dawn Ayume, Gooding, Lori F. (Lori Fogus), Weissert, William G., Standley, Jayne M., Madsen, Clifford K., Thrasher, Michael, Florida State University, College of Music
Abstract/Description: Music therapy degree programs originated in the 1940s and while programs have come and gone, not much was known about the profession’s trends. The current education policy was adopted in 2000, two years after the National Association for Music Therapy and the American Association for Music Therapy unified to form one governing organization called the American Music Therapy Association. In the decades since the first degree program was started, research focused primarily around entry-level...
Show moreMusic therapy degree programs originated in the 1940s and while programs have come and gone, not much was known about the profession’s trends. The current education policy was adopted in 2000, two years after the National Association for Music Therapy and the American Association for Music Therapy unified to form one governing organization called the American Music Therapy Association. In the decades since the first degree program was started, research focused primarily around entry-level competencies and curriculum issues. While the profession encountered meaningful growth in degree programs and enrollment, concerns were expressed regarding a possible shortage of doctorally prepared faculty. Full-time faculty openings are increasing along with a growing number of programs. Enrollment in undergraduate and master’s degree programs are also increasing. Hence, it is imperative that program trends and demand for qualified educators be examined. However, forecasting growth in programs, enrollment, and the need for faculty have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to provide a descriptive analysis of current degree programs and full-time faculty, and to forecast future development of degree programs, enrollment, and the need for qualified faculty for the coming decade. The Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was used as the forecasting method and the models predict that music therapy degree programs will grow a modest 6% compared to the prior decade’s 17% growth. Music therapy enrollment at NASM accredited schools, will grow more rapidly at 34%, however it is still less than the 65% growth experienced from 2000 to 2018. Demand for new full-time faculty was estimated based on retirement trends and enrollment projections. The need for new faculty will expand by 80 full-time positions through 2030. Limitations of the study, the culture of higher education and its impact on future degree program development and faculty recruitment, as well as policy considerations are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2019
Identifier: 2019_Spring_Iwamasa_fsu_0071E_15130
Format: Thesis

Title: An Analysis of Music Therapy and Music Education Intergenerational Programs and Their Importance to the Psychosocial, Physical, and Cognitive Needs of Older Adults.
Creator: Camareno, Nicole, Gooding, Lori F. (Lori Fogus), Standley, Jayne M., Gregory, Sarah Dianne, Florida State University, College of Music
Abstract/Description: The purposes of this study were to: (a) analyze trends in music therapy and music education intergenerational programs pertaining to older adults; (b) identify the most important components pertaining to the psychosocial, physical, and cognitive needs of older adults in intergenerational programs; and (c) demonstrate their importance to the older adult population. Results indicated that intergenerational music programs were increased community engagement and were more effective in larger...
Show moreThe purposes of this study were to: (a) analyze trends in music therapy and music education intergenerational programs pertaining to older adults; (b) identify the most important components pertaining to the psychosocial, physical, and cognitive needs of older adults in intergenerational programs; and (c) demonstrate their importance to the older adult population. Results indicated that intergenerational music programs were increased community engagement and were more effective in larger groups because more people could benefit from the outcomes of such programs. Furthermore, a systematic literature search indicated that both music therapy and music education intergenerational programs encompass the psychosocial, physical, and cognitive needs of older adults through interventions such as increasing breath support, interacting with a younger generation, and including choreographed movements. In conclusion, both music therapy and music education intergenerational programs are important to the older adult population; while the areas focus on dissimilar interventions at times, the goal is always the same: increase the quality of life in those actively aging.
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Date Issued: 2019
Identifier: 2019_Spring_Camareno_fsu_0071N_15243
Format: Thesis

Title: Training Parents in Multimodal Neurological Enhancement: A Survey of NICU Music Therapists.
Creator: Whelan, Madison L. (Madison Louise), Standley, Jayne M., Gooding, Lori F. (Lori Fogus), VanWeelden, Kimberly D., Florida State University, College of Music
Abstract/Description: Training parents in Multimodal Neurological Enhancement (MNE) provides parents an opportunity for meaningful interaction with their infant, which has positive benefits for both the parent and the infant. However, little research exists that identifies current practices in providing parents training in MNE. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the training of parents of preterm infants in Multimodal Neurological Enhancement by music therapists. Invitations to participate in...
Show moreTraining parents in Multimodal Neurological Enhancement (MNE) provides parents an opportunity for meaningful interaction with their infant, which has positive benefits for both the parent and the infant. However, little research exists that identifies current practices in providing parents training in MNE. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the training of parents of preterm infants in Multimodal Neurological Enhancement by music therapists. Invitations to participate in the study, including a link to the Qualtrics survey, were sent to 254 email addresses listed on the National Institute for Infant & Child Medical Music Therapy registry. For responses to be included for analysis, respondents had to consent to participate in the study, hold the credential MT-BC, have the designation NICU-MT, and have worked professionally within the NICU within the last 5 years. Thirty-four music therapists (15.59%) responded to the survey, but only 28 met inclusion criteria (N = 28). Eighteen participants (64%) reported providing parents training in MNE. Eighty-three percent of those 18 participants provided an average of 0-2 trainings per week. Responses indicate that while most NICU-MTs perceive parents to benefit from trainings, a number of barriers (institutional, personal, or having to do with parents) exist that impede implementation. Further results and implications for clinical practice are discussed within the paper.
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Date Issued: 2019
Identifier: 2019_Spring_Whelan_fsu_0071N_15208
Format: Thesis

Title: Sing with Me: A Survey to Guide Development of an In-Home Developmental Curriculum for Premature Infants Post-Discharge from a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.
Creator: Riling, Alison Faye, Gooding, Lori F. (Lori Fogus), Standley, Jayne M., Darrow, Alice-Ann, Florida State University, College of Music
Abstract/Description: According to 2017 CDC statistics (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), 1 in 10 infants in the United States are born prematurely. Preterm infants may demonstrate a delay in reaching developmental milestones due to extended hospitalization; however, developmental-based programs like music therapy may offset these delays. Limited research exists exploring follow-up services to offset developmental delays for infants admitted into the NICU upon discharge. The purpose of this study was to...
Show moreAccording to 2017 CDC statistics (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), 1 in 10 infants in the United States are born prematurely. Preterm infants may demonstrate a delay in reaching developmental milestones due to extended hospitalization; however, developmental-based programs like music therapy may offset these delays. Limited research exists exploring follow-up services to offset developmental delays for infants admitted into the NICU upon discharge. The purpose of this study was to survey current music therapists to determine the current needs in the NICU, as well as provide research to assist in the development of follow-up music therapy interventions post discharge. Twenty-eight board certified music therapists who have or currently do work in the NICU participated in an online survey. Participants' responses indicated that all participants completed NICU-MT training, with more than half reporting both having 1-3 years of experience as well as working with a minimum of 7 infants per week. The majority of the participants reported providing parent training in the NICU as well as educational resources prior to discharge. Lastly, the majority of participants responded in agreement regarding the potential benefit for follow-up music therapy services post-discharge.
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Date Issued: 2019
Identifier: 2019_Summer_Riling_fsu_0071N_15432
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of a Single Music-Assisted Mindfulness Relaxation (MAMR) and Psychoeducation Session with Electronic Resource on Wellbeing of Informal Caregivers.
Creator: Steiner, Adrienne Claire, Gooding, Lori F. (Lori Fogus), Holzman, Bruce, Standley, Jayne M., VanWeelden, Kimberly D., Carr, Dawn C., Florida State University, College of Music
Abstract/Description: Various health conditions, and/or aging can result in the need for care assistance. The number of Americans who need care assistance has grown over the past several decades, with the amount expected to increase as the number of individuals entering older adulthood rises. Informal caregivers are those who assist others with medical or other personal tasks without pay. Due to the complex demands of caregiving, informal caregivers often report high levels of stress and decreases in psychosocial...
Show moreVarious health conditions, and/or aging can result in the need for care assistance. The number of Americans who need care assistance has grown over the past several decades, with the amount expected to increase as the number of individuals entering older adulthood rises. Informal caregivers are those who assist others with medical or other personal tasks without pay. Due to the complex demands of caregiving, informal caregivers often report high levels of stress and decreases in psychosocial wellbeing, especially when compared to those who are not caregivers. Research has indicated the need for support interventions to address informal caregivers' needs, yet the unique needs of this population have posed challenges in developing appropriate and accessible resources. The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the effects of a single music therapy session utilizing a music-assisted mindfulness relaxation intervention with psychoeducation session and electronic resource on psychosocial wellbeing of informal caregivers of adults with chronic health needs. Intervention data collection sessions were conducted at an adult day facility, community wellness clinic, and community church sites, and were led by a board-certified music therapist. The intervention facilitated was a music-assisted relaxation exercise utilizing research-supported live guitar accompaniment, guided breathing prompts, imagery, and a spoken mindfulness loving-kindness meditation. Following the music-assisted mindfulness relaxation (MAMR), a psychoeducation discussion was facilitated to educate participants about the techniques experienced and provide strategies for incorporating into daily life practices. Participants were given an electronic recording of the same MAMR done in the intervention session and prompted to use the resource in their preferred manner over a two-week time period. Participants, who were adults aged 62-89 and provided assistance to an individual over the age of 50 for at least five hours per week, for at least the past three months. Perceived stress and wellbeing were measured along with participants' perception of the MAMR intervention and MAMR electronic resource. Perceived stress was measured using a researcher created tool (Likert-type scale) and wellbeing was measured using the WHO (Five) Wellbeing Index (1998 version). Subjects completed the perceived stress score before and following the intervention. The WHO wellbeing index was completed by participants prior to the intervention and two-weeks post session. Results indicated there was a significant difference between perceived stress scores prior to and following the MAMR intervention. Further analysis of perceived stress difference score indicated no difference between those who lived with the care receiver and those who did not. However, results did indicate a significant difference between those who engaged a minimum to moderate level and those who engaged at a maximum level in caregiving duties. Results of WHO wellbeing analysis also indicated a significant difference between scores from pre intervention to two-weeks post intervention. Further analysis indicated there was not a significant difference in WHO wellbeing difference scores between those who used the intervention one time or not at all, and those who used the intervention two times or more. No significant difference was found between those who lived with care receiver and those who did not, and those with minimum to moderate caregiving levels and those with maximum caregiving levels and WHO wellbeing difference scores. Participants' perception of the intervention indicated the use of several techniques when facilitating a similar music-assisted relaxation with informal caregivers in clinical music therapy practice. The outcomes of this study warrant the need for future research to determine effective ways to use this intervention with the informal caregiving population.
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Date Issued: 2019
Identifier: 2019_Summer_Steiner_fsu_0071E_15342
Format: Thesis

Title: Availability of Information on the Web Regarding National Roster Music Therapy Internships: A Content Analysis.
Creator: McCrea, Casie Rose, Gooding, Lori F. (Lori Fogus), Standley, Jayne M., Gregory, Sarah Dianne, Florida State University, College of Music
Abstract/Description: Music therapy is a rapidly growing allied health profession. In order to become a board-certified music therapist (MT-BC), one must complete a college degree program approved by the American Music Therapy Association, which includes an AMTA approved program of study and a six-month internship under the supervision of an MT-BC in good standing with the Certification Board of Music Therapy. This study focused on the six-month internship aspect of training. A content analysis was conducted to...
Show moreMusic therapy is a rapidly growing allied health profession. In order to become a board-certified music therapist (MT-BC), one must complete a college degree program approved by the American Music Therapy Association, which includes an AMTA approved program of study and a six-month internship under the supervision of an MT-BC in good standing with the Certification Board of Music Therapy. This study focused on the six-month internship aspect of training. A content analysis was conducted to determine what information is available on the web to aid prospective music therapy interns in deciding where they will apply, and to aid internship sites to receive applicants who are likely to fit well with the existing program. A web search was conducted using the National Roster Internship link found on the "Education and Careers" tab of the American Music Therapy Association website, which yielded 64 results (N=64). Of the sample (N=64), 52 sites were active and 12 were inactive, 31 had a website/tab/link, and 33 did not. Additionally, five internship sites had a Facebook page. Twenty-nine (45.3%) of the National Roster Internship sites did not have information available on the web to be assessed, meaning (n=35) internship sites remained for consideration in data collection. A total of 15 categories of information were assessed for all websites included in the analysis, and "music therapy" was the only category investigated listed consistently across 100% of all websites. The lack of consistent information may inhibit accurate internship comparisons for students as they seek information about internship placements.
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Date Issued: 2019
Identifier: 2019_Summer_McCrea_fsu_0071N_15372
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Song Key Upon the Perceived and Observed Relaxation of Collegiate Students Balanced by Gender and Major.
Creator: Clanton, Melissa S., Standley, Jayne M., Madsen, Clifford K., Gregory, Dianne G., College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to investigate the observable behaviors and perceptions of participants receiving music therapy for relaxation based upon the key of sung music (high range or low range). Qualifying participants consisted of current collegiate students (N=64) randomly selected by gender and major. Participants were divided into an experimental (N=32) and control (N=32) design and each were given a pre test and a post test designed to measure the participant's perception of...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the observable behaviors and perceptions of participants receiving music therapy for relaxation based upon the key of sung music (high range or low range). Qualifying participants consisted of current collegiate students (N=64) randomly selected by gender and major. Participants were divided into an experimental (N=32) and control (N=32) design and each were given a pre test and a post test designed to measure the participant's perception of relaxation by a Likert scale of one to ten before and after hearing the provided music (see Appendices C and D). Each session was video recorded in order to obtain analyses of observed behaviors as measured by a timed analysis of behaviors developed by the researcher based upon guidelines recommended by Madsen and Madsen (1981) (see Appendix E). Participants agreed to participate in the study and consented for session to be recorded by video. Scores were analyzed with t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) formats by group (experimental high and control low), gender, and major (music major or non-music major) according to pre test perceptions of relaxation, post test perception of relaxation, likeliness to sleep with music as measured by a Likert scale, and mean percentage of relaxation as measured by timed analysis of behaviors. No significant differences were found between groups (experimental high or control low) or gender. Music majors displayed a significant increase of relaxation over all. The experimental high group displayed a significant increase of relaxation as measured by post test perceptions of relaxation.
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Date Issued: 2008
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3598
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Music Relaxation Techniques on Stress Levels of Day Treatment Clients.
Creator: Boon, Julie Ann, Standley, Jayne M., Madsen, Clifford, Gregory, Dianne, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in relaxation between subjects participating in music relaxation techniques (n=14) and subjects participating in their daily group sessions (n=13). Subjects consisted of 15 male and 12 female subjects assigned to one of the two groups mentioned above. Measurements of perceived anxiety and relaxation were taken by means of the State form of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, a Visual Analogue Scale and a questionnaire written by the...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in relaxation between subjects participating in music relaxation techniques (n=14) and subjects participating in their daily group sessions (n=13). Subjects consisted of 15 male and 12 female subjects assigned to one of the two groups mentioned above. Measurements of perceived anxiety and relaxation were taken by means of the State form of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, a Visual Analogue Scale and a questionnaire written by the researcher. The experimental group used music with relaxation techniques such as Tense Release, Autogenic Training, Yoga Meditation, Passive Relaxation and Mindfulness Breathing exercises. Music was selected on the basis of being slow, quiet, non-vocal and/or claiming to be effective in relaxation. While the experimenter hypothesized subjects in the experimental group would show an increase in relaxation, there were no significant differences found between the two groups. Further study may develop more appropriate relaxation techniques useful to people with mental illnesses.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3539
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Live Music on Anxiety Levels of Persons Waiting in a Surgical Waiting Room as Measured by Self-Report.
Creator: Jarred, Jennifer D., Standley, Jayne M., Madsen, Clifford K., Gregory, Dianne, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of live music on anxiety levels in persons waiting in a surgical waiting room as measured by self-report. One hundred ninety-two (192) subjects over the age of 18 and waiting in a surgical waiting room participated in one of three groups: the direct music group (N = 62), the indirect music group (N = 59), or the control group (N = 71). Subjects in the direct music group were encouraged to request songs during approximately 20 minutes of...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to determine the effects of live music on anxiety levels in persons waiting in a surgical waiting room as measured by self-report. One hundred ninety-two (192) subjects over the age of 18 and waiting in a surgical waiting room participated in one of three groups: the direct music group (N = 62), the indirect music group (N = 59), or the control group (N = 71). Subjects in the direct music group were encouraged to request songs during approximately 20 minutes of live music and then asked to provide demographic data and to indicate their anxiety, stress, worry, relaxation and enjoyment levels, and to indicate the extent to which music helped their wait on a Visual Analog Scale. Subjects in the indirect music group were in the room for approximately 20 minutes of live music requested by the direct music group but had no control over music provision. They were asked the same questions, with the addition of whether or not they heard the music. Both groups were also asked if live music was a service the hospital should offer. Subjects in the control group received no live music during their wait in the surgical waiting room and were asked demographic data and to indicate their anxiety, stress, worry, and relaxation levels on a Visual Analog Scale. Results indicated no significant differences in anxiety, stress, and worry levels among the three groups. Subjects in the direct and indirect music groups indicated significantly greater relaxation levels than did the control group. Subjects in the direct music group indicated significantly greater enjoyment than the indirect music group. All subjects who answered the question of whether live music was a service the hospital should offer responded "yes".
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Date Issued: 2003
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3550
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Music Therapy and Token Economy System vs. Music Therapy on Decreaing Inappropriate Behaviors with Students Labeled Emotionally Disturbed.
Creator: Boussicaut, Claudine, Standley, Jayne M., Madsen, Clifford, Gregory, Dianne, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of token economy with music therapy vs. music therapy to decrease the behavioral problems with students labeled emotionally disturbed. Subjects included 20 students aged 13-17 years. A comparison of two groups was made: Class A received music therapy with a token economy system while Class B received only music therapy. In Class A, tokens were given to reinforce the students for demonstrating appropriate behaviors during sessions. During...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of token economy with music therapy vs. music therapy to decrease the behavioral problems with students labeled emotionally disturbed. Subjects included 20 students aged 13-17 years. A comparison of two groups was made: Class A received music therapy with a token economy system while Class B received only music therapy. In Class A, tokens were given to reinforce the students for demonstrating appropriate behaviors during sessions. During Class A's last session, the students used the points acquired to select roles in an original music video. The design for each group was ABABAC with baseline and treatment sessions alternating until the final session. Sessions were videotaped and observed by the researcher then compared to data recorded by the class teacher and/or aide. The school's ongoing behavior data sheet was used. Graphed results showed little difference between groups except on prosocial behaviors. The token economy group improved more than the music therapy only group in this area. There was no significant difference between groups on Mann-Whitney U comparison in reduction of inappropriate behavior.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3478
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Music Therapy Interventions to Increase the Psychosocial Well-Being of Older Adults Living in Independent and Assisted Living Communities.
Creator: Sun, You Lee, Darrow, Alice-Ann, Gregory, Dianne, Standley, Jayne M., College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of group music therapy sessions on the psychosocial well-being of older adults living in assisted and independent living communities. Pre-and posttest was used in two different communities with twenty one participants who engaged in group music therapy sessions for eight consecutive weeks. All sessions included following interventions: music listening, singing, lyric analysis, and music-assisted movements. The researcher tested and compared...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of group music therapy sessions on the psychosocial well-being of older adults living in assisted and independent living communities. Pre-and posttest was used in two different communities with twenty one participants who engaged in group music therapy sessions for eight consecutive weeks. All sessions included following interventions: music listening, singing, lyric analysis, and music-assisted movements. The researcher tested and compared participants' life satisfaction, happiness, self-esteem, and social interaction by conducting and analyzing pre and posttests. The researcher also examined whether participants' demographic variables such as age and gender would influence their psychosocial well-being. Results indicated that there were significant effect of group music therapy sessions on their life satisfaction, self-esteem, and social interaction. Further analyses of participants' demographic variables on their psychosocial well-being showed that gender indicated significant influence on their self-esteem and social interaction. These findings of the present study have implicated that the group music therapy sessions may increase the level of psychosocial well-being of older adults living in independent and assisted living communities.
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-5445
Format: Thesis

Title: An Examination of Therapeutic Approaches Employed by Music Therapists Servicing Children and Teens with Behavior Disorders.
Creator: Crump, Jessica, Darrow, Alice-Ann, Standley, Jayne M., Gregory, Dianne, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to examine the therapeutic approaches employed by music therapists servicing children and teens with behavior disorders. The therapeutic approaches were examined in relation to: (a) the frequency of approaches (behavioral, analytical, Nordoff-Robbins, etc.) employed by music therapists, (b) the degree to which interventions employed by music therapists followed the research literature on evidence-based practice with children and teens who have behavior disorders,...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to examine the therapeutic approaches employed by music therapists servicing children and teens with behavior disorders. The therapeutic approaches were examined in relation to: (a) the frequency of approaches (behavioral, analytical, Nordoff-Robbins, etc.) employed by music therapists, (b) the degree to which interventions employed by music therapists followed the research literature on evidence-based practice with children and teens who have behavior disorders, (c) the degree to which therapists' approaches were influenced by their academic training (approach stressed by their university program) and by their professional identity (behaviorist, Nordoff-Robbins practitioner, etc.), and (d) the degree to which therapists' approaches influenced the goals they addressed, and (e) the degree to which therapists' approaches influenced the interventions they used with children and teens who have behavior disorders. Board-certified music therapists from the 2009 American Music Therapy Association Sourcebook who worked with children and teens with behavior disorders served as participants (N=114). Participants completed a 28-item questionnaire that addressed the five research questions and included items related to participants' demographic information, their education, therapeutic approaches, music therapy experiences, behavior disorder caseloads, music interventions, and non-music techniques. Results indicated that (1) the most frequently utilized approach was behavioral, followed closely by eclectic, (2) 79.40% of music therapists continued to follow the approach stressed by their university programs, (3) participants' professional approaches did not influence the social goals the music therapists addressed, though approaches may have influenced the other goals they addressed with children and teens who have behavior disorders, (4) participants in the present study employed therapeutic interventions that followed the research literature on effective practices with children and teens who have behavior disorders, and they also employed interventions that have yet to be studied by researchers, and (5) participants' therapeutic approaches influenced the interventions they employed with children and teens who have behavior disorders. These findings highlight the relationship between participants' education, their professional identity, and their approaches to servicing children and teens with behavior disorders. Additionally, results from this study identify interventions used by music therapists that follow the research literature on effective practices with children and teens who have behavior disorders; also identified are interventions that have yet to be examined by researchers.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-2974
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Music Training and Selective Attention on Working Memory during Bimodal Processing of Auditory and Visual Stimuli.
Creator: Jones, Jennifer D., Standley, Jayne M., James, Jeffrey, Geringer, John M., Madsen, Clifford K., College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Researchers have investigated participants' abilities to recall various auditory and visual stimuli presented simultaneously during conditions of divided and selective attention. These investigations have rarely used actual music as the auditory stimuli. Music researchers have thoroughly investigated melodic recognition, but non-complimentary visual stimuli and attention conditions have rarely been applied during such studies. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of music...
Show moreResearchers have investigated participants' abilities to recall various auditory and visual stimuli presented simultaneously during conditions of divided and selective attention. These investigations have rarely used actual music as the auditory stimuli. Music researchers have thoroughly investigated melodic recognition, but non-complimentary visual stimuli and attention conditions have rarely been applied during such studies. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of music training and selective attention on recall of paired melodic and pictorial stimuli in a recognition memory paradigm. A total of 192 music and non-music majors viewed one of six researcher-prepared training videotapes containing eight images sequenced with a highly familiar music selection and an unfamiliar music selection under one of three attention conditions: divided attention, selective attention to music, and selective attention to pictures. A 24-question posttest presented bimodal test items that were paired during the training, paired distractors, a music trainer with a picture distractor, or a picture trainer with a music distractor. Total correct scores, error scores by modality, and scores by question type were obtained and analyzed. Results indicated that there were significant differences between music and non-music majors' recall of the bimodal stimuli under selective attention conditions. Music majors consistently outperformed non-music majors in divided attention and selective attention to music conditions, while non-music majors outperformed music majors during selective attention to pictures. Music majors were better able to reject distractor music than were non-music majors. Music majors made fewer music errors than non-music majors. However, an unanticipated effect of gender was found. Females were better at recognizing paired trainers and males were better at rejecting distractors for both music conditions. Individually selected memory strategies did not significantly impact total scores. Analyses of sample error rates to individual questions revealed memory effects for music due to serial position and rhythmic complexity of stimuli. Participants poorly recalled the final measure of both music conditions. This finding was unusual since this position is generally memorable in serial recall tasks. Simple rhythmic contexts were not remembered as well as more complex ones. The measures containing four quarter notes were not well recalled, even when tested two times. This study confirmed that selective attention protocols could be successfully applied to a melodic recognition paradigm with participants possessing various levels of music training. The effect of rhythmic complexity on memory requires further investigation, as does the effect of gender on recognition of melody. A better understanding of what makes a melody memorable would allow music educators and music therapists the opportunity to devise and teach effective strategies.
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Date Issued: 2006
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3438
Format: Thesis

Title: Five Case Studies: 1. CT Scanning with Hearing Impaired Children 2. Music Therapy for Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and Stroke Patients 3. Music Therapy for Non-Patients in a Hospital Setting 4. Review of Pain Assessment Forms and Their Applicability to Music Therapy 5. Guitar Instruction with a Practicum College Student.
Creator: Constantinidou, Elena, Standley, Jayne M., Gregory, Dianne, Madsen, Clifford, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: In children, as in adults, computed tomography (CT or CAT) scans are an invaluable imaging modality that produces a series of images that can detect many conditions. Like any tool, however, inappropriate use has unique implications for children including a high risk of cancer. Consequently, the fear of anesthesia and sedation along with the high "radiation dose" a child receives during CT scans, makes this diagnostic approach risky and dangerous. Music Therapy can be used as an alternative...
Show moreIn children, as in adults, computed tomography (CT or CAT) scans are an invaluable imaging modality that produces a series of images that can detect many conditions. Like any tool, however, inappropriate use has unique implications for children including a high risk of cancer. Consequently, the fear of anesthesia and sedation along with the high "radiation dose" a child receives during CT scans, makes this diagnostic approach risky and dangerous. Music Therapy can be used as an alternative mean to anesthesia and sedation thus eliminating any side effects the child may have during this process. Since research has shown that hearing impaired children are able to experience music primarily through the senses of touch, by feeling vibrations and also by actually hearing some tones that are within their limited range, this study discusses the potential use of Music Therapy with hearing impaired children during the CT scans. Moreover, the purpose of this study is to: a) give recommendations (materials, techniques) for facilitation of music therapy during this process and b) lists potential songs that can be used during computed tomography. Alzheimer's or otherwise "The Forgotten Disease" is a progressive disorder with no known cause, attacking and slowly stealing the minds of its victims. Symptoms of the disease include memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment, personality changes, disorientation, and loss of language skills. Always fatal, Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of irreversible dementia. Music Therapy had always had a dramatic effect on people with Alzheimer's since "…..music is a battery charger for the brain, and patients will frequently begin to reminisce and verbalize thoughts and feelings in ways thought to be long dormant." This study examines the use of music as a strategy to increase reality orientation and cognitive stimulation. Music Therapy sessions were conducted on an Adult Day Care Facility twice a week of 60 minutes duration, involving elderly people with dementia, post-CVA, Parkinson's, and other diagnosis. A behavioral research design ABAB was utilized (A=baseline, B=treatment). During base live sessions, singing of familiar songs, playing simple rhythmic instruments with background music, playing musical games that enhanced active manipulation of the hands and feet and moving/dancing activities were utilized. During treatment phase, these music activities were connected with calendar events and/or community events to reinforce the goals of the Music Therapy program in the Day Care Facility. Graphic data analysis and clinical observations clearly indicated that the coupling of music with a variety of activities along with calendar events and/or community events increased significantly the participation, smiling, eye contact, verbal feedback, social interaction and reality orientation. In the meantime, agitation, wondering and pacing were noticeably decreased during the sessions. Implications of the results for music therapy in such facilities are discussed. Music therapy is the prescribed use of music and musical interventions in order to restore, maintain, and improve emotional, physical, physiological, and spiritual health and well-being. This exploratory study investigated the utilization of Music Therapy and its effectiveness for non-patients in waiting rooms of a hospital setting. Two waiting rooms were chosen, the Emergency waiting room and the Intensive Care Unit waiting room, after consultation with the head nurse of the hospital. A 30-minute session of live music was taken place twice a week in each waiting room. A repertoire list that included songs from a variety of musical genres, was handed to the subjects who happened to be present at the time of the study. Subjects were encouraged to choose songs they enjoyed listening to. Behavioral data were recorded by an independent observer. Observable on-task verbal behaviors were: singing, choosing songs, conversing with the Music Therapists, making comments about music. Observable on task visual behaviors were: eye-contact, moving feet or hands to music, and dancing. Observable off-task behaviors were: conversing with other people, reading newspaper, watching T.V., talking on the phone or any other incompatible or competing behavior at the interval of the observation. Results indicated that Music Therapy in an environment such as the Emergency room, where patients are also present, is not as effective as in waiting room where only non-patients are there. While overall results of this study were not significant or encouraging, enough variations occurred between the two waiting group populations to warrant further investigation. During the last decade, the use of music as an adjunctive aid to "traditional" medicine has been acknowledged and patients can now take home "sound prescriptions" to assist them in regaining health. An ongoing growing interest on the effects of music in medicine has led institutions and research centers to investigate the impact music has on pain management and pain relief. A press release from the National Institute of Health has found that "music and relaxation can provide more complete relief without the undesired side effects of some pain medications" (Press Release, National Institute of Health, 1999). Despite of fact that music is being utilized in the hospital setting across populations, the author of this study could not find research related to music therapy and pain assessment procedures that identify both problem areas and patient assets for treatment participation and prognosis (Standley, p. 43). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review clinical pain assessment forms and discuss their applicability to music therapy. Guitar. One of the most alluring and expressive instrument with more applications than any instrument known to mankind. From the sedative sound of the Greek "Kithara" to the atonal sounds of the Flamenco-style Spanish guitar, to the howling solos effortlessly pounded out by George Harrison of the Beatles in the 60s, to the modern Jazz fusion drifting through clubs and concert halls all over the world, there is no instrument as recognized, as versatile, and as expressive as the guitar. The guitar today continues to flourish throughout the globe in its infinite number of applications and styles, growing in popularity and prestige every single year. The value of class-guitar program in schools and colleges is being increasingly recognized throughout the United States. Most colleges have included into their curriculum guitar instruction courses, and students, music or non-music majors, have the opportunity to learn how to play this so popular instrument. For music therapy majors, proficient guitar skills is consider to be the key for successful completion of the music academic curriculum which includes the academic phase and the field-based internship phase, evidencing future successes as a professional in the field of Music Therapy. This study was designed to help an undergraduate music therapy student to successfully meet the requirements and skills needed in guitar while doing a practicum in a hospital setting. Furthermore, this study seek to examine if a relationship exists between guitar skills and the fear of being prepared or having the knowledge, thus being more competent during direct client interaction, hence being an effective music therapist. It was clearly seen that there is a strong relationship between efficient guitar skills, self-enjoyment and being more confident and ready during direct client interaction thus decreasing the fear of failure. Implications of the results are being discussed.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3424
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Background Music and Song Texts on the Emotional Understanding of Children with Autism.
Creator: Katagiri, June, Darrow, Alice-Ann, Madsen, Clifford K., Standley, Jayne M., College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of background music and song texts to teach emotional understanding to children with autism. Participants were 12 students (mean age 11.5 years) with a primary diagnosis of autism who were attending schools in Japan. Each participant was taught four emotions to decode and encode: happiness, sadness, anger, and fear by the counterbalanced treatment-order. The treatment consisted of the four conditions: (1) no contact control (NCC)—no...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of background music and song texts to teach emotional understanding to children with autism. Participants were 12 students (mean age 11.5 years) with a primary diagnosis of autism who were attending schools in Japan. Each participant was taught four emotions to decode and encode: happiness, sadness, anger, and fear by the counterbalanced treatment-order. The treatment consisted of the four conditions: (1) no contact control (NCC)—no purposeful teaching of the selected emotion, (2) contact control (CC)—teaching the selected emotion using verbal instructions alone, (3) background music (BM)—teaching the selected emotion by verbal instructions with background music representing the emotion, and (4) singing songs (SS)—teaching the selected emotion by singing specially composed songs about the emotion. Participants were given a pretest and a posttest and received eight individual sessions between the pre- and posttests. Specific research questions were: (1) which of the four conditions (NCC, CC, BM, and SS) is the most effective in improving participants' understanding of the four selected emotions?; (2) the understanding of which emotion (happiness, sadness, anger, and fear) will be most improved by the intervention conditions?; (3) which receptive or expressive skill of emotional understanding will be most improved by the intervention conditions? The results indicated that all participants improved significantly in their understanding of the four selected emotions. All condition interventions resulted in significant improvements in participants' emotional understanding, though background music resulted in the greatest improvements. Understanding of the emotions of sadness, fear, and anger improved significantly more than the understanding of happiness. Participants' decoding skills were more improved by the intervention conditions than their encoding skills. These findings suggest that background music and song texts can be effective tools to increase emotional understanding in children with autism, which is crucial to their social interactions.
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Date Issued: 2007
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3320
Format: Thesis

Title: A Survey of Music Therapists Working in Medical Hospitals.
Creator: Lam, Cho-Wai, Standley, Jayne M., Madsen, Clifford, Darrow, Alice-Ann, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: While researchers have documented the clinical use of music in medical settings, little is known about music therapists working in this setting. The purpose of the present study was to examine the demographics, educational and clinical backgrounds, music therapy practice, and employment conditions of music therapists currently working in medical hospitals. A 50-item survey was designed and electronically mailed to music therapists (N = 199) identified by the American Music Therapy Association...
Show moreWhile researchers have documented the clinical use of music in medical settings, little is known about music therapists working in this setting. The purpose of the present study was to examine the demographics, educational and clinical backgrounds, music therapy practice, and employment conditions of music therapists currently working in medical hospitals. A 50-item survey was designed and electronically mailed to music therapists (N = 199) identified by the American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) as working in medical hospitals in 2006 and having valid electronic mail addresses. Forty-six respondents completed and returned the survey via either electronic mails (n = 35) or postal mails (n = 11). Results indicated that most respondents (97.8%) were Board-Certified and reported working a mean of 14 years in the music therapy profession. Respondents indicated diverse opinions concerning the influence of internship population choice on obtaining current employment as evidenced by large standard deviations. Respondents reported they participated (97.8%) and presented (78.3%) at music therapy conferences, conducted research in hospitals (43.5%), supervised interns (43.5%) and practica students (30.4%), and provided in-services at the hospitals (87%). Multiple funding sources for music therapy positions were indicated, with the majority of them (67.4%) were being funded by the hospital budget. Descriptive results concerning a music therapy practices and employment conditions in the medical settings were also presented and analyzed.
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Date Issued: 2007
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3308
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Music Therapy Songwriting on the Identification and Utilization of Short-Term Coping Strategies by Caregivers of Loved Ones with Alzheimer's Disease.
Creator: Ferguson, Rachel M., Darrow, Alice Ann, Standley, Jayne M., Gregory, Dianne, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of present study was to examine the effect of a music therapy songwriting intervention on the identification and utilization of short-term coping strategies by caregivers of loved ones with Alzheimer's disease. Participants were referred by social workers at the Alzheimer's Project of Tallahassee, and then randomly assigned to either a control group or an experimental group. Participants in both groups received individual music therapy sessions. The control group (N=12) received...
Show moreThe purpose of present study was to examine the effect of a music therapy songwriting intervention on the identification and utilization of short-term coping strategies by caregivers of loved ones with Alzheimer's disease. Participants were referred by social workers at the Alzheimer's Project of Tallahassee, and then randomly assigned to either a control group or an experimental group. Participants in both groups received individual music therapy sessions. The control group (N=12) received music therapy/counseling sessions, and the experimental group (N=12) received music therapy sessions during which individualized songs were composed and recorded for participants. Participants were pre- and posttested using the Short-Term Coping Strategies Questionnaire. Pre- to posttest data indicated that both groups were able to identify and utilize more coping strategies at the posttest, although participants in the experimental group were able to identify and reported utilizing significantly more coping strategies pre- to posttest. However, when control and experimental group data were compared, there was no significant difference between the two groups' identification and utilization of coping strategies. In addition to the Short-Term Coping Strategies Questionnaire, participants in the experimental group completed the Music Therapy Songwriting Questionnaire. Data from this Questionnaire indicated that participants listened to their songs at least "once," and reviewed the lyrics to their songs "more than once" during a week period. Results of the present study indicate that individualized songwriting has promise as a useful music therapy intervention for individuals who are dealing with the stress of caring for loved ones with Alzheimer's disease.
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Date Issued: 2006
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4478
Format: Thesis

Music (173)	+ -
Medicine (5)	+ -
Instruction and study (4)	+ -
Health services administration (3)	+ -
Mental health (3)	+ -

Animal behavior (2)	+ -
Early childhood education (2)	+ -
Education, Higher (2)	+ -
Medical sciences (2)	+ -
Music theory (2)	+ -
Psychology (2)	+ -
Special education (2)	+ -
Aging (1)	+ -
Alternative medicine (1)	+ -
Child psychology (1)	+ -
Children (1)	+ -
Communication (1)	+ -
Communicative disorders (1)	+ -
Epidemiology (1)	+ -
Exercise (1)	+ -
Gerontology (1)	+ -
Health education (1)	+ -
Nursing (1)	+ -
Psychology, Experimental (1)	+ -
Psychophysiology (1)	+ -
Social psychology (1)	+ -
Social sciences (1)	+ -
Sports sciences (1)	+ -
Study and teaching (1)	+ -
Theater (1)	+ -

text (192)	+ -
master thesis (23)	+ -
doctoral thesis (3)	+ -

Florida State University (192)	+ -
College of Music (189)	+ -
Gregory, Dianne (79)	+ -
Darrow, Alice-Ann (72)	+ -
Madsen, Clifford K. (61)	+ -

Madsen, Clifford (47)	+ -
Gregory, Sarah Dianne (29)	+ -
Gooding, Lori F. (Lori Fogus) (25)	+ -
Gregory, Diane (18)	+ -
Geringer, John M. (12)	+ -
VanWeelden, Kimberly D. (12)	+ -
Geringer, John (10)	+ -
VanWeelden, Kimberly (10)	+ -
Gooding, Lori F. (5)	+ -
Darrow, Alice Ann (4)	+ -
Holzman, Bruce (4)	+ -
Gregory, Dianne G. (3)	+ -
Bourgeois, Michelle (2)	+ -
Gregory, Sarah (2)	+ -
Gussak, David (2)	+ -
Mullis, Ron (2)	+ -
School of Communication Science and Disorders (2)	+ -
Adams, Kristen S. (1)	+ -
Albright, Jessica P. (1)	+ -
Alexander, Jessica Kay (1)	+ -
Amsler, Eva M. (1)	+ -
Anderson, Jill C. (1)	+ -
Aultman, Sean C. (1)	+ -
Austin, Molly S. (Molly Susan) (1)	+ -

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