Search results

Title: "Waiting to Fail" Redux: Understanding Inadequate Response to Intervention..
Creator: Al Otaiba, Stephanie, Wagner, Richard K, Miller, Brett
Abstract/Description: This introduction to the special issue provides an overview of the promise, but also the ongoing challenges, related to Response to Intervention (RTI) as a means of both prevention and identification of reading disabilities. We conclude by describing the articles in this special issue and considering their implications for future research.
Date Issued: 2014-08-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_25422530, 10.1177/0731948714525622, PMC4240019, 25422530, 25422530
Format: Citation

Title: Academic Responding During Instruction and Reading Outcomes for Kindergarten Students At-risk for Reading Difficulties.
Creator: Wanzek, Jeanne, Roberts, Greg, Al Otaiba, Stephanie
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to investigate the academic responding of students at-risk for reading difficulties in beginning reading instruction. Opportunities for kindergarten students at-risk for reading difficulties to respond academically during teacher-facilitated reading instruction in the general education classroom were examined in relation to student reading achievement as well as social behaviors. Student academic responding during teacher-facilitated instruction significantly...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the academic responding of students at-risk for reading difficulties in beginning reading instruction. Opportunities for kindergarten students at-risk for reading difficulties to respond academically during teacher-facilitated reading instruction in the general education classroom were examined in relation to student reading achievement as well as social behaviors. Student academic responding during teacher-facilitated instruction significantly predicted end of year reading achievement. Teacher perceptions of students' social skills (positive correlation) and problem behaviors (negative correlation) were significantly correlated with academic responding. When academic responding and teacher perceptions of social behaviors were examined together, only teacher perceptions of academic competence and problem behaviors predicted spring outcomes.
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Date Issued: 2014-01-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_24665162, 10.1007/s11145-013-9433-8, PMC3961576, 24665162, 24665162
Format: Citation

Title: Advanced (Measurement) Applications of Curriculum-based Measurement in Reading.
Creator: Petscher, Yaacov M., Cummings, Kelli, Biancarosa, Gina, Fien, Hank
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this article is to provide a commentary on the current state of several measurement issues pertaining to curriculum-based measures of reading (R-CBM1). We begin by providing an overview of the utility of R-CBM, followed by a presentation of five specific measurements considerations: 1) the reliability of R-CBM oral reading fluency, 2) issues pertaining to form effects, 3) the generalizability of scores from R-CBM, 4) measurement error, and 5) linearity of growth in R-CBM. We...
Show moreThe purpose of this article is to provide a commentary on the current state of several measurement issues pertaining to curriculum-based measures of reading (R-CBM1). We begin by providing an overview of the utility of R-CBM, followed by a presentation of five specific measurements considerations: 1) the reliability of R-CBM oral reading fluency, 2) issues pertaining to form effects, 3) the generalizability of scores from R-CBM, 4) measurement error, and 5) linearity of growth in R-CBM. We then conclude with a presentation of the purpose for this issue and broadly introduce the articles in the special issue. Because oral reading fluency is one of the most common measures of R-CBM, much of the review is focused on this particular type of assessment; however, the issues presented extend to other assessments of R-CBM.
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Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: FSU_migr_fcrr-pubs-0001, 10.1177/1534508412461434
Format: Citation

Title: Amount of Time in Print Reading in General Education Kindergarten Classrooms: What Does It Look Like for Students At-risk for Reading Difficulties?.
Creator: Kent, Shawn C, Wanzek, Jeanne, Al Otaiba, Stephanie
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to examine the amount of time spent actively engaged in reading sounds, words, and connected text for students at-risk for reading difficulties in the first formal grade of reading instruction, kindergarten. Observational data of 109 kindergarten students at high-risk for later reading difficulties were collected during general education reading instruction across the school year. Findings revealed students read orally for just over 1 minute during their reading...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to examine the amount of time spent actively engaged in reading sounds, words, and connected text for students at-risk for reading difficulties in the first formal grade of reading instruction, kindergarten. Observational data of 109 kindergarten students at high-risk for later reading difficulties were collected during general education reading instruction across the school year. Findings revealed students read orally for just over 1 minute during their reading instruction with approximately equal time spent reading sounds, words, or connected text. Implications of these results for early reading instruction and intervention for students at-risk for reading difficulties or disabilities are presented.
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Date Issued: 2012-05-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_23087545, 10.1111/j.1540-5826.2012.00351.x, PMC3475198, 23087545, 23087545
Format: Citation

Title: An Applied Examination of Methods for Detecting Differential Distractor Functioning.
Creator: Koon, Sharon, Kamata, Akihito
Abstract/Description: This study applied the odds-ratio (Penfield, 2008), the multinomial logistic regression (Kato et al., 2009), and the standardised distractor analysis (Schmitt and Bleistein, 1987) methods in the examination of differential distractor functioning (DDF) effects. Using data from the administration of one statewide mathematics assessment, these methods were applied to provide insight into two research questions; 1) whether the magnitude and pattern of the DDF effect is constant across all methods...
Show moreThis study applied the odds-ratio (Penfield, 2008), the multinomial logistic regression (Kato et al., 2009), and the standardised distractor analysis (Schmitt and Bleistein, 1987) methods in the examination of differential distractor functioning (DDF) effects. Using data from the administration of one statewide mathematics assessment, these methods were applied to provide insight into two research questions; 1) whether the magnitude and pattern of the DDF effect is constant across all methods; 2) whether the pattern of DDF effects supports differential item functioning (DIF) findings. While some differences in results were found, all three methods present a viable option for use in improving test items included in statewide assessment programmes.
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Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: FSU_migr_fcrr-pubs-0005
Format: Citation

Title: Applying a Multiple Group Causal Indicator Modeling Framework to the Reading Comprehension Skills of Third, Seventh, and Tenth Grade Students.
Creator: Tighe, Elizabeth L, Wagner, Richard K, Schatschneider, Christopher
Abstract/Description: This study demonstrates the utility of applying a causal indicator modeling framework to investigate important predictors of reading comprehension in third, seventh, and tenth grade students. The results indicated that a 4-factor multiple indicator multiple indicator cause (MIMIC) model of reading comprehension provided adequate fit at each grade level. This model included latent predictor constructs of decoding, verbal reasoning, nonverbal reasoning, and working memory and accounted for a...
Show moreThis study demonstrates the utility of applying a causal indicator modeling framework to investigate important predictors of reading comprehension in third, seventh, and tenth grade students. The results indicated that a 4-factor multiple indicator multiple indicator cause (MIMIC) model of reading comprehension provided adequate fit at each grade level. This model included latent predictor constructs of decoding, verbal reasoning, nonverbal reasoning, and working memory and accounted for a large portion of the reading comprehension variance (73% to 87%) across grade levels. Verbal reasoning contributed the most unique variance to reading comprehension at all grade levels. In addition, we fit a multiple group 4-factor MIMIC model to investigate the relative stability (or variability) of the predictor contributions to reading comprehension across development (i.e., grade levels). The results revealed that the contributions of verbal reasoning, nonverbal reasoning, and working memory to reading comprehension were stable across the three grade levels. Decoding was the only predictor that could not be constrained to be equal across grade levels. The contribution of decoding skills to reading comprehension was higher in third grade and then remained relatively stable between seventh and tenth grade. These findings illustrate the feasibility of using MIMIC models to explain individual differences in reading comprehension across the development of reading skills.
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Date Issued: 2015-04-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_25821346, 10.1007/s11145-014-9532-1, PMC4371741, 25821346, 25821346
Format: Citation

Title: Assessment Data-Informed Guidance to Individualize Kindergarten Reading Instruction: Findings from a Cluster-Randomized Control Field Trial..
Creator: Al Otaiba, Stephanie, Connor, Carol M, Folsom, Jessica Sidler, Greulich, Luana, Meadows, Jane, Li, Zhi
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this cluster-randomized control field trial was to was to examine the extent to which kindergarten teachers could learn a promising instructional strategy, wherein kindergarten reading instruction was differentiated based upon students' ongoing assessments of language and literacy skills and documented child characteristic by instruction (CXI) interactions; and to test the efficacy of this differentiated reading instruction on the reading outcomes of students from culturally...
Show moreThe purpose of this cluster-randomized control field trial was to was to examine the extent to which kindergarten teachers could learn a promising instructional strategy, wherein kindergarten reading instruction was differentiated based upon students' ongoing assessments of language and literacy skills and documented child characteristic by instruction (CXI) interactions; and to test the efficacy of this differentiated reading instruction on the reading outcomes of students from culturally diverse backgrounds. The study involved 14 schools and included 23 treatment (n = 305 students) and 21 contrast teacher (n = 251 students). Teachers in the contrast condition received only a baseline professional development that included a researcher-delivered summer day-long workshop on individualized instruction. Data sources included parent surveys, individually administered child assessments of language, cognitive, and reading skills and videotapes of classroom instruction. Using Hierarchical Multivariate Linear Modeling (HMLM), we found students in treatment classrooms outperformed students in the contrast classrooms on a latent measure of reading skills, comprised of letter-word reading, decoding, alphabetic knowledge, and phonological awareness (ES = .52). Teachers in both conditions provided small group instruction, but teachers in the treatment condition provided significantly more individualized instruction. Our findings extend research on the efficacy of teachers using Individualized Student Instruction to individualize instruction based upon students' language and literacy skills in first through third grade. Findings are discussed regarding the value of professional development related to differentiating core reading instruction and the challenges of using Response to Intervention approaches to address students' needs in the areas of reading in general education contexts.
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Date Issued: 2011-06-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_21818158, 10.1086/659031, PMC3147177, 21818158, 21818158
Format: Citation

Title: Assessment of Preschool Early Literacy Skills: Linking Children's Educational Needs with Empirically Supported Instructional Activities..
Creator: Lonigan, Christopher J, Allan, Nicholas P, Lerner, Matthew D
Abstract/Description: The importance of the preschool period for becoming a skilled reader is highlighted by a significant body of evidence that preschool children's development in the areas of oral language, phonological awareness, and print knowledge is predictive of how well they will learn to read once they are exposed to formal reading instruction in elementary school. Although there are now a number of empirically supported instructional activities for helping children who are at -risk of later reading...
Show moreThe importance of the preschool period for becoming a skilled reader is highlighted by a significant body of evidence that preschool children's development in the areas of oral language, phonological awareness, and print knowledge is predictive of how well they will learn to read once they are exposed to formal reading instruction in elementary school. Although there are now a number of empirically supported instructional activities for helping children who are at -risk of later reading difficulties acquire these early literacy skills, limitations in instructional time and opportunities in most preschool settings requires the use of valid assessment procedures to ensure that instructional resources are utilized efficiently. In this paper, we discuss the degree to which informal, diagnostic, screening, and progress-monitoring assessments of preschool early literacy skills can inform instructional decisions by considering the strengths and weaknesses of each approach to assessment.
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Date Issued: 2011-05-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_22180666, 10.1002/pits.20569, PMC3237681, 22180666, 22180666
Format: Citation

Title: Behavioral genetic approach to the study of dyslexia.
Creator: Hensler, Brooke Soden, Schatschneider, Christopher, Taylor, Jeanette, Wagner, Richard K
Abstract/Description: Dyslexia is a prominent focus of practitioners, educators, and researchers because of the myriad consequences of failing to read proficiently. The aim of this study was to provide a brief overview of how twin studies can offer insight on the cause of many human behaviors and disorders including dyslexia, discuss common misconceptions regarding findings from behavioral genetic studies, briefly review the evidence on the relationship between genes, environment, and dyslexia, and finally present...
Show moreDyslexia is a prominent focus of practitioners, educators, and researchers because of the myriad consequences of failing to read proficiently. The aim of this study was to provide a brief overview of how twin studies can offer insight on the cause of many human behaviors and disorders including dyslexia, discuss common misconceptions regarding findings from behavioral genetic studies, briefly review the evidence on the relationship between genes, environment, and dyslexia, and finally present some findings from a large-scale twin study on reading and dyslexia. Participants were twins from a large ethnically and socioeconomically diverse twin sample in an ongoing longitudinal study of reading and dyslexia. Heritabilities of reading ability and dyslexia were calculated for 1,024 first grade twins on a standardized reading measure. Children were identified as dyslexic if they scored at the 15th percentile or below on a reading measure. Relatively high heritabilities were observed for both reading ability and dyslexia indicating substantial genetic influences. Further, results indicated some overlap of genetic factors influencing reading ability and dyslexia. Behavioral genetic studies offer a means of understanding the cause of dyslexia. This study extended research to a more diverse sample than extant studies and found lower heritability estimates of reading ability and dyslexia, but a similar pattern of results indicating possible genetic overlap. Twin studies provide perspective for discoveries of specific genes involved in dyslexia by quantifying the amount of variance waiting to be accounted for by genes while simultaneously providing an impetus to continue working on efforts for environmental intervention.
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Date Issued: 2010-09-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_20814252, 10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181ee4b70, PMC2952936, 20814252, 20814252, 00004703-201009000-00002
Format: Citation

Title: Building Word Knowledge: Opportunities for Direct Vocabulary Instruction in General Education for Students with Reading Difficulties.
Creator: Wanzek, Jeanne
Abstract/Description: Direct vocabulary instruction has been recommended as one critical component of reading instruction. Although most students in the elementary grades need to continue building their vocabulary knowledge, students with reading difficulties are at the most risk of falling further behind each year in vocabulary and concept knowledge without effective instruction. This study examined the amount and type of direct vocabulary instruction available for students with reading difficulties during core...
Show moreDirect vocabulary instruction has been recommended as one critical component of reading instruction. Although most students in the elementary grades need to continue building their vocabulary knowledge, students with reading difficulties are at the most risk of falling further behind each year in vocabulary and concept knowledge without effective instruction. This study examined the amount and type of direct vocabulary instruction available for students with reading difficulties during core classroom reading instruction and supplemental reading interventions. Fourteen second-grade classroom and reading intervention teachers serving students with reading difficulties in three elementary schools in three states participated in the study. Results suggested about 8% of core classroom reading instruction was devoted to direct vocabulary instruction with a focus on word definitions and providing examples of word meaning. Minimal amounts of direct vocabulary instruction were noted in supplemental reading interventions. Thus, students with reading difficulties had limited opportunities through core reading instruction and supplemental reading interventions to receive research-based, effective vocabulary instruction.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_fcrr-pubs-0007, 10.1080/10573569.2013.789786
Format: Citation

Title: Capturing the complexity: Content, type, and amount of instruction and quality of the classroom learning environment synergistically predict third graders' vocabulary and reading comprehension outcomes..
Creator: Connor, Carol McDonald, Spencer, Mercedes, Day, Stephanie L, Giuliani, Sarah, Ingebrand, Sarah W, McLean, Leigh, Morrison, Frederick J
Abstract/Description: We examined classrooms as complex systems that affect students' literacy learning through interacting effects of content and amount of time individual students spent in literacy instruction along with the global quality of the classroom-learning environment. We observed 27 third grade classrooms serving 315 target students using two different observation systems. The first assessed instruction at a more micro-level; specifically, the amount of time individual students spent in literacy...
Show moreWe examined classrooms as complex systems that affect students' literacy learning through interacting effects of content and amount of time individual students spent in literacy instruction along with the global quality of the classroom-learning environment. We observed 27 third grade classrooms serving 315 target students using two different observation systems. The first assessed instruction at a more micro-level; specifically, the amount of time individual students spent in literacy instruction defined by the type of instruction, role of the teacher, and content. The second assessed the quality of the classroom-learning environment at a more macro level focusing on classroom organization, teacher responsiveness, and support for vocabulary and language. Results revealed that both global quality of the classroom learning environment and time individual students spent in specific types of literacy instruction covering specific content interacted to predict students' comprehension and vocabulary gains whereas neither system alone did. These findings support a dynamic systems model of how individual children learn in the context of classroom literacy instruction and the classroom-learning environment, which can help to improve observations systems, advance research, elevate teacher evaluation and professional development, and enhance student achievement.
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Date Issued: 2014-08-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_25400293, 10.1037/a0035921, PMC4229844, 25400293, 25400293
Format: Citation

Title: A Chaotic Home Environment Accounts for the Association between Respect for Rules Disposition and Reading Comprehension: A Twin Study..
Creator: Taylor, Jeanette, Hart, Sara A
Abstract/Description: This study examined the association between socioemotional dispositions from the developmental propensity model and reading comprehension and whether those associations could be accounted for by level of chaos in the home. Data from 342 monozygotic and 333 same-sex dizygotic twin pairs age 7-13 years were used. A parent rated the twins on sympathy, respect for rules, negative emotionality, and daring and level of chaos in the twins' home. Reading comprehension was measured using a state-wide...
Show moreThis study examined the association between socioemotional dispositions from the developmental propensity model and reading comprehension and whether those associations could be accounted for by level of chaos in the home. Data from 342 monozygotic and 333 same-sex dizygotic twin pairs age 7-13 years were used. A parent rated the twins on sympathy, respect for rules, negative emotionality, and daring and level of chaos in the twins' home. Reading comprehension was measured using a state-wide school assessment. Only respect for rules significantly and uniquely predicted reading comprehension. Biometric models indicated that respect for rules was positively associated with reading comprehension via the shared environment and home chaos accounted for a significant amount of that shared environmental variance even after controlling for family income. Children with higher respect for rules have better reading comprehension scores in school and this relationship owes partly to the level of chaos in the family home.
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Date Issued: 2014-10-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_25328362, 10.1016/j.lindif.2014.07.020, PMC4196385, 25328362, 25328362
Format: Citation

Title: Child and Informant Influences on Behavioral Ratings of Preschool Children.
Creator: Phillips, Beth M, Lonigan, Christopher J
Abstract/Description: This study investigated relations among teacher, parent, and observer behavioral ratings of 3- and 4-year-old children using intraclass correlations and ANOVA. Comparisons within and across children from middle- (N =166; Mean age 54.25 months, SD = 8.74) and low-income (N =199; Mean age 51.21 months, SD = 7.22) backgrounds revealed significant agreement between the raters but also considerable differences in both ranking and absolute scores between raters. Teachers and parents consistently...
Show moreThis study investigated relations among teacher, parent, and observer behavioral ratings of 3- and 4-year-old children using intraclass correlations and ANOVA. Comparisons within and across children from middle- (N =166; Mean age 54.25 months, SD = 8.74) and low-income (N =199; Mean age 51.21 months, SD = 7.22) backgrounds revealed significant agreement between the raters but also considerable differences in both ranking and absolute scores between raters. Teachers and parents consistently rated children from low-income classrooms as having more behavioral problems and fewer prosocial behaviors. Results are conceptualized with respect to how differential expectations, comparison groups, and types of interaction with children can affect the evaluation of child behavior. Results point to the need for multiple sources of evaluation when assessing a child for behavioral difficulties, particularly in children from lower income backgrounds.
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Date Issued: 2010-04-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_25663717, 10.1002/pits.20476, PMC4316370, 25663717, 25663717
Format: Citation

Title: Comprehension Tools for Teachers: Reading for Understanding from Pre-Kindergarten through Fourth Grade.
Creator: Connor, Carol McDonald, Phillips, Beth M., Kaschak, Michael, Apel, Kenn, Kim, Young-Suk, Al Otaiba, Stephanie Dent, Crowe, Elizabeth C., Thomas-Tate, Shurita, Johnson, Lakeisha...
Show moreConnor, Carol McDonald, Phillips, Beth M., Kaschak, Michael, Apel, Kenn, Kim, Young-Suk, Al Otaiba, Stephanie Dent, Crowe, Elizabeth C., Thomas-Tate, Shurita, Johnson, Lakeisha Cooper, Lonigan, Christopher J.
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Abstract/Description: This paper describes the theoretical framework, as well as the development and testing of the intervention, Comprehension Tools for Teachers (CTT), which is comprised of eight component interventions targeting malleable language and reading comprehension skills that emerging research indicates contribute to proficient reading for understanding for pre-kindergarteners through fourth graders. Component interventions target processes considered largely automatic as well as more reflective...
Show moreThis paper describes the theoretical framework, as well as the development and testing of the intervention, Comprehension Tools for Teachers (CTT), which is comprised of eight component interventions targeting malleable language and reading comprehension skills that emerging research indicates contribute to proficient reading for understanding for pre-kindergarteners through fourth graders. Component interventions target processes considered largely automatic as well as more reflective processes, with interacting and reciprocal effects. Specifically, we present component interventions targeting cognitive, linguistic, and text-specific processes including morphological awareness, syntax, mental state verbs, comprehension monitoring, narrative and expository text structure, enacted comprehension, academic knowledge, and reading to learn from informational text. Our aim was to develop a tool set comprised of intensive meaningful individualized small group interventions. We improved feasibility in regular classrooms through the use of design-based iterative research methods including careful lesson planning, targeted scripting, pre- and post-intervention proximal assessments, and technology. In addition to the overall framework, we discuss seven of the component interventions and general results of design and efficacy studies.
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Date Issued: 2014-09-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1453824608
Format: Citation

Title: Computer-assisted instruction to prevent early reading difficulties in students at risk for dyslexia: Outcomes from two instructional approaches..
Creator: Torgesen, Joseph K, Wagner, Richard K, Rashotte, Carol A, Herron, Jeannine, Lindamood, Patricia
Abstract/Description: The relative effectiveness of two computer-assisted instructional programs designed to provide instruction and practice in foundational reading skills was examined. First-grade students at risk for reading disabilities received approximately 80 h of small-group instruction in four 50-min sessions per week from October through May. Approximately half of the instruction was delivered by specially trained teachers to prepare students for their work on the computer, and half was delivered by the...
Show moreThe relative effectiveness of two computer-assisted instructional programs designed to provide instruction and practice in foundational reading skills was examined. First-grade students at risk for reading disabilities received approximately 80 h of small-group instruction in four 50-min sessions per week from October through May. Approximately half of the instruction was delivered by specially trained teachers to prepare students for their work on the computer, and half was delivered by the computer programs. At the end of first grade, there were no differences in student reading performance between students assigned to the different intervention conditions, but the combined-intervention students performed significantly better than control students who had been exposed to their school's normal reading program. Significant differences were obtained for phonemic awareness, phonemic decoding, reading accuracy, rapid automatic naming, and reading comprehension. A follow-up test at the end of second grade showed a similar pattern of differences, although only differences in phonemic awareness, phonemic decoding, and rapid naming remained statistically reliable.
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Date Issued: 2010-06-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_20052566, 10.1007/s11881-009-0032-y, PMC2888606, 20052566, 20052566
Format: Citation

Title: Consequences Of Misspecifying Levels Of Variance In Cross-classified Longitudinal Data Structures.
Creator: Gilbert, Jennifer, Petscher, Yaacov, Compton, Donald L., Schatschneider, Chris
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to determine if modeling school and classroom effects was necessary in estimating passage reading growth across elementary grades. Longitudinal data from 8367 students in 2989 classrooms in 202 Reading First schools were used in this study and were obtained from the Progress Monitoring and Reporting Network maintained by the Florida Center for Reading Research. Oral reading fluency (ORF) was assessed four times per school year. Five growth models with varying...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to determine if modeling school and classroom effects was necessary in estimating passage reading growth across elementary grades. Longitudinal data from 8367 students in 2989 classrooms in 202 Reading First schools were used in this study and were obtained from the Progress Monitoring and Reporting Network maintained by the Florida Center for Reading Research. Oral reading fluency (ORF) was assessed four times per school year. Five growth models with varying levels of data (student, classroom, and school) were estimated in order to determine which structures were necessary to correctly partition variance and accurately estimate standard errors for growth parameters. Because the results illustrate that not modeling higher-level clustering inflated lower-level variance estimates and in some cases led to biased standard errors, the authors recommend the practice of including classroom cross-classification and school nesting when predicting longitudinal student outcomes.
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Date Issued: 2016-05-18
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000375986100001, 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00695
Format: Citation

Title: Considering word characteristics for spelling accuracy: Evidence from Korean-speaking children.
Creator: Kim, Young-Suk, Petscher, Yaacov
Abstract/Description: We examined the extent to which word characteristics (i.e., differences in orthographic transparency among words) and child characteristics (i.e., emergent literacy skills) explain variation in children’s spelling, using data from young Korean children (N = 168). We compared predicted probabilities of various types of words (e.g., transparent vs. two types of opaque words) in spelling at various levels of child’s latent ability in emergent literacy skills. While approximately 60% of total...
Show moreWe examined the extent to which word characteristics (i.e., differences in orthographic transparency among words) and child characteristics (i.e., emergent literacy skills) explain variation in children’s spelling, using data from young Korean children (N = 168). We compared predicted probabilities of various types of words (e.g., transparent vs. two types of opaque words) in spelling at various levels of child’s latent ability in emergent literacy skills. While approximately 60% of total variance in spelling was attributable to differences due to child characteristics, a substantial amount, approximately 40%, was due to differences among words. In addition, inclusion of language and print-related emergent literacy skills reduced about 35 to 57% of variance that is attributable to differences among children. Inclusion of word types (i.e., transparent vs. opaque words) explained more than 50% of variance attributable due to differences among words. These results suggest that orthographic depth in words is one aspect to take into consideration for spelling acquisition.
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Date Issued: 2013-02-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1453824782, 10.1016/j.lindif.2012.08.002
Format: Citation

Title: The Contribution of Vocabulary Knowledge and Spelling to the Reading Comprehension of Adolescents Who Are and Are Not English Language Learners.
Creator: Reed, Deborah K, Petscher, Yaacov, Foorman, Barbara R
Abstract/Description: This study examined the contributions of vocabulary and spelling to the reading comprehension of students in grades 6-10 who were and were not classified as English language learners. Results indicate that vocabulary accounted for greater between-grade differences and unique variance (ΔR(2) = .11 to .31) in comprehension as compared to spelling (ΔR(2) = .01 to .09). However, the contribution of spelling to comprehension was higher in the upper grade levels included in this cross-sectional...
Show moreThis study examined the contributions of vocabulary and spelling to the reading comprehension of students in grades 6-10 who were and were not classified as English language learners. Results indicate that vocabulary accounted for greater between-grade differences and unique variance (ΔR(2) = .11 to .31) in comprehension as compared to spelling (ΔR(2) = .01 to .09). However, the contribution of spelling to comprehension was higher in the upper grade levels included in this cross-sectional analysis and functioned as a mediator of the impact of vocabulary knowledge at all levels. The direct effect of vocabulary was strong but lower in magnitude at each successive grade level from .58 in grade 6 to .41 in grade 10 while the indirect effect through spelling increased in magnitude at each successive grade level from .09 in grade 6 to .16 in grade 10. There were no significant differences between the language groups in the magnitude of the indirect impact, suggesting both groups of students relied more on both sources of lexical information in higher grades as compared to students in lower grades.
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Date Issued: 2016-04-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_27313395, 10.1007/s11145-015-9619-3, PMC4905721, 27313395, 27313395
Format: Citation

Title: Developing Early Literacy Skills: A Meta-Analysis of Alphabet Learning and Instruction..
Creator: Piasta, Shayne B, Wagner, Richard K
Abstract/Description: Alphabet knowledge is a hallmark of early literacy and facilitating its development has become a primary objective of pre-school instruction and intervention. However, little agreement exists about how to promote the development of alphabet knowledge effectively. A meta-analysis of the effects of instruction on alphabet outcomes demonstrated that instructional impacts differed by type of alphabet outcome examined and content of instruction provided. School-based instruction yielded larger...
Show moreAlphabet knowledge is a hallmark of early literacy and facilitating its development has become a primary objective of pre-school instruction and intervention. However, little agreement exists about how to promote the development of alphabet knowledge effectively. A meta-analysis of the effects of instruction on alphabet outcomes demonstrated that instructional impacts differed by type of alphabet outcome examined and content of instruction provided. School-based instruction yielded larger effects than home-based instruction; small-group instruction yielded larger effects than individual tutoring programs. We found minimal evidence of transfer of alphabet instruction to early phonological, reading, or spelling skills. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2010-01-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_20671801, 10.1598/RRQ.45.1.2, PMC2910925, 20671801, 20671801
Format: Citation

Title: Development and Validation of a Principal Implementation Practices Measure: The Principal Implementation Questionnaire..
Creator: Nettles, Stephen M, Petscher, Yaacov
Abstract/Description: Measurement of principal implementation behaviors has proved difficult to researchers in educational leadership due to a lack of consensus on the operational definitions of leadership constructs. The Principal Implementation Questionnaire (PIQ) was developed and validated with the intention of providing clarity in the assessment of principal leadership behaviors in the implementation of effective reading programs. Constructs were operationally defined within the context of the population of...
Show moreMeasurement of principal implementation behaviors has proved difficult to researchers in educational leadership due to a lack of consensus on the operational definitions of leadership constructs. The Principal Implementation Questionnaire (PIQ) was developed and validated with the intention of providing clarity in the assessment of principal leadership behaviors in the implementation of effective reading programs. Constructs were operationally defined within the context of the population of interest, with subsequent item writing centered around the constructs. A resulting calibration sample of principals from Florida Reading First schools was used to test the hypothesized measurement model to determine how well the items were described by the proposed factors. Results from LISREL analyses revealed a well-fitted model, based on numerous fit indices.
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Date Issued: 2007-12-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_26366043, 10.1007/s11092-008-9055-x, PMC4563810, 26366043, 26366043
Format: Citation

Title: Development of oral reading fluency in children with speech or language impairments: a growth curve analysis..
Creator: Puranik, Cynthia S, Petscher, Yaacov, Al Otaiba, Stephanie, Catts, Hugh W, Lonigan, Christopher J
Abstract/Description: This longitudinal study used piece-wise growth curve analyses to examine growth patterns in oral reading fluency for 1,991 students with speech impairments (SI) or language impairments (LI) from first through third grade. The main finding of this study was that a diagnosis of SI or LI can have a detrimental and persistent effect on early reading skills. Results indicated differences between subgroups in growth trajectories that were evident in first grade. A large proportion of students with...
Show moreThis longitudinal study used piece-wise growth curve analyses to examine growth patterns in oral reading fluency for 1,991 students with speech impairments (SI) or language impairments (LI) from first through third grade. The main finding of this study was that a diagnosis of SI or LI can have a detrimental and persistent effect on early reading skills. Results indicated differences between subgroups in growth trajectories that were evident in first grade. A large proportion of students with SI or LI did not meet grade-level reading fluency benchmarks. Overall students with SI showed better performance than students with LI. Reading fluency performance was negatively related to the persistence of the SI or LI; the lowest performing students were those originally identified with SI or LI whose diagnosis changed to a learning disability. The results underscore the need to identify, monitor, and address reading fluency difficulties early among students with SI or LI.
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Date Issued: 2008-11-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_18625782, 10.1177/0022219408317858, PMC3279740, 18625782, 18625782, 0022219408317858
Format: Citation

Title: Developmental and Individual Differences in Chinese Writing.
Creator: Guan, Connie Qun, Ye, Feifei, Wagner, Richard K, Meng, Wanjin
Abstract/Description: The goal of the present study was to examine the generalizability of a model of the underlying dimensions of written composition across writing systems (Chinese Mandarin vs. English) and level of writing skill. A five-factor model of writing originally developed from analyses of 1st and 4th grade English writing samples was applied to Chinese writing samples obtained from 4th and 7th grade students. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to compare the fits of alternative models of written...
Show moreThe goal of the present study was to examine the generalizability of a model of the underlying dimensions of written composition across writing systems (Chinese Mandarin vs. English) and level of writing skill. A five-factor model of writing originally developed from analyses of 1st and 4th grade English writing samples was applied to Chinese writing samples obtained from 4th and 7th grade students. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to compare the fits of alternative models of written composition. The results suggest that the five-factor model of written composition generalizes to Chinese writing samples and applies to both less skilled (Grade 4) and more skilled (Grade 7) writing, with differences in factor means between grades that vary in magnitude across factors.
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Date Issued: 2013-07-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_26038631, 10.1007/s11145-012-9405-4, PMC4450100, 26038631, 26038631
Format: Citation

Title: Developmental relations between reading fluency and reading comprehension: a longitudinal study from Grade 1 to Grade 2..
Creator: Kim, Young-Suk, Wagner, Richard K, Lopez, Danielle
Abstract/Description: From a developmental framework, relations among list reading fluency, oral and silent reading fluency, listening comprehension, and reading comprehension might be expected to change as children's reading skills develop. We examined developmental relations among these constructs in a latent-variable longitudinal study of first and second graders. Results showed that list reading fluency was uniquely related to reading comprehension in Grade 1, but not in Grade 2, after accounting for text...
Show moreFrom a developmental framework, relations among list reading fluency, oral and silent reading fluency, listening comprehension, and reading comprehension might be expected to change as children's reading skills develop. We examined developmental relations among these constructs in a latent-variable longitudinal study of first and second graders. Results showed that list reading fluency was uniquely related to reading comprehension in Grade 1, but not in Grade 2, after accounting for text reading fluency (oral or silent) and listening comprehension. In contrast, text reading fluency was uniquely related to reading comprehension in Grade 2, but not in Grade 1, after accounting for list reading fluency and listening comprehension. When oral reading fluency and silent reading fluency were compared, oral reading fluency was uniquely related to reading comprehension after accounting for silent reading fluency in Grade 1, whereas silent reading fluency was uniquely related to reading comprehension after accounting for oral reading fluency in Grade 2.
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Date Issued: 2012-09-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_22726256, 10.1016/j.jecp.2012.03.002, PMC3836363, 22726256, 22726256, S0022-0965(12)00054-9
Format: Citation

Title: Dimensionality and Reliability of Letter Writing in 3- to 5-Year-Old Preschool Children.
Creator: Puranik, Cynthia S, Petscher, Yaacov, Lonigan, Christopher J
Abstract/Description: The primary purpose of this study was to examine the dimensionality and reliability of letter writing skills in preschool children with the aim of determining whether a sequence existed in how children learn to write the letters of the alphabet. Additionally, we examined gender differences in the development of letter writing skills. 471 children aged 3 to 5 years old completed a letter writing task. Results from factor analyses indicated that letter writing represented a unidimensional skill...
Show moreThe primary purpose of this study was to examine the dimensionality and reliability of letter writing skills in preschool children with the aim of determining whether a sequence existed in how children learn to write the letters of the alphabet. Additionally, we examined gender differences in the development of letter writing skills. 471 children aged 3 to 5 years old completed a letter writing task. Results from factor analyses indicated that letter writing represented a unidimensional skill. Similar to research findings that the development of letter-names and letter-sound knowledge varies in acquisition, our findings indicate that the ability to write some letters is acquired earlier than the ability to write other letters. Although there appears to be an approximate sequence for the easiest and most difficult letters, there appears to be a less clear sequence for letters in the middle stages of development. Overall, girls had higher letter writing scores compared to boys. Gender differences regarding difficulty writing specific letters was less conclusive; however, results indicated that when controlling for ability level, girls had a higher probability of writing a letter correctly than boys. Implications of these findings for the assessment and instruction of letter writing are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2013-12-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_26346443, 10.1016/j.lindif.2012.06.011, PMC4557880, 26346443, 26346443
Format: Citation

Title: Do Our Means Of Inquiry Match Our Intentions?.
Creator: Petscher, Yaacov
Abstract/Description: A key stage of the scientific method is the analysis of data, yet despite the variety of methods that are available to researchers they are most frequently distilled to a model that focuses on the average relation between variables. Although research questions are frequently conceived with broad inquiry in mind, most regression methods are limited in comprehensively evaluating how observed behaviors are related to each other. Quantile regression is a largely unknown yet well-suited analytic...
Show moreA key stage of the scientific method is the analysis of data, yet despite the variety of methods that are available to researchers they are most frequently distilled to a model that focuses on the average relation between variables. Although research questions are frequently conceived with broad inquiry in mind, most regression methods are limited in comprehensively evaluating how observed behaviors are related to each other. Quantile regression is a largely unknown yet well-suited analytic technique similar to traditional regression analysis, but allows for a more systematic approach to understanding complex associations among observed phenomena in the psychological sciences. Data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988/2000 are used to illustrate how quantile regression overcomes the limitations of average associations in linear regression by showing that psychological well-being and sex each differentially relate to reading achievement depending on one's level of reading achievement.
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Date Issued: 2016-07-19
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000379876100001, 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01048
Format: Citation

Title: Does Previewing Answer-Choice Options Improve Performance on a Reading Test?.
Creator: Qian, Guo, Kim, Young-Suk, Yang, Li, Liu, Lihui
Abstract/Description: Previewing answer-choice options before finishing reading the text is a widely employed test-taking behavior. In the present study we examined whether previewing is related to item response accuracy and response time, using data from Chinese learners of varying English proficiency levels and English native speakers. We examined eye movement patterns of participants who completed online multiple-choice sentence completion tasks, and how previewing was related to reading performance and whether...
Show morePreviewing answer-choice options before finishing reading the text is a widely employed test-taking behavior. In the present study we examined whether previewing is related to item response accuracy and response time, using data from Chinese learners of varying English proficiency levels and English native speakers. We examined eye movement patterns of participants who completed online multiple-choice sentence completion tasks, and how previewing was related to reading performance and whether the relation varied as a function of English proficiency level. The results showed that, relative to no previewing, previewing was associated with a significantly lower probability of answering an item correctly but not with significantly longer response time. Importantly, these relations varied across English proficiency levels such that participants with higher proficiency performed better without previewing, but there was no difference for lower-intermediate learners of English. These findings suggest that previewing does not facilitate performance on a sentence comprehension task, but instead interferes with the comprehension process, particularly for individuals with relatively high language proficiency.
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Date Issued: 2016-04-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1462973398, 10.1007/s11145-016-9626-z
Format: Citation

Title: Effectiveness of Early Phonological Awareness Interventions for Students with Speech or Language Impairments.
Creator: Al Otaiba, Stephanie, Puranik, Cynthia, Zilkowski, Robin, Curran, Tricia
Abstract/Description: This article reviews research examining the efficacy of early phonological interventions for young students identified with Speech or Language impairments. Eighteen studies are included, providing results for nearly 500 students in preschool through third grade. Although findings were generally positive, there were large individual differences in response to intervention. Further, there was little evidence that interventions enabled students to catch up in phonological or reading skills to...
Show moreThis article reviews research examining the efficacy of early phonological interventions for young students identified with Speech or Language impairments. Eighteen studies are included, providing results for nearly 500 students in preschool through third grade. Although findings were generally positive, there were large individual differences in response to intervention. Further, there was little evidence that interventions enabled students to catch up in phonological or reading skills to typically developing peers. Methodological issues are described and implications for practice and future research are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2009-08-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_20161557, 10.1177/0022466908314869, PMC2805171, 20161557, 20161557
Format: Citation

Title: The Effects of Team-Based Learning on Social Studies Knowledge Acquisition in High School.
Creator: Wanzek, Jeanne, Vaughn, Sharon, Kent, Shawn, Swanson, Elizabeth, Roberts, Greg, Haynes, Martha, Fall, Anna-Maria, Spisak, Stephanie, Solis, Michael
Abstract/Description: This randomized control trial examined the efficacy of team-based learning implemented within 11th grade social studies classes. A randomized blocked design was implemented with 26 classes randomly assigned to treatment or comparison. In the treatment classes teachers implemented team-based learning practices to support students in engaging in dialogue about course content, application of content to solve problems, and use of evidence to support responses. Significant differences in favor of...
Show moreThis randomized control trial examined the efficacy of team-based learning implemented within 11th grade social studies classes. A randomized blocked design was implemented with 26 classes randomly assigned to treatment or comparison. In the treatment classes teachers implemented team-based learning practices to support students in engaging in dialogue about course content, application of content to solve problems, and use of evidence to support responses. Significant differences in favor of the treatment group on content acquisition were noted (Hedges' g = .19). Examination of differences in response to the treatment indicated groups of students classified with high or moderate pretest scores benefitted from the treatment, whereas a group of students classified with low pretest scores did not benefit from the treatment.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_fcrr-pubs-0006, 10.1080/19345747.2013.836765
Format: Citation

Title: Efficiency of Predicting Risk in Word Reading Using Fewer, Easier Letters.
Creator: Petscher, Yaacov M., Kim, Young-Suk
Abstract/Description: Letter name identification has been widely used as part of early screening to identify children who might be at risk for future word reading difficulty. The goal of the present study was to examine whether a reduced set of letters could have similar diagnostic accuracy rather than a full set (i.e., 26 letters) when used as a screen. First, we examined whether a hierarchical scale existed among letters by using a Mokken scale analysis. Then, we contrasted diagnostic accuracy among the 5, 10,...
Show moreLetter name identification has been widely used as part of early screening to identify children who might be at risk for future word reading difficulty. The goal of the present study was to examine whether a reduced set of letters could have similar diagnostic accuracy rather than a full set (i.e., 26 letters) when used as a screen. First, we examined whether a hierarchical scale existed among letters by using a Mokken scale analysis. Then, we contrasted diagnostic accuracy among the 5, 10, 15, and 20 easiest letters, with all 26 letters by using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves and indices of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive power, and negative predictive power. Results demonstrated a hierarchical scale existed among items in the letter-name knowledge test. Additionally, assessing students, on the easiest 15 letters was not statistically distinguished from all 26 letters in diagnostic accuracy. The implications of the results for the use of a Mokken scale analysis in educational research are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_fcrr-pubs-0003, 10.1177/1534508411407761
Format: Citation

Title: Evaluating the impact of feedback on elementary aged students' fluency growth in written expression: a randomized controlled trial..
Creator: Truckenmiller, Adrea J, Eckert, Tanya L, Codding, Robin S, Petscher, Yaacov
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to evaluate elementary-aged students' writing fluency growth in response to (a) instructional practices, (b) sex differences, and (c) student's initial level of writing fluency. Third-grade students (n=133) in three urban elementary schools were randomly assigned to either an individualized performance feedback condition (n=46), a practice-only condition (i.e., weekly writing practice; n=39), or an instructional control condition (n=48) for...
Show moreThe purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to evaluate elementary-aged students' writing fluency growth in response to (a) instructional practices, (b) sex differences, and (c) student's initial level of writing fluency. Third-grade students (n=133) in three urban elementary schools were randomly assigned to either an individualized performance feedback condition (n=46), a practice-only condition (i.e., weekly writing practice; n=39), or an instructional control condition (n=48) for 8weeks. Findings included support for use of performance feedback as an instructional component in general education classrooms (Hedges' g=0.66), whereas simple practice with curriculum-based measurement in written expression did not produce growth significantly greater than standard instructional practices. The hypothesis that girls write significantly more than boys was supported. However, girls and boys did not differ in their rate of growth. Finally, students' initial risk status in writing fluency did not differentially predict growth in writing fluency over the course of the study. Implications for incorporating feedback as a basic component of intervention in writing are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2014-12-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_25432270, 10.1016/j.jsp.2014.09.001, PMC5046133, 25432270, 25432270, S0022-4405(14)00069-7
Format: Citation

Title: An Examination of Kindergarten Oral Language for African American Students: Are There Meaningful Differences in Comparison to Peers?.
Creator: Gatlin, Brandy, Wanzek, Jeanne, Al Otaiba, Stephanie
Abstract/Description: Understanding differences in oral language abilities is vital, particularly for children from low-income homes and minority children who are at an increased risk for academic failure because of differences or deficits in language use or exposure before they enter school. The purpose of this study was to investigate oral language performance, including receptive and expressive vocabulary, grammar, and sentence imitation, among a diverse group of kindergarten students (n = 503). Using...
Show moreUnderstanding differences in oral language abilities is vital, particularly for children from low-income homes and minority children who are at an increased risk for academic failure because of differences or deficits in language use or exposure before they enter school. The purpose of this study was to investigate oral language performance, including receptive and expressive vocabulary, grammar, and sentence imitation, among a diverse group of kindergarten students (n = 503). Using hierarchical linear modeling, we examined the contributions of student race, African American or non-African American, student socioeconomic status (SES), and schoolwide SES to oral language performance. In separate analyses, we found significant absolute effects of both race and individual SES. However, when analyzed simultaneously, only race was a significant predictor for all measures. We also found that both identification as African American and schoolwide SES were significant predictors of oral language performance. We discuss implications for practice and future research.
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Date Issued: 2016-01-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_28450778, 10.1080/10573569.2015.1039737, PMC5404747, 28450778, 28450778
Format: Citation

Title: Home Literacy Environments of Young Children with Down Syndrome: Findings from a Web-based Survey..
Creator: Al Otaiba, Stephanie, Lewis, Sandra, Whalon, Kelly, Dyrlund, Allison, McKenzie, Amy
Abstract/Description: Early home literacy experiences, including parent-child book reading, account for a significant amount of childrens' later reading achievement. Yet, there is a very limited research base about the home literacy environments and experiences of children with cognitive disabilities. The purpose of this study is to describe findings from a web-based survey of home literacy environments of young children with Down syndrome. Respondents (n = 107) were mostly mothers; a majority were well-educated....
Show moreEarly home literacy experiences, including parent-child book reading, account for a significant amount of childrens' later reading achievement. Yet, there is a very limited research base about the home literacy environments and experiences of children with cognitive disabilities. The purpose of this study is to describe findings from a web-based survey of home literacy environments of young children with Down syndrome. Respondents (n = 107) were mostly mothers; a majority were well-educated. Findings suggest that respondents gave literacy a higher priority than reported in prior research on children with disabilities. Over 70% of respondents had 50 or more childrens' books and also had literacy materials including flashcards, magnetic letters, and educational videos or computer games. Most parents read to their children and used these literacy materials 10-30 minutes per day. Respondents reported that their children had reached many important early literacy milestones and they also described having relatively ambitious life-long literacy goals for their children. Important implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2009-03-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_25249712, 10.1177/0741932508315050, PMC4169900, 25249712, 25249712
Format: Citation

Title: The Importance of Predictive Power in Early Screening Assessments: Implications for Placement in the Response to Intervention Framework.
Creator: Petscher, Yaacov M., Kim, Young-Suk, Foorman, Barbara R.
Abstract/Description: As schools implement Response-to-Intervention (RTI) to identify and serve students with learning difficulties, it is critical for educators to know how to evaluate screening measures. In the present study, DIBELS oral reading fluency was used to compare the differential decisions that might occur in screening accuracy when predicting two reading comprehension measures (i.e., Stanford Achievement Test – 10th Edition [SAT10] & Gates-McGinitie Reading Test -4th Edition [GMRT]) at the end of...
Show moreAs schools implement Response-to-Intervention (RTI) to identify and serve students with learning difficulties, it is critical for educators to know how to evaluate screening measures. In the present study, DIBELS oral reading fluency was used to compare the differential decisions that might occur in screening accuracy when predicting two reading comprehension measures (i.e., Stanford Achievement Test – 10th Edition [SAT10] & Gates-McGinitie Reading Test -4th Edition [GMRT]) at the end of second grade. The results showed that the DIBELS oral reading fluency tended to have higher sensitivity and negative predictive power for SAT10, and higher specificity and positive predictive power for GMRT. Furthermore, attempting to achieve a criterion of positive predictive power for a given reading comprehension outcome (SAT10 in this study) appears to render a favorable balance compared to other indices of diagnostic accuracy. These results are discussed in light of trade-offs and a need for considering specific contexts of schools and districts.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_fcrr-pubs-0004, 10.1177/1534508410396698
Format: Citation

Title: Improving the Reliability of Student Scores from Speeded Assessments: An Illustration of Conditional Item Response Theory Using a Computer-Administered Measure of Vocabulary..
Creator: Petscher, Yaacov, Mitchell, Alison M, Foorman, Barbara R
Abstract/Description: A growing body of literature suggests that response latency, the amount of time it takes an individual to respond to an item, may be an important factor to consider when using assessment data to estimate the ability of an individual. Considering that tests of passage and list fluency are being adapted to a computer administration format, it is possible that accounting for individual differences in response times may be an increasingly feasible option to strengthen the precision of individual...
Show moreA growing body of literature suggests that response latency, the amount of time it takes an individual to respond to an item, may be an important factor to consider when using assessment data to estimate the ability of an individual. Considering that tests of passage and list fluency are being adapted to a computer administration format, it is possible that accounting for individual differences in response times may be an increasingly feasible option to strengthen the precision of individual scores. The present research evaluated the differential reliability of scores when using classical test theory and item response theory as compared to a conditional item response model which includes response time as an item parameter. Results indicated that the precision of student ability scores increased by an average of 5 % when using the conditional item response model, with greater improvements for those who were average or high ability. Implications for measurement models of speeded assessments are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2015-01-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_27721568, 10.1007/s11145-014-9518-z, PMC5053774, 27721568, 27721568
Format: Citation

Title: Incorporating RTI in a Hybrid Model of Reading Disability.
Creator: Spencer, Mercedes, Wagner, Richard K, Schatschneider, Christopher, Quinn, Jamie, Lopez, Danielle, Petscher, Yaacov
Abstract/Description: The present study seeks to evaluate a hybrid model of identification that incorporates response-to-intervention (RTI) as a one of the key symptoms of reading disability. The one-year stability of alternative operational definitions of reading disability was examined in a large scale sample of students who were followed longitudinally from first to second grade. The results confirmed previous findings of limited stability for single-criterion based operational definitions of reading disability...
Show moreThe present study seeks to evaluate a hybrid model of identification that incorporates response-to-intervention (RTI) as a one of the key symptoms of reading disability. The one-year stability of alternative operational definitions of reading disability was examined in a large scale sample of students who were followed longitudinally from first to second grade. The results confirmed previous findings of limited stability for single-criterion based operational definitions of reading disability. However, substantially greater stability was obtained for a hybrid model of reading disability that incorporates RTI with other common symptoms of reading disability.
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Date Issued: 2014-08-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_25422531, 10.1177/0731948714530967, PMC4240020, 25422531, 25422531
Format: Citation

Title: IRTs of the ABCs: children's letter name acquisition..
Creator: Phillips, Beth M, Piasta, Shayne B, Anthony, Jason L, Lonigan, Christopher J, Francis, David J
Abstract/Description: We examined the developmental sequence of letter name knowledge acquisition by children from 2 to five years of age. Data from 2 samples representing diverse regions, ethnicity, and socioeconomic backgrounds (ns = 1074 and 500) were analyzed using item response theory (IRT) and differential item functioning techniques. Results from factor analyses indicated that letter name knowledge represented a unidimensional skill; IRT results yielded significant differences between letters in both...
Show moreWe examined the developmental sequence of letter name knowledge acquisition by children from 2 to five years of age. Data from 2 samples representing diverse regions, ethnicity, and socioeconomic backgrounds (ns = 1074 and 500) were analyzed using item response theory (IRT) and differential item functioning techniques. Results from factor analyses indicated that letter name knowledge represented a unidimensional skill; IRT results yielded significant differences between letters in both difficulty and discrimination. Results also indicated an approximate developmental sequence in letter name learning for the simplest and most challenging to learn letters--but with no clear sequence between these extremes. Findings also suggested that children were most likely to first learn their first initial. We discuss implications for assessment and instruction.
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Date Issued: 2012-08-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_22710016, 10.1016/j.jsp.2012.05.002, PMC4322910, 22710016, 22710016, S0022-4405(12)00044-1
Format: Citation

Title: Is Oral/Text Reading Fluency a "Bridge" to Reading Comprehension?.
Creator: Kim, Young-Suk Grace, Park, Chea Hyeong, Wagner, Richard K
Abstract/Description: In the present study we investigated developmental relations among word reading fluency, listening comprehension, and text reading fluency to reading comprehension in a relatively transparent language, Korean. A total of 98 kindergartners and 170 first graders in Korea were assessed on a series of tasks involving listening comprehension, word reading fluency, text reading fluency, and reading comprehension. Results from multigroup structural equation models showed that text reading fluency...
Show moreIn the present study we investigated developmental relations among word reading fluency, listening comprehension, and text reading fluency to reading comprehension in a relatively transparent language, Korean. A total of 98 kindergartners and 170 first graders in Korea were assessed on a series of tasks involving listening comprehension, word reading fluency, text reading fluency, and reading comprehension. Results from multigroup structural equation models showed that text reading fluency was a dissociable construct for both kindergartners and first graders. In addition, a developmental pattern emerged: listening comprehension was not uniquely related to text reading fluency for first graders, but not for kindergartners, over and above word reading fluency. In addition, text reading fluency was uniquely related to reading comprehension for kindergartners, but not for first graders, after accounting for word reading fluency and listening comprehension. For first graders, listening comprehension dominated the relations. There were no differences in the pattern of relations for skilled and less skilled readers in first grade. Results are discussed from a developmental perspective for reading comprehension component skills including text reading fluency.
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Date Issued: 2014-01-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_25653474, 10.1007/s11145-013-9434-7, PMC4313766, 25653474, 25653474
Format: Citation

Title: Language general and specific factors in letter acquisition: Considering child and letter characteristics in Korean.
Creator: Kim, Young-Suk, Petscher, Yaacov
Abstract/Description: The present study investigated the extent to which child level factors (i.e., phonological awareness) and letter level factors (i.e., letter name structures, letter frequency, visual similarity, and letter order) contributed to letter name and sound acquisition, using data from Korean-speaking children (N = 169) and cross-classified multilevel model. The results showed that (1) a relatively large amount of variance is attributable to letter differences; (2) letter feature variables, letter...
Show moreThe present study investigated the extent to which child level factors (i.e., phonological awareness) and letter level factors (i.e., letter name structures, letter frequency, visual similarity, and letter order) contributed to letter name and sound acquisition, using data from Korean-speaking children (N = 169) and cross-classified multilevel model. The results showed that (1) a relatively large amount of variance is attributable to letter differences; (2) letter feature variables, letter name structure variable in particular, explained a large amount of variance attributable to differences among letters for letter-name knowledge; (3) phonological awareness was consistently related to letter-name and -sound knowledge; (4) letter-name knowledge was somewhat inconsistent in its relation to letter-sound knowledge; and (5) letter feature variables were not consistently related to letter-name or -sound knowledge. The results are discussed in light of language or script general versus specific factors and instructional environment in letter name and sound acquisition.
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Date Issued: 2013-02-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1453824754, 10.1007/s11145-012-9367-6
Format: Citation

Title: Learning to write letters: examination of student and letter factors..
Creator: Puranik, Cynthia S, Petscher, Yaacov, Lonigan, Christopher J
Abstract/Description: Learning to write the letters of the alphabet is an important part of learning how to write conventionally. In this study, we investigated critical factors in the development of letter-writing skills using exploratory item response models to simultaneously account for variance in responses due to differences between students and between letters. Letter-writing skills were assessed in 415 preschool children aged 3 to 5 years. At the student level, we examined the contribution of letter-name...
Show moreLearning to write the letters of the alphabet is an important part of learning how to write conventionally. In this study, we investigated critical factors in the development of letter-writing skills using exploratory item response models to simultaneously account for variance in responses due to differences between students and between letters. Letter-writing skills were assessed in 415 preschool children aged 3 to 5 years. At the student level, we examined the contribution of letter-name knowledge, letter-sound knowledge, and phonological awareness to letter-writing skills. At the letter level, we examined seven intrinsic and extrinsic factors in understanding how preschool children learn to write alphabet letters: first letter of name, letters in name, letter order, textual frequency, number of strokes, symmetry, and letter type. Results indicated that variation in letter-writing skills was accounted for more by differences between students rather than by differences between letters, with most of the variability accounted for by letter-name knowledge and age. Although significant, the contribution of letter-sound knowledge and phonological awareness was relatively small. Student-level mechanisms underlying the acquisition of letter-writing skills are similar to the mechanisms underlying the learning of letter sounds. However, letter characteristics, which appear to play a major role in the learning of letter names and letter sounds, did not appear to influence learning how to write letters in a substantial way. The exception was if the letter was in the child's name.
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Date Issued: 2014-12-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_25181463, 10.1016/j.jecp.2014.07.009, PMC5102622, 25181463, 25181463, S0022-0965(14)00149-0
Format: Citation

Title: Long Term Effects of First Grade Multi-Tier Intervention.
Creator: Al Otaiba, Stephanie Dent, Kim, Young-Suk, Wanzek, Jeanne, Petscher, Yaacov, Wagner, Richard K.
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to compare the long term effects of two first grade RTI models (Dynamic and Typical RTI) on the reading performance of students in second and third grade. Participants included 419 first grade students (352 in second grade and 278 in third grade after attrition). Students were classified based on first grade screeners as at-risk or not at-risk and then based on their response to intervention (no risk [NR], relative easy to remediate [ER] and requiring sustained...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to compare the long term effects of two first grade RTI models (Dynamic and Typical RTI) on the reading performance of students in second and third grade. Participants included 419 first grade students (352 in second grade and 278 in third grade after attrition). Students were classified based on first grade screeners as at-risk or not at-risk and then based on their response to intervention (no risk [NR], relative easy to remediate [ER] and requiring sustained remediation [SR]). Students in the Dynamic RTI condition had higher reading comprehension scores at the end of third grade. At the end of second grade, ER and SR students had lower reading scores than NR students. At the end of third grade, there were no differences in reading skills between ER and NR students, but SR students had lower scores than NR students. ER students in the Dynamic RTI condition had higher reading scores at the end of second grade than those in the Typical RTI condition. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2014-06-30
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1453824565, 10.1080/19345747.2014.906692
Format: Citation

Title: Modeling the Co-Development of Correlated Processes with Longitudinal and Cross-Construct Effects.
Creator: Petscher, Yaacov, Quinn, Jamie M, Wagner, Richard K
Abstract/Description: Conceptualizations of developmental trends are driven by the particular method used to analyze the period of change of interest. Various techniques exist to analyze developmental data, including: individual growth curve analysis in both observed and latent frameworks, cross-lagged regression to assess interrelations among variables, and multilevel frameworks that consider time as nested within individual. In this paper, we report on findings from a latent change score analysis of oral reading...
Show moreConceptualizations of developmental trends are driven by the particular method used to analyze the period of change of interest. Various techniques exist to analyze developmental data, including: individual growth curve analysis in both observed and latent frameworks, cross-lagged regression to assess interrelations among variables, and multilevel frameworks that consider time as nested within individual. In this paper, we report on findings from a latent change score analysis of oral reading fluency and reading comprehension data from a longitudinal sample of approximately 16,000 students from first to fourth grade. Results highlight the utility of latent change score models compared to alternative specifications of linear and non-linear quadratic latent growth models, as well as implications for modeling change with correlated traits.
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Date Issued: 2016-10-10
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1477836985, 10.1037/dev0000172
Format: Citation

Title: Modeling the early language trajectory of language development and its relation to poor reading comprehension.
Creator: Petscher, Yaacov, Justice, Laura, Hogan, Tiffany, Mashburn, Andrew
Abstract/Description: This study examined change in early language comprehension from 15 to 54 months for fifth grade typical readers (n = 35), poor decoders (n = 11), or poor comprehenders (n = 16) who were ascertained at birth in 1991 in a nationally representative study of early child-care experiences. Measures of language comprehension were captured across early childhood for the 72 children, and these measures changed at each measurement time-point; therefore, data were transformed to ranks. Multiple group...
Show moreThis study examined change in early language comprehension from 15 to 54 months for fifth grade typical readers (n = 35), poor decoders (n = 11), or poor comprehenders (n = 16) who were ascertained at birth in 1991 in a nationally representative study of early child-care experiences. Measures of language comprehension were captured across early childhood for the 72 children, and these measures changed at each measurement time-point; therefore, data were transformed to ranks. Multiple group quasi-simplex and latent growth models were used to examine children’s relative rank change. Results showed that future poor comprehenders significantly declined in language comprehension over time relative to future poor decoders and typical readers, who gradually improved. Findings suggest that deficits in early language contribute to reading difficulties. Efforts to improve language skills as a means to improve reading comprehension, particularly for poor comprehenders, hinge upon the perspective that language weaknesses are a causal contributor to reading difficulties.
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Date Issued: 2017-07-05
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1490109631, 10.1111/cdev.12880
Format: Citation

Title: Modeling the Relations Among Morphological Awareness Dimensions, Vocabulary Knowledge, and Reading Comprehension in Adult Basic Education Students.
Creator: Tighe, Elizabeth L., Schatschneider, Christopher
Abstract/Description: This study extended the findings of Tighe and Schatschneider (2015) by investigating the predictive utility of separate dimensions of morphological awareness as well as vocabulary knowledge to reading comprehension in adult basic education (ABE) students. We competed two- and three-factor structural equation models of reading comprehension. A three-factor model of real word morphological awareness, pseudoword morphological awareness, and vocabulary knowledge emerged as the best fit and...
Show moreThis study extended the findings of Tighe and Schatschneider (2015) by investigating the predictive utility of separate dimensions of morphological awareness as well as vocabulary knowledge to reading comprehension in adult basic education (ABE) students. We competed two- and three-factor structural equation models of reading comprehension. A three-factor model of real word morphological awareness, pseudoword morphological awareness, and vocabulary knowledge emerged as the best fit and accounted for 79% of the reading comprehension variance. The results indicated that the constructs contributed jointly to reading comprehension; however, vocabulary knowledge was the only potentially unique predictor (p = 0.052), accounting for an additional 5.6% of the variance. This study demonstrates the feasibility of applying a latent variable modeling approach to examine individual differences in the reading comprehension skills of ABE students. Further, this study replicates the findings of Tighe and Schatschneider (7015) on the importance of differentiating among dimensions of morphological awareness in this population.
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Date Issued: 2016-02-04
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_wos_000369224400001, 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00086
Format: Citation

Title: Psychometric Analysis of the Diagnostic Evaluation of Language Variation Assessment.
Creator: Petscher, Yaacov M., Connor, Carol McDonald, Al Otaiba, Stephanie Dent
Abstract/Description: This study investigated the psychometrics of the Diagnostic Evaluation of Language Variation Screening (DELV-S) Assessment using confirmatory factor analysis, item response theory, and differential item functioning (DIF). Responses from 1,764 students in kindergarten through second grade were used in the study, with results indicating that the DELVS is multidimensional and measures syntactic skills and non-word repetition ability. Item response theory suggested that most items were easy and...
Show moreThis study investigated the psychometrics of the Diagnostic Evaluation of Language Variation Screening (DELV-S) Assessment using confirmatory factor analysis, item response theory, and differential item functioning (DIF). Responses from 1,764 students in kindergarten through second grade were used in the study, with results indicating that the DELVS is multidimensional and measures syntactic skills and non-word repetition ability. Item response theory suggested that most items were easy and that the measured skills were most reliable for students who had low language abilities. Standardized effect sizes for DIF suggested small differences existed on syntactic skills between white and minority students. Scores were vertically scaled to produce reference tables to assess performance at specific points in time, as well as growth over time.
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_fcrr-pubs-0002, 10.1177/1534508411413760
Format: Citation

Title: Relations of emergent literacy skill development with conventional literacy skill development in Korean.
Creator: Kim, Young-Suk, Petscher, Yaacov
Abstract/Description: The present study investigated relative contributions of initial status and growth rates of emergent literacy skills (i.e., phonological awareness, letter-name knowledge, vocabulary, and rapid serial naming) to initial status and growth rates of conventional literacy skills (i.e., word reading, pseudoword reading, and spelling) for young Korean children. A total of 215 four-year-old children were followed for approximately 15 months. Results showed (1) consistent effects of letter-name...
Show moreThe present study investigated relative contributions of initial status and growth rates of emergent literacy skills (i.e., phonological awareness, letter-name knowledge, vocabulary, and rapid serial naming) to initial status and growth rates of conventional literacy skills (i.e., word reading, pseudoword reading, and spelling) for young Korean children. A total of 215 four-year-old children were followed for approximately 15 months. Results showed (1) consistent effects of letter-name knowledge, phonological awareness, and rapid serial naming on conventional literacy skills, and (2) the importance of children’s initial level in the emergent literacy skills for achieving conventional literacy skills. These results are discussed in light of characteristics of the Korean language and writing system.
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Date Issued: 2011-07-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1453824717, 10.1007/s11145-010-9240-4
Format: Citation

Title: The Structure of Oral Language and Reading and Their Relation to Comprehension in Kindergarten through Grade 2.
Creator: Foorman, Barbara R, Herrera, Sarah, Petscher, Yaacov, Mitchell, Alison, Truckenmiller, Adrea
Abstract/Description: This study examined the structure of oral language and reading and their relation to comprehension from a latent variable modeling perspective in Kindergarten, Grade 1, and Grade 2. Participants were students in Kindergarten (n = 218), Grade 1 (n = 372), and Grade 2 (n = 273), attending Title 1 schools. Students were administered phonological awareness, syntax, vocabulary, listening comprehension, and decoding fluency measures in mid-year. Outcome measures included a listening comprehension...
Show moreThis study examined the structure of oral language and reading and their relation to comprehension from a latent variable modeling perspective in Kindergarten, Grade 1, and Grade 2. Participants were students in Kindergarten (n = 218), Grade 1 (n = 372), and Grade 2 (n = 273), attending Title 1 schools. Students were administered phonological awareness, syntax, vocabulary, listening comprehension, and decoding fluency measures in mid-year. Outcome measures included a listening comprehension measure in Kindergarten and a reading comprehension test in Grades1 and 2. In Kindergarten, oral language (consisting of listening comprehension, syntax, and vocabulary) shared variance with phonological awareness in predicting a listening comprehension outcome. However, in Grades 1 and 2, phonological awareness was no longer predictive of reading comprehension when decoding fluency and oral language were included in the model. In Grades 1 and 2, oral language and decoding fluency were significant predictors of reading comprehension.
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Date Issued: 2015-05-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_27660395, 10.1007/s11145-015-9544-5, PMC5029469, 27660395, 27660395
Format: Citation

Title: Testing the Impact of Child Characteristics × Instruction Interactions on Third Graders' Reading Comprehension by Differentiating Literacy Instruction.
Creator: Connor, Carol McDonald, Morrison, Fredrick J, Fishman, Barry, Giuliani, Sarah, Luck, Melissa, Underwood, Phyllis S, Bayraktar, Aysegul, Crowe, Elizabeth C, Schatschneider,...
Show moreConnor, Carol McDonald, Morrison, Fredrick J, Fishman, Barry, Giuliani, Sarah, Luck, Melissa, Underwood, Phyllis S, Bayraktar, Aysegul, Crowe, Elizabeth C, Schatschneider, Christopher
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Abstract/Description: There is accumulating correlational evidence that the effect of specific types of reading instruction depends on children's initial language and literacy skills, called child characteristics × instruction (C×I) interactions. There is, however, no experimental evidence beyond first grade. This randomized control study examined whether C×I interactions might present an underlying and predictable mechanism for explaining individual differences in how students respond to third-grade classroom...
Show moreThere is accumulating correlational evidence that the effect of specific types of reading instruction depends on children's initial language and literacy skills, called child characteristics × instruction (C×I) interactions. There is, however, no experimental evidence beyond first grade. This randomized control study examined whether C×I interactions might present an underlying and predictable mechanism for explaining individual differences in how students respond to third-grade classroom literacy instruction. To this end, we designed and tested an instructional intervention (Individualizing Student Instruction [ISI]). Teachers (n = 33) and their students (n = 448) were randomly assigned to the ISI intervention or a vocabulary intervention, which was not individualized. Teachers in both conditions received professional development. Videotaped classroom observations conducted in the fall, winter, and spring documented the instruction that each student in the classroom received. Teachers in the ISI group were more likely to provide differentiated literacy instruction that considered C×I interactions than were the teachers in the vocabulary group. Students in the ISI intervention made greater gains on a standardized assessment of reading comprehension than did students in the vocabulary intervention. Results indicate that C×I interactions likely contribute to students' varying response to literacy instruction with regard to their reading comprehension achievement and that the association between students' profile of language and literacy skills and recommended instruction is nonlinear and dependent on a number of factors. Hence, dynamic and complex theories about classroom instruction and environment impacts on student learning appear to be warranted and should inform more effective literacy instruction in third grade.
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Date Issued: 2011-07-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_27867226, PMC5115604, 27867226, 27867226
Format: Citation

Title: Using Simulations to Investigate the Longitudinal Stability of Alternative Schemes for Classifying and Identifying Children with Reading Disabilities.
Creator: Schatschneider, Christopher, Wagner, Richard K, Hart, Sara A, Tighe, Elizabeth L
Abstract/Description: The present study employed data simulation techniques to investigate the one-year stability of alternative classification schemes for identifying children with reading disabilities. Classification schemes investigated include low performance, unexpected low performance, dual-discrepancy, and a rudimentary form of constellation model of reading disabilities that included multiple criteria. Data from Spencer et al. (2014) were used to construct a growth model of reading development. The...
Show moreThe present study employed data simulation techniques to investigate the one-year stability of alternative classification schemes for identifying children with reading disabilities. Classification schemes investigated include low performance, unexpected low performance, dual-discrepancy, and a rudimentary form of constellation model of reading disabilities that included multiple criteria. Data from Spencer et al. (2014) were used to construct a growth model of reading development. The parameters estimated from this model were then used to construct three simulated datasets wherein the growth parameters were manipulated in one of three ways: A stable-growth pattern, a mastery learning pattern and a fan-spread pattern. Results indicated that overall the constellation model provided the most stable classifications across all conditions of the simulation, and that classification schemes were most stable in the fan-spread condition, and were the least stable under the mastery learning growth pattern. These results also demonstrate the utility of data simulations in reading research.
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Date Issued: 2016-01-01
Identifier: FSU_pmch_26834450, 10.1080/10888438.2015.1107072, PMC4732731, 26834450, 26834450
Format: Citation

Title: Writing fluency and quality in kindergarten and first grade: The role of attention, reading, transcription, and oral language.
Creator: Kent, Shawn, Wanzek, Jeanne, Petscher, Yaacov, Al Otaiba, Stephanie Dent, Kim, Young-Suk
Abstract/Description: In the present study, we examined the influence of kindergarten component skills on writing outcomes, both concurrently and longitudinally to first grade. Using data from 265 students, we investigated a model of writing development including attention regulation along with students’ reading, spelling, handwriting fluency, and oral language component skills. Results from structural equation modeling demonstrated that a model including attention was better fitting than a model with only...
Show moreIn the present study, we examined the influence of kindergarten component skills on writing outcomes, both concurrently and longitudinally to first grade. Using data from 265 students, we investigated a model of writing development including attention regulation along with students’ reading, spelling, handwriting fluency, and oral language component skills. Results from structural equation modeling demonstrated that a model including attention was better fitting than a model with only language and literacy factors. Attention, a higher-order literacy factor related to reading and spelling proficiency, and automaticity in letter-writing were uniquely and positively related to compositional fluency in kindergarten. Attention and higher-order literacy factor were predictive of both composition quality and fluency in first grade, while oral language showed unique relations with first grade writing quality. Implications for writing development and instruction are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2014-08-01
Identifier: FSU_libsubv1_scholarship_submission_1453824640, 10.1007/s11145-013-9480-1
Format: Citation

Citation Views (49)	+ -
Florida Center for Reading Research (49)	+ -
Florida Learning Disability Research Center (33)	+ -
School of Teacher Education (6)	+ -
Department of Psychology (1)	+ -

Education (7)	+ -
Female (7)	+ -
Humans (7)	+ -
Male (7)	+ -
Child (5)	+ -

Educational evaluation (5)	+ -
Research (5)	+ -
Achievement (3)	+ -
Reading (3)	+ -
Child Behavior/psychology (2)	+ -
Child, Preschool (2)	+ -
Comprehension (2)	+ -
Dyslexia/epidemiology (2)	+ -
Learning (2)	+ -
Longitudinal Studies (2)	+ -
Teaching/methods (2)	+ -
Writing (2)	+ -
Adolescent (1)	+ -
Age Factors (1)	+ -
Aptitude (1)	+ -
Computer-Assisted Instruction (1)	+ -
Curricula (1)	+ -
Curriculum (1)	+ -
Diseases in Twins/epidemiology (1)	+ -
Diseases in Twins/genetics (1)	+ -
Diseases in Twins/psychology (1)	+ -
Dyslexia/genetics (1)	+ -
Dyslexia/prevention & control (1)	+ -
Dyslexia/psychology (1)	+ -
Dyslexia/therapy (1)	+ -

text (49)	+ -
journal article (9)	+ -

Petscher, Yaacov (18)	+ -
Wagner, Richard K (11)	+ -
Kim, Young-Suk (10)	+ -
Al Otaiba, Stephanie (8)	+ -
Wanzek, Jeanne (7)	+ -

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