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Title: Failing to Prepare or Preparing to Fail?: the Iraqi and American Armies Between 1991 and 2003.
Creator: Drury, John Jacob, Garretson, Peter, Creswell, Michael, Souva, Mark, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The Iraqi and American armies made changes in the wake of the 1991 Gulf War, but they made those changes within the constraints imposed upon them by their political overseers and their own political cultures. Unlike other works regarding the conflicts between Iraq and the United States, which are often historical narratives of the wars themselves, this paper is a comparative analysis of the changes made and the effects they would eventually have on the two states' respective performances in...
Show moreThe Iraqi and American armies made changes in the wake of the 1991 Gulf War, but they made those changes within the constraints imposed upon them by their political overseers and their own political cultures. Unlike other works regarding the conflicts between Iraq and the United States, which are often historical narratives of the wars themselves, this paper is a comparative analysis of the changes made and the effects they would eventually have on the two states' respective performances in 2003. The Iraqi Army was badly hindered by Saddam Hussein's belief that they represented a threat to him. This suspicion caused the Iraqi dictator to form multiple rival services that competed with the Iraqi Army for men, equipment, and funding. Saddam also promoted on the basis of perceived loyalty, dismissing competent officers as threats to his power. Finally, the U.N.-imposed sanctions prevented Iraq from replacing destroyed or dilapidated weapons. The United States Army, in contrast, engaged in an expensive effort to correct perceived flaws in its force structure. At the same time, due to budget cuts, the United States Army had to find ways to perform the same duties with fewer resources. It did so using two paths. First, it attempted to modify its equipment and force structure in order to provide soldiers with firepower that would previously have been available only to larger units. Second, it made increased use of private contractors in an effort to free uniformed soldiers for combat duties. In the end, neither Iraq nor the United States was fully prepared for the war in 2003. Iraq's forces were designed with internal security in mind; repelling an external enemy as powerful as the United States proved to be beyond their capabilities. The United States Army was fully capable and prepared for the initial campaign against the Iraqi Army, but it found itself unable to control the subsequent outburst of civil strife.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0657
Format: Thesis

Title: Progressive Arab Nationalism: 1952-1958 the War of Position, Land Reform, Anti-Colonialism and the Arab "Effendiyya".
Creator: Zylberkan, Daniel, Garretson, Peter, Creswell, Michael, Souva, Mark, Program in International Affairs, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Progressive Arab nationalism was built upon a concept of emancipation. Emancipating states from imperialism, peasants from feudalism and creating truly independent and sovereign states. From 1952 to 1958, Arab nationalists aimed to free themselves from Western imperialism created by the presence of Western institutions, regimes and organizations in their lands that were used to project power and protect economic interests. The geographies and politics of Arab states were created as a method...
Show moreProgressive Arab nationalism was built upon a concept of emancipation. Emancipating states from imperialism, peasants from feudalism and creating truly independent and sovereign states. From 1952 to 1958, Arab nationalists aimed to free themselves from Western imperialism created by the presence of Western institutions, regimes and organizations in their lands that were used to project power and protect economic interests. The geographies and politics of Arab states were created as a method for Western powers to maintain their interests in the region. One such case was the concentration of ownership of land within a feudal class that served the world market. Progressive Arab nationalist institutions such as governments, political parties, newspa-pers, radio programs, schools and social movements were the motor of social change in the tradi-tional Arab monarchies. These institutions represented civil society the domain of the new Arab "effendiyya." Starting during the 1930s, Arab civil society fought a war of position against the hegemonic power of the traditional Arab monarchies and ultimately succeeded in establishing progressive Arab nationalist hegemony in Egypt, Jordan and Iraq
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-5306
Format: Thesis

Title: From "Masterly Inactivity" to Limited Autonomy: Afghanistan as a Catalyst for Liberal Imperialism.
Creator: Laffer, Stephanie, Upchurch, Charles, Grant, Jonathan, Garretson, Peter, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Afghanistan was both the site of an experiment in traditional imperialism, as well as the first area where the concept of Liberal imperialism was introduced. The end of the Second Afghan War was a catalyst for British foreign policy. The aftermath of this war would lead to a reassessment of the goals of British imperial policy, including the eventual changes in the definition of imperialism. This thesis seeks to establish the role of the British experience in Afghanistan in the creation of...
Show moreAfghanistan was both the site of an experiment in traditional imperialism, as well as the first area where the concept of Liberal imperialism was introduced. The end of the Second Afghan War was a catalyst for British foreign policy. The aftermath of this war would lead to a reassessment of the goals of British imperial policy, including the eventual changes in the definition of imperialism. This thesis seeks to establish the role of the British experience in Afghanistan in the creation of Liberal imperialism. The personal beliefs and experiences of the most important figure of the Liberal Party, William Ewart Gladstone, the Prime Minister of Britain at the conclusion of the Second Afghan War (1878-1881), will be used to examine the moral values espoused by the Liberal Party in Afghanistan. These values can be seen in many contemporary sources, such as newspapers and Gladstone's personal correspondence and diaries. As this thesis intends to prove the British experience in Afghanistan served as a catalyst for Liberal imperialism, the term must first be defined by a study of the historiography of British imperial policy. To further this understanding of the British policies, attention will be paid to contemporary newspapers' portrayal of Afghanistan and Gladstone's actions concerning the country. In addition to papers from Britain, one newspaper from India, The Times of India, will also be consulted to gain local citizens impressions on the war. Although newspapers serve as an excellent source of contemporary opinion, letters written by and to Gladstone show another side of the issue. In his personal correspondence and diaries, Gladstone reveals his own opinions on Afghanistan, and how his policies in the country are a part of the overall moral foreign policy he advocated for Britain. The changes in British imperial policy initiated by the Liberal Imperialists would last until the end of the British Empire. Although most historians see the beginnings of Liberal imperialism with the struggle for African dominance in the late 1880s and 1890s, the role of the Second Afghan War and the resulting changes in foreign policy marked this turn towards a new imperialism. The impact of the British experience in Afghanistan is overlooked in the historiography of liberal imperialism, yet its role as a catalyst for new ideas of imperialism for both the Conservative and Liberal parties is not one which can be forgotten.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3321
Format: Thesis

Title: The Plurality of Soviet Religious "Policy".
Creator: Childers, Barry, Grant, Jonathon, Garretson, Peter, Williamson, George, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This thesis examines and analyzes the Soviet Union's religious policies through a comparison of policy toward the Russian Orthodox Church and that toward Islam. It explains the differences in religious policy between each Soviet leader, while further breaking down each leader's policies for both religions. It argues that a universal Soviet religious policy did not exist, each Soviet leader instead creating his own religious policy. It furthermore argues that the Soviet ideology of Leninist...
Show moreThis thesis examines and analyzes the Soviet Union's religious policies through a comparison of policy toward the Russian Orthodox Church and that toward Islam. It explains the differences in religious policy between each Soviet leader, while further breaking down each leader's policies for both religions. It argues that a universal Soviet religious policy did not exist, each Soviet leader instead creating his own religious policy. It furthermore argues that the Soviet ideology of Leninist-socialism was not the motivating factor in the formation of policy, but that the personal goals of each leader, as well as the inherent need to protect the state's power and image, comprised the main factors in policy creation. The scope of this thesis is the entire span of the Soviet Union's existence.
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4768
Format: Thesis

Title: Painted Interiors from the Houghton Shahnameh.
Creator: Lauren, Samantha, Garretson, Peter, Grant, Jonathan, Lee, Susan, Program in Asian Studies, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The following study utilizes a 1981 reproduction of a ca.1525, Safavid version of the Persian national epic, the Shahnameh, to investigate the manuscript's numerous illustrations of painted interior design. Initial research focuses on the history of wall painting in Iranian culture from the ancient through the Safavid eras. The following section offers a brief history of the Safavids themselves, as well as an overview of the immediate cultural and artistic influences that combined to create...
Show moreThe following study utilizes a 1981 reproduction of a ca.1525, Safavid version of the Persian national epic, the Shahnameh, to investigate the manuscript's numerous illustrations of painted interior design. Initial research focuses on the history of wall painting in Iranian culture from the ancient through the Safavid eras. The following section offers a brief history of the Safavids themselves, as well as an overview of the immediate cultural and artistic influences that combined to create their newly syncretized aesthetic. The body of the research concentrates on an original system of classification allowing each interior motif to be categorized as one of five basic types. Labeled A through E the master types are sub-divided into several lesser categories based on their degrees of separation from the original motif. In an attempt to trace each pattern's stylistic origins, the designs are evaluated in relation to three different media that either predate or are contemporary to the production of the Safavid Shahnameh: similar images from illustrated volumes, the literary accounts of extinct Timurid and Turkman murals and the wall paintings of extant edifices. A notable corollary to this research is the conclusion that a number of the Shahnameh's interior wall paintings exhibit far eastern, aesthetic influences that pre-date the Mongolian invasions of the thirteenth century. While it is difficult to classify each of the myriad layers of meaning projected on these images, quite a few of the motifs appear to contain Zoroastrian, Buddhist, Hindu and Sufi religious symbolism as well as Soghdian and Sassanian secular references. In particular it is proposed that, in many cases, the Shahnameh's illustrations are a reliable indication of the interior wall paintings that decorated contemporaneous Turkman and Timurid palaces.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3257
Format: Thesis

Title: Towards a Regional Ismā'Īlī Cosmology: An Analysis of the Kitāb Al-Shajara of Abū Tammām.
Creator: Beaver, Kimberly, Gaiser, Adam, Hellweg, Joseph, Garretson, Peter, Department of Religion, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The heresiography portion found in the Kitb̄ al-shajara by the fourth/tenth century Ismā'īlī dā'ī Abū Tammām presents an interesting opportunity for scholars of religion. Not just an unique heresiographical work written from a non-Fatimid Ismā'īlī position, the Shajara also presents a complex Neo-Platonic conception of Ismā'īlī thought, from cosmology to soteriology and epistemology. Above all, the Shajara is an attempt to consciously create an orthodoxy for the Ismā'īlīs of Greater Khurasan,...
Show moreThe heresiography portion found in the Kitb̄ al-shajara by the fourth/tenth century Ismā'īlī dā'ī Abū Tammām presents an interesting opportunity for scholars of religion. Not just an unique heresiographical work written from a non-Fatimid Ismā'īlī position, the Shajara also presents a complex Neo-Platonic conception of Ismā'īlī thought, from cosmology to soteriology and epistemology. Above all, the Shajara is an attempt to consciously create an orthodoxy for the Ismā'īlīs of Greater Khurasan, particularly one that is outside both the Sunni dominated region and the rising Fatimid Ismā'īlī state. The Shajara also reveals that Abū Tammām made use of the vibrant scholastic milieu in the area of Greater Khurasan, drawing from a wide variety of sources that mostly happened to be non-Ismā'īlī in origin. From this foundation, however, Abū Tammām creates his own distinctly eastern, Neo-Platonic portrayal of the sects wherein the ordering of the sects themselves in the heresiography reflects the larger structure of the universe; more specifically, the unfolding of knowledge within the sects as they move towards the end of the heresiography (and thus closer to the views of the Ismā'īlīs as the "saving sect") echoes the series of emanations that created the cosmos as well as the necessary steps by which humankind can return to God. The Kitāb al-shajara, then, is a project to define a regional, Neo-Platonic Ismā'īlī orthodoxy.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-8727
Format: Thesis

Title: The Growth of an Eastern Mediterranean Subsystem: Economics during the Crusades.
Creator: Beaver, Kimberly, Garretson, Peter, Hanley, Will, Gaiser, Adam, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: After the rapid expansion of Islam in the seventh and eighth centuries, the eastern Mediterranean region was fairly homogenous in terms of economics. Muslims merchants dominated the region, which contained only minority populations of other religions, which had their own moderate levels of success in economic ventures. The advent of the Crusades in 1096 CE, however, disrupted trade and threatened Muslim control of these profitable trade routes. Suddenly, European Christians began living and...
Show moreAfter the rapid expansion of Islam in the seventh and eighth centuries, the eastern Mediterranean region was fairly homogenous in terms of economics. Muslims merchants dominated the region, which contained only minority populations of other religions, which had their own moderate levels of success in economic ventures. The advent of the Crusades in 1096 CE, however, disrupted trade and threatened Muslim control of these profitable trade routes. Suddenly, European Christians began living and trading in what had long been a Muslim dominated area. With their very presence, these merchants changed the way that trade was conducted within the Eastern Mediterranean and the physical landscape of the area. As larger numbers of European merchants travelled to the Crusader States, the economic landscape of the eastern Mediterranean began to evolve into its own subsystem within the larger Mediterranean context. Through their involvement in creating new trading networks, building up particular coastal trading cities, and redefining the very process of trade, the European and Middle Eastern merchants in the region created this new subsystem within the Mediterranean.
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Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-8694
Format: Thesis

Title: British Foreign Policy and the Arab Rebellion in Palestine: The Transformation of Middle East Politics, 1936-1939.
Creator: Ross, Jared S., Upchurch, Charles, Garretson, Peter, Grant, Jonathan, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The Palestine Mandate remains one of the most controversial topics in the historiography of twentieth-century British foreign policy. With the publication of the Balfour Declaration in 1917, Britain committed itself to the Jewish restoration of the Holy Land. Almost immediately, Britain found itself at the center of a longstanding feud between Jews and Arabs. The nature of the conflict pitted Pro-Zionist policymakers inside the British government against policymakers sympathetic to the Arab...
Show moreThe Palestine Mandate remains one of the most controversial topics in the historiography of twentieth-century British foreign policy. With the publication of the Balfour Declaration in 1917, Britain committed itself to the Jewish restoration of the Holy Land. Almost immediately, Britain found itself at the center of a longstanding feud between Jews and Arabs. The nature of the conflict pitted Pro-Zionist policymakers inside the British government against policymakers sympathetic to the Arab people. Parallel to the Jews and Arabs fighting for supremacy in the Middle East, administrators inside the offices of colonial and foreign affairs were locked in an ideological battle, pulling British foreign policy into two opposing directions. By 1936, Palestine became ungovernable due to a series of work strikes and escalating violence between the Jewish settlers and Palestinian Arabs. In turn, the Arab Rebellion of 1936 transformed the political landscape of the Middle East by forcing Britain to retreat from its earlier commitment to the Jewish people. In 1939, the British government published a new "White Paper" that restricted the number of Jewish immigrants allowed entry into Palestine every year. The purpose of this policy reversal was to placate the demands of Arab states, and shore up their support for Britain against the Axis Powers of Germany and Italy. Yet, the 1939 White Paper did not guarantee an end to hostilities between Britain and the Arab world. Rather, it had dire consequences for Britain's relations with the Zionist leadership, heretofore Britain's most dependable ally in the region. Forced into a corner, David Ben-Gurion, leader of the Labor Bloc in Palestine and executive officer of the Jewish Agency, executed a series of campaigns designed to subvert and undermine Britain's presence in Palestine. In the decade that followed the publication of the White Paper, it was the Yishuv of Palestine, not the Arab states, that forced Britain to withdraw from Palestine completely.
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-1779
Format: Thesis

Title: Stirring the American Melting Pot: Middle Eastern Immigration, the Progressives and the Legal Construction of Whiteness, 1880-1924.
Creator: Soash, Richard, Koslow, Jennifer, Sinke, Suzanne, Garretson, Peter, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: When an immigrant came to early twentieth-century America, his or her ability to naturalize was dependent on the artificial color designation assigned to his or her group. Armenian and Syrian-Lebanese immigrants, however, entered the country as the ultimate "in-between people." They were situated geographically between Europe and Asia and racially between Caucasian and Mongolian, "white" and "yellow." The two groups were unique in that, at the dawn of the Progressive Era, they could have...
Show moreWhen an immigrant came to early twentieth-century America, his or her ability to naturalize was dependent on the artificial color designation assigned to his or her group. Armenian and Syrian-Lebanese immigrants, however, entered the country as the ultimate "in-between people." They were situated geographically between Europe and Asia and racially between Caucasian and Mongolian, "white" and "yellow." The two groups were unique in that, at the dawn of the Progressive Era, they could have conceivably been placed into either category. This thesis argues that the socioeconomic biases of the people in power at the time, in this case Progressive Era policy-makers, played a large role in determining the "whiteness" of Armenian and Syrian-Lebanese immigrants.
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Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-7610
Format: Thesis

Title: Reconquista and Convivencia: Post-Conquest Valencia during the Reign of Jaime I, El Conquistador: Interaction Between Christians and Muslims (1238-1276).
Creator: Ritt, Travis William, Strait, Paul, Garretson, Peter, Grant, Jonathan, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The Reconquista in Valencia has traditionally been viewed as an attack on Islam by the Christians of Muslim Spain. However, while there was certainly a religious component to the Reconquista, this was not the sole, or even the most important motivating factor. Operating under a veneer of religious legitimatization were the driving secular ideals of increased political power and wealth. Jaime I of Aragon-Catalonia was not interested in ridding the Iberian Peninsula of its Muslim influence, but...
Show moreThe Reconquista in Valencia has traditionally been viewed as an attack on Islam by the Christians of Muslim Spain. However, while there was certainly a religious component to the Reconquista, this was not the sole, or even the most important motivating factor. Operating under a veneer of religious legitimatization were the driving secular ideals of increased political power and wealth. Jaime I of Aragon-Catalonia was not interested in ridding the Iberian Peninsula of its Muslim influence, but rather substituting it with his own rule. This led to a situation in Valencia where Muslims not only survived in Valencia for multiple generations following the Reconquest, but were also allowed to keep many of the privileges that they had enjoyed under thier Muslim overlords. The current work then looks not so much at the belligerent aspects of the Reconquista, but rather at the oftentimes peaceful interaction between Muslims and Christians of the convivencia.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-1850
Format: Thesis

Title: The Story Behind the Story: Experience and Identity in the Development of Palestinian Nationalism 1917-1967.
Creator: Penziner, Victoria Lynn, Garretson, Peter, Grant, Jonathan, Wynot, Ed, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Prior to 1967, the liberation of the Palestinian people meant a coordinated attack by the Arab armies on Israel. After 1967, the liberation of the Palestinians fell to the people who inhabited the Territories-West Bank and Gaza and the refugee camps. The liberation became less of an elite, intellectual concept and more of a grass roots desire. These changes manifest themselves in a number of ways, but none so important as the changes in people and how their experiences relate to diplomatic...
Show morePrior to 1967, the liberation of the Palestinian people meant a coordinated attack by the Arab armies on Israel. After 1967, the liberation of the Palestinians fell to the people who inhabited the Territories-West Bank and Gaza and the refugee camps. The liberation became less of an elite, intellectual concept and more of a grass roots desire. These changes manifest themselves in a number of ways, but none so important as the changes in people and how their experiences relate to diplomatic and military data. Using oral history, memory and experience this work seeks to connect these three categories of data. The 1967 War was a turning point in the development of Palestinian identity both collectively and individually, however, this aspect of the war has been largely overlooked by scholars. By looking at the legacies of the British Mandatory period, the 1948 War, the affects of Pan-Arabism, the United Nations and the Palestine Liberation Organization, a greater understanding of the 1967 War and its importance on the individual level can be seen. This work examines not the diplomatic and course of the war, but how this war affected individual Palestinians using oral histories and personal experience. Due to the availability of sources, it focuses mainly on experiences of Palestinians within the West Bank and on men. Sources for women are more difficult to find and although female recollections included, gender is not discussed. This work relies heavily on experiences of Arabs in America and works in translation. As such, a discussion of the 1967's War impact on America is also discussed in detail.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-2033
Format: Thesis

Title: Image Is Everything: The Centrality of Prestige in Russian and Austro-Hungarian Foreign Policy, 1904-1914.
Creator: Nunn, William Weston, Grant, Jonathan, Garretson, Peter, Creswell, Michael, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This thesis examines and analyzes Russian and Austro-Hungarian foreign policy and the rivalry between them between 1904-1914. It asserts the centrality of prestige-garnering as a motivator of their Balkan diplomacy, not only to project an image of strength to their European rivals, but to distract from each's volatile and parlous domestic situation. Both Russia and Austria-Hungary pursued a Balkan policy that emphasized form over substance in order to convince their subjects and rivals that...
Show moreThis thesis examines and analyzes Russian and Austro-Hungarian foreign policy and the rivalry between them between 1904-1914. It asserts the centrality of prestige-garnering as a motivator of their Balkan diplomacy, not only to project an image of strength to their European rivals, but to distract from each's volatile and parlous domestic situation. Both Russia and Austria-Hungary pursued a Balkan policy that emphasized form over substance in order to convince their subjects and rivals that their integrities were intact and unassailable. Instead of more tangible foreign policy goals like territory or economics, abstract notions of imperial dignity, honor, and Great Power status, ideas that became the primary reason for the Great War's outbreak, fueled the rivalry between the two eastern monarchies. The scope of this study is a departure from other accounts of European Great Power diplomacy because it concentrates on the decade before the war instead of a lengthy narrative since the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. In addition, instead of bringing into the discussion the entirety of the European Congress, this thesis focuses on the struggle between the Romanov and Habsburg states to be recognized as the mistress of southeastern Europe. By focusing on the prestige rivalry between St. Petersburg and Vienna, this study shifts the focus from the Anglo-Germany naval rivalry in the North Sea to the wrangling over the Balkan Peninsula, the region in which the war's first shots were fired. As a result, it challenges the notion that Germany is most responsible for the chaos, asserting instead that Austria-Hungary is the most to blame.
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-2493
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Nationalism on Territorial Integrity Among Armenians and Serbs.
Creator: Patelic, Nina, Grant, Jonathan, Garretson, Peter, Souva, Mark, Program in International Affairs, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Nationalism has been a driving force in both nation building and in spurring high levels of violence. As nations have become the norm in modern day society, nationalism has become detrimental to international law, which protects the powers of sovereignty. In the latter part of the twentieth century, secessionist groups and the international community alike have disputed the call for independence by citing the right to majority rule, despite legally bound borders. This paper examines the...
Show moreNationalism has been a driving force in both nation building and in spurring high levels of violence. As nations have become the norm in modern day society, nationalism has become detrimental to international law, which protects the powers of sovereignty. In the latter part of the twentieth century, secessionist groups and the international community alike have disputed the call for independence by citing the right to majority rule, despite legally bound borders. This paper examines the history of nationalism, with particular emphasis on the cases Serbia and Armenia. It explores the history of two disputed regions-Kosovo and Nagorno Karabakh, and analyzes those tragic events in the 1990's that placed them on the forefront of international relations.
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Date Issued: 2008
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-2298
Format: Thesis

Title: Hope Deferred: Palestinian Refugees in the Middle East Peace Process.
Creator: Mohrland, Meghan, Levenson, David, Atkins, Burton, Garretson, Peter, Program in International Affairs, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This thesis is a comprehensive study of the negotiations on the Palestinian refugees in the Middle East peace process from 1948 to the present. The Palestinian refugees are an integral part of the Middle East peace process and, according to many analysts, the crux of the Israel-Palestinian conflict, with the right of return as the most difficult aspect of the refugee problem. The history of the refugee issue in the peace process can be divided into three periods. The first period begins with...
Show moreThis thesis is a comprehensive study of the negotiations on the Palestinian refugees in the Middle East peace process from 1948 to the present. The Palestinian refugees are an integral part of the Middle East peace process and, according to many analysts, the crux of the Israel-Palestinian conflict, with the right of return as the most difficult aspect of the refugee problem. The history of the refugee issue in the peace process can be divided into three periods. The first period begins with the proposal of UN Mediator Bernadotte in September 1948, which led to the adoption of UN Resolution 194 in December 1948. Resolution 194 created debate on the right of return and led to the Lausanne meetings (1949) which held significant discussion on the refugee issue. As the issue remained unresolved, international attention turned away from a political process to addressing the humanitarian needs of the refugees. During the second period, extending from Camp David I (1978) to the Oslo Process (1993), the refugee issue was subordinated to the questions of Palestinian self-determination and an interim self-government. The signing of the Declaration of Principles at Oslo deferred the refugee question along with Jerusalem, settlements, security arrangements, borders, relations and cooperation with other neighbors, to the final status negotiations. The Refugee Working Group, created as a result of the Madrid Conference (1991), was concerned primarily with humanitarian dimension of the problem, such as establishing guidelines for family reunification. The third period extends from the Stockholm talks (1995) to Taba (2001), where serious discussions about a resolution of the final status issues including the refugees, were undertaken. However, with the exception of Camp David II (2000), these talks were between either non-government officials or lower-ranking government officials. Only minimal progress was made on the refugee issue during this period. This lack of progress has been seen by both sides as an indication that this issue will remain a major impediment to peace in future negotiations.
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Date Issued: 2006
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-2364
Format: Thesis

Title: Kusamira Ritual Music and the Social Reproduction of Wellness in Uganda.
Creator: Hoesing, Peter, Gunderson, Frank, Hellweg, Joseph, Bakan, Michael B., Garretson, Peter, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Ritual healing has fascinated ethnographers and historians for several decades. Over the last twenty-five years, ethnomusicologists have begun to examine the cognitive, performative, and phenomenological aspects of ritual and trance. Based on seventeen months of ethnographic field research over the last five years, this study examines ritual healing and spirit mediumship in two regions of southern Uganda, Buganda and Busoga. The groups living in these regions, the Baganda and Basoga, speak...
Show moreRitual healing has fascinated ethnographers and historians for several decades. Over the last twenty-five years, ethnomusicologists have begun to examine the cognitive, performative, and phenomenological aspects of ritual and trance. Based on seventeen months of ethnographic field research over the last five years, this study examines ritual healing and spirit mediumship in two regions of southern Uganda, Buganda and Busoga. The groups living in these regions, the Baganda and Basoga, speak mutually intelligible languages respectively called Luganda and Lusoga. The performance of healing rituals involves kusamira, or what this study defines as flexible personhood, which has been termed elsewhere spirit possession or trance. Through the release of a usual sense of self to spirits in kusamira ritual, practitioners called basamize and baswezi create atmospheres for social interaction with ancestral and patron spirits. These interactions not only articulate categories of illness and wellness; they also become sites for manipulating and negotiating trajectories of mediumship and healing. Ritual adepts conceive of holistic wellness in these contexts, obulamu obulungi, as crucially dependent upon blessings from the spirits, emikisa, and the eradication of negative spiritual energy, ebibi. 'Carrying spirits,' okukongojja, facilitates the kind of social interaction between humans and spirits necessary to pursue these blessings in ritual and sacrifice. This dissertation offers the first ethnographic narrative on the music of kusamira. Through linguistic and musical research, performance with project participants, and other subjective ethnographic experience, it engages kusamira adherents at the level of verbal art and performative meaning. Specific methods include analysis of song texts, assessment of the place song in ritual contexts, examination of intercontextual references, and musical analysis. These approaches to kusamira ritual redress a major gap in the literature on ritual healing in Interlacustrine East Africa: although earlier studies have often mentioned the presence of music in this kind of ritual, they have failed to account for its significance or examine its meanings beyond a cursory level. Kusamira practitioners promote and control flexible personhood through musical performance as an essential technology of ritual interaction. Their social aesthetic is one of conviviality, which they cultivate among numerous frictions at the local, national, and regional levels. The tenacity of these practices reveals something beyond an aesthetic priority: although dismissed by colonizers, missionaries, and many modern Ugandans, they constitute a valuable form of expression, a widely used form of primary health care and maintenance, and an intersubjective'even intercorporeal'mode of being-in-the-world. For these reasons, kusamira involves indigenous knowledge on the level of an African gnosis. Professional basamize and baswezi healers and musicians keep and actively maintain this gnosis through the performance of kusamira ritual, which promotes the social production and reproduction of wellness. In contrast to strongly visualist representations of ritualists in contemporary Uganda, this project approaches kusamira according to its total sensory appeal. Among these I prioritize close listening to song texts, which reveals details about Kiganda and Kisoga spirit pantheons, ways of promoting convivial social relations with them, and the benefits of performing ritual for holistic wellness. By examining the ways in which basamize and baswezi use these texts in performance, this study finds such benefits to be dependent on creative capacities, the mutual dependence of humans and their patron spirits, and the agency of both entities in the ritual production of social wellness.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-7158
Format: Thesis

Title: Kusamira Ritual Music and the Social Reproduction of Wellness in Uganda.
Creator: Hoesing, Peter, Gunderson, Frank, Hellweg, Joseph, Bakan, Michael B., Garretson, Peter, College of Music, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Ritual healing has fascinated ethnographers and historians for several decades. Over the last twenty-five years, ethnomusicologists have begun to examine the cognitive, performative, and phenomenological aspects of ritual and trance. Based on seventeen months of ethnographic field research over the last five years, this study examines ritual healing and spirit mediumship in two regions of southern Uganda, Buganda and Busoga. The groups living in these regions, the Baganda and Basoga, speak...
Show moreRitual healing has fascinated ethnographers and historians for several decades. Over the last twenty-five years, ethnomusicologists have begun to examine the cognitive, performative, and phenomenological aspects of ritual and trance. Based on seventeen months of ethnographic field research over the last five years, this study examines ritual healing and spirit mediumship in two regions of southern Uganda, Buganda and Busoga. The groups living in these regions, the Baganda and Basoga, speak mutually intelligible languages respectively called Luganda and Lusoga. The performance of healing rituals involves kusamira, or what this study defines as flexible personhood, which has been termed elsewhere spirit possession or trance. Through the release of a usual sense of self to spirits in kusamira ritual, practitioners called basamize and baswezi create atmospheres for social interaction with ancestral and patron spirits. These interactions not only articulate categories of illness and wellness; they also become sites for manipulating and negotiating trajectories of mediumship and healing. Ritual adepts conceive of holistic wellness in these contexts, obulamu obulungi, as crucially dependent upon blessings from the spirits, emikisa, and the eradication of negative spiritual energy, ebibi. "Carrying spirits," okukongojja, facilitates the kind of social interaction between humans and spirits necessary to pursue these blessings in ritual and sacrifice. This dissertation offers the first ethnographic narrative on the music of kusamira. Through linguistic and musical research, performance with project participants, and other subjective ethnographic experience, it engages kusamira adherents at the level of verbal art and performative meaning. Specific methods include analysis of song texts, assessment of the place song in ritual contexts, examination of intercontextual references, and musical analysis. These approaches to kusamira ritual redress a major gap in the literature on ritual healing in Interlacustrine East Africa: although earlier studies have often mentioned the presence of music in this kind of ritual, they have failed to account for its significance or examine its meanings beyond a cursory level. Kusamira practitioners promote and control flexible personhood through musical performance as an essential technology of ritual interaction. Their social aesthetic is one of conviviality, which they cultivate among numerous frictions at the local, national, and regional levels. The tenacity of these practices reveals something beyond an aesthetic priority: although dismissed by colonizers, missionaries, and many modern Ugandans, they constitute a valuable form of expression, a widely used form of primary health care and maintenance, and an intersubjective—even intercorporeal—mode of being-in-the-world. For these reasons, kusamira involves indigenous knowledge on the level of an African gnosis. Professional basamize and baswezi healers and musicians keep and actively maintain this gnosis through the performance of kusamira ritual, which promotes the social production and reproduction of wellness. In contrast to strongly visualist representations of ritualists in contemporary Uganda, this project approaches kusamira according to its total sensory appeal. Among these I prioritize close listening to song texts, which reveals details about Kiganda and Kisoga spirit pantheons, ways of promoting convivial social relations with them, and the benefits of performing ritual for holistic wellness. By examining the ways in which basamize and baswezi use these texts in performance, this study finds such benefits to be dependent on creative capacities, the mutual dependence of humans and their patron spirits, and the agency of both entities in the ritual production of social wellness.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4663
Format: Thesis

Title: William G. Brown and the Development of Education: A Retrospective on the Career of a State Superintendent of Public Education of African Descent in Louisiana.
Creator: Breaux, Peter J. (Peter Jarrod), Richardson, Joe M., Mason, Patrick L., Jones, Maxine D., Betten, Neil B., Garretson, Peter P., Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: William G. Brown was one of few black state education superintendents nationwide during Reconstruction, and the first in Louisiana. The study examines the significance of William G. Brown and his administration in relation to the educational development of Louisiana and relevant social and political issues of the day. The manuscript initially addresses the pre-Civil War educational development of Louisiana and early, available information on Brown. The profound social, political, and economic...
Show moreWilliam G. Brown was one of few black state education superintendents nationwide during Reconstruction, and the first in Louisiana. The study examines the significance of William G. Brown and his administration in relation to the educational development of Louisiana and relevant social and political issues of the day. The manuscript initially addresses the pre-Civil War educational development of Louisiana and early, available information on Brown. The profound social, political, and economic changes precipitated by the Civil War and Reconstruction also had educational corollaries. Mixed (integrated) schooling, one of the most controversial measures in post-Civil War Louisiana transcended education to become one of the defining issues of Reconstruction. During his tenure, Superintendent Brown's integrity, leadership, and skill in navigating such matters earned him the respect of many. In an effort to gain greater insight into Brown's personality, this study follows the course of Brown's career immediately before and after the superintendency. Important factors such as Brown's philosophy of education and administrative style are also considered in assessing the overall effectiveness of Brown's educational leadership.
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Date Issued: 2006
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3066
Format: Thesis

Title: This Way Please: The Role of the Middle East and the United States in Shaping the Iraqi Refugee Crisis.
Creator: Draper, Blake A., Garretson, Peter, Carlson, Elwood, Souva, Mark, Program in International Affairs, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The Iraqi Refugee Crisis began in 2006 as a result of the instability and violence that prevailed in Iraq following the 2003 US-led invasion and occupation. Instead of being directed to camps, Iraqis flowed across international borders of Middle Eastern states nearby Iraq to live in urban centers and face varying levels of legal accommodation and deteriorating economic security. The policies of individual states in the Middle East, along with complex demographic factors, have influenced where...
Show moreThe Iraqi Refugee Crisis began in 2006 as a result of the instability and violence that prevailed in Iraq following the 2003 US-led invasion and occupation. Instead of being directed to camps, Iraqis flowed across international borders of Middle Eastern states nearby Iraq to live in urban centers and face varying levels of legal accommodation and deteriorating economic security. The policies of individual states in the Middle East, along with complex demographic factors, have influenced where Iraqis have gone. The role of the United States in affecting the destination choices of Iraqis is examined in this paper because of the powerful position of the US in the Middle East region and its role in creating the refugee crisis. The evidence reveals that the diplomatic relations between Middle East host countries and the United States, and the self-serving political interests of those states has created and maintained a regime in which Iraqi refugees are stuck primarily in host countries along Iraq's western border. The states involved in the Iraqi Refugee Crisis have applied political self-interest to their adherence to mechanisms of international law to which they are subject. A realist perspective of international relations is employed to explain the stability-seeking, risk-averse behavior of the states influencing the direction of migration. The purpose of this paper is to determine the destination choices of Iraqi refugees and explain the factors that dictated those choices.
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0672
Format: Thesis

Title: Filling the Void: Private Security Providers and Their Implications for United States Military Operations in Iraq and Beyond.
Creator: Shores III, Howard Prentiss, Garretson, Peter, Souva, Mark, Creswell, Michael, Program in International Affairs, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: While the use of private contractors in United States military operations is not a new phenomenon, the expansive use of private security providers in Iraq is unprecedented in modern warfare. Over the course of the U.S.-led occupation of Iraq, these private companies have carried out more mission-critical operations than in any previous conflict, all without a comprehensive system in place to supervise and regulate their activities. During this time, these companies and their employees have...
Show moreWhile the use of private contractors in United States military operations is not a new phenomenon, the expansive use of private security providers in Iraq is unprecedented in modern warfare. Over the course of the U.S.-led occupation of Iraq, these private companies have carried out more mission-critical operations than in any previous conflict, all without a comprehensive system in place to supervise and regulate their activities. During this time, these companies and their employees have been involved in a number of well-publicized incidents, drawing a great deal of criticism from numerous observers in the United States and abroad. This thesis examines these companies and their activities in Iraq, as well as the concerns and criticisms that have arisen as a result of their utilization in occupation. Ultimately, this paper attempts to determine the implications of the continued use of these companies in Iraq, as well as in future U.S. military operations.
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Date Issued: 2008
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0322
Format: Thesis

Title: The Managerial Decision Styles of Florida's State University Libraries' Managers.
Creator: Alqarni, Abdulrahman O., Bertot, John, Garretson, Peter, Hart, Thomas, Burke, Darrell, School of Library and Information Studies, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Decision-making is one of the most important elements in the administration of any organization. University libraries are, of course, organizations. Inside these organizations the managers make a variety of decisions that will have a significant impact on the success of those libraries. Libraries' managers utilize different methods in processing their decisions. Many factors play roles in the success of libraries' managers. The manager's managerial decision style is one factor that...
Show moreDecision-making is one of the most important elements in the administration of any organization. University libraries are, of course, organizations. Inside these organizations the managers make a variety of decisions that will have a significant impact on the success of those libraries. Libraries' managers utilize different methods in processing their decisions. Many factors play roles in the success of libraries' managers. The manager's managerial decision style is one factor that contributes to the success of the manager and therefore to the success of their organization; and yet, there is a dearth of research about decision styles used in library administration and how they influence the decision-making process. The main purpose of this study was to explore the managerial decision styles of the managers (directors, associate directors, assistant directors, and the heads of departments) of Florida's state university libraries. A second purpose was to determine the relation between the variety of managers' decision styles and the following seven variables: gender, age, ethnicity, educational level, educational major, administrative experience, and current position. The results of this study will provide baseline information to improve our understanding of library managers and management. This study was grounded in the Decision Style Model developed by Alan Rowe and Richard O. Mason (1987). A survey questionnaire was employed in this study. The questionnaire included two parts: 1. "The Decision Style Inventory" (DSI) developed by Row and Mason (1987). This inventory was applied to measure the decision styles of the managers of Florida's state university main libraries. 2. The second part of the questionnaire consisted of questions designed to obtain descriptive data such as gender, age, ethnicity, educational level, educational major, current position, and administrative experience. According to the Decision Style Model, it was found that the predominant decision style for the majority of Florida's state university main libraries' managers was the behavioral decision style, followed by the conceptual decision style. The directive decision style was the style used least often by most of these managers. As for the decision style patterns, the findings inform us that the majority of Florida's state university main libraries' managers think using the right side of the brain rather than the left side. It was also found that there was no relationship was found between Florida's state university libraries' managers and their gender, age, or highest academic degree. On the other hand, the findings of this study indicated that years of administrative experience, ethnicity, position, and educational major of these managers were indeed related to the decision style or styles used by these managers. To date there has been no research conducted on profiling the decision styles of Florida's state university libraries' managers and the process of how they think in order to reach their decisions. Given this, the results of this study provided baseline information to improve our understanding of library managers and management in general and in particular, understanding of library managers and management in Florida's state university libraries.
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Date Issued: 2003
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0006
Format: Thesis

Title: Graduate Students' Information Needs from Electronic Information Resources in Saudi Arabia.
Creator: Al-Saleh, Yasir Nasser, Burnett, Kathleen, Garretson, Peter, Hart, Thomas, Burke, Darrell, School of Library and Information Studies, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This study was driven by the growing importance of electronic information resources in university scholarly inquiry. The main focus of the research was to discover graduate students' information needs, the level of these needs, and the extent to which they were being met in relation to accessing and utilizing electronic information in an academic environment. The study's conceptual framework was grounded in Dervin's sense-making theory. It used Kari's modification of sense-making to clarify...
Show moreThis study was driven by the growing importance of electronic information resources in university scholarly inquiry. The main focus of the research was to discover graduate students' information needs, the level of these needs, and the extent to which they were being met in relation to accessing and utilizing electronic information in an academic environment. The study's conceptual framework was grounded in Dervin's sense-making theory. It used Kari's modification of sense-making to clarify the research questions and guide the survey questionnaire to examine Saudi graduate students' information actions (needs, seeking, and use) in the context of academic electronic information resources in Saudi Arabian universities. The study examined graduate students in three Saudi universities: Umm Al-Qura University, King Saud University, and King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals. Because the researcher wanted to examine a large sample of Saudi university graduate students' information needs, a quantitative survey was most practical and cost-effective. The variables of the study were gender, age, academic degree, major, English language proficiency, Internet experience, and university. The sample of the study was 502 graduate students (10% of all Saudi Arabian graduate students) in the three universities. There were 480 usable responses which were coded and analyzed using SPSS software. The study used both descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings indicated that only half of graduate students used the library's electronic resources for their academic information needs. Chi-square test found a significant relationship between graduate students' use or lack of use of their library's electronic resources and the students' situational variables. Of those students who used the library's electronic resources, only about half needed these for written class assignments (61.1%), their thesis or dissertation (59.8%), and/or personal use (47.1%). Only 18.4% needed electronic information for oral class presentations and 8.6% for other purposes. For information strategies, the library's electronic resources were never ranked as the first strategy of the six that were available. Kendall's tau-b test indicated a significant relationship between graduate students' strategies and their English proficiency. Of those graduate students who used the library's electronic resources, most said they always accessed the Online Catalog (59.0%) and the Internet (60.2%), but only sometimes used electronic journals (52.9%), databases (50.4%), and other links on the library website (45.1%). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test revealed significant differences between students' English language proficiency and the frequency of their use of these resources. Most students tended to agree that they were able to make sense of the information they got from the library's electronic resources. However, they could not tell if they achieved information success or information overall satisfaction. ANOVA showed significant differences between students' major and their judgment on the usefulness of the retrieved information. The main barrier to student information actions was insufficient instructions for using or searching the library's electronic resources followed by not enough librarians to help. Other barriers were insufficient availability of computers or computer labs and libraries did not improve graduate students information technology skills. Difficulty accessing the Internet and the library's electronic resources, clarity and ease of use of these resources, and relationship to their field were additional barriers to electronic information. Overall, the study showed that, for a variety of reasons, the considerable electronic information resources of Saudi university libraries are under-utilized because they are not meeting graduate student needs. The most striking finding for this study was that most of the graduate students were deterred from using electronic resources, apparently due to experienced or perceived barriers. Graduate students who accessed these resources often found them not useful for their needs, further discouraging use. Instead, many graduate students' information seeking situations were very diverse, yet the usefulness of library electronic information was questionable.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0024
Format: Thesis

Title: Competition for Freedom: Black Labor during Reconstruction in Florida.
Creator: Day, Christopher S., Richardson, Joe M., Jones, Maxine D., Garretson, Peter, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: In American History Reconstruction was a period of great change. The abolition of slavery forced the South to create a free labor system. How did this new focus affect African-Americans? Were they to become equal participants in a free labor society or once again a subordinate labor class? Historians have argued about the ambiguities of racial oppression. Many concluded that the main fear was social equality; whites refused to accept blacks as anything other than second class. This was not...
Show moreIn American History Reconstruction was a period of great change. The abolition of slavery forced the South to create a free labor system. How did this new focus affect African-Americans? Were they to become equal participants in a free labor society or once again a subordinate labor class? Historians have argued about the ambiguities of racial oppression. Many concluded that the main fear was social equality; whites refused to accept blacks as anything other than second class. This was not entirely incorrect, but what else was at stake? If blacks were denied opportunities to advance in society what was left for them? By being denied certain avenues African-Americans were forced into a position of subservient labor for white employers. During the years of Presidential Reconstruction, 1865 – 1867, black suffrage was vigorously opposed by a majority of Southern whites. Even with the passage of the fifteenth amendment whites used intimidation to curb black voting. Lack of capital and fear of retribution also made it difficult to buy land and become economically independent. These issues along with social segregation created a second class black community that had few alternatives, but to work for whites as they had done in the past. This indeed is not the complete answer to the race relations question, but it does show that denial of rights, whether by law or violence, and lack of economic independence can create an environment that will promote a subordinate labor class.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0063
Format: Thesis

Title: Examining Art Education in Boys' Middle Schools in Saudi Arabia in Riyadh.
Creator: Alheezan, Abdullah A., Villeneuve, Pat, Garretson, Peter, Anderson, Tom, Hart, Thomas, Department of Art Education, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of the study is to examine art education in boys' middle schools in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia. The study specifically investigated characteristics of art education teachers, teaching methods and guidelines, school attitudes toward art education, evaluation, and the ways to develop teaching art education. Participants in this study were 273 Saudi art education teachers in boys' middle schools in Riyadh. Since population is small, all middle school art education teachers...
Show moreThe purpose of the study is to examine art education in boys' middle schools in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia. The study specifically investigated characteristics of art education teachers, teaching methods and guidelines, school attitudes toward art education, evaluation, and the ways to develop teaching art education. Participants in this study were 273 Saudi art education teachers in boys' middle schools in Riyadh. Since population is small, all middle school art education teachers were selected instead of a representative sample to ensure the maximum preciseness of the result. The return rate of the questionnaires was more than half of those distributed (74.35%). From the total 273 questionnaires the author received 203 responses. The findings showed the following: (a) more than half of the respondents (54.2%) have been teaching art education for twelve years or more and more than two third of them (80.8%) hold a bachelor's degree. (b) Almost one hundred percent of art educators in Saudi hold some type of degree. (c) The (33.5%) of art education teachers think that the students do not benefit from such major. (d) The study discovered that about one-third of the respondents (31%) planned their teaching syllabus in advance. (e) ) The study discovered that (83.7%) of the respondents never organized a major method of teaching art education, namely visiting art galleries and exhibitions. (f ) More than 92% of their school administrators think art education courses are not important. (g) The majority of art teachers believe that their students (96%) did not appreciate their art courses because of the lack of basic materials, art education supplies, and limited time for art class. For improving and to be implemented successfully in art education in Saudi middle school, a number of changes must occur. These recommendations can be summarized as follows: (a) Art education planners should consider designing a specified curriculum guide to teach art education classes at the middle schools. Textbooks, teachers' guides, and supplementary teaching material must be developed and made available to art teachers. (b) Special attention should be given to the process of training and selecting art education teachers. (c ) The ministry should take into consideration applying the community-based art education theory in Saudi schools. (d) Students of art education should be evaluated by the same grade system applied to other courses. This policy can make students believe in the importance of art education. (e) There is a need for organizing art exhibitions and galleries, which can encourage students and schools to compete among themselves and display the talents of their students in order to enhance the level of teaching art education.
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0166
Format: Thesis

Title: Educational Preparation of Entry-Level Professional Librarians Employed by Florida Research Libraries.
Creator: Elgohary, Amgad A., Robbins, Jane, Garretson, Peter, Summers, F. William, Hart, Thomas, School of Library and Information Studies, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Although there are numerous studies, conferences, and journal articles devoted to the topic of library education, extensive debates remain regarding both the purpose and effectiveness of library education as a tool in helping prepare entry-level professional librarians. A major part of the debate is the question of whether, in general, library schools are meeting the demands of the job market for librarians and information specialists. The purpose of this study was to investigate the...
Show moreAlthough there are numerous studies, conferences, and journal articles devoted to the topic of library education, extensive debates remain regarding both the purpose and effectiveness of library education as a tool in helping prepare entry-level professional librarians. A major part of the debate is the question of whether, in general, library schools are meeting the demands of the job market for librarians and information specialists. The purpose of this study was to investigate the preparation of entry-level research librarians. It will describe the relationship between formal library education and work in research libraries from the perceptions of entry-level librarians and their supervisors. The main goal of the study is to help library and information studies schools to prepare future research librarians and equip them with in-demand knowledge and skills. The results of the study would be of benefit for administrators and educators at library and information studies schools who are concerned with preparing MLIS students to work in research libraries. In order to answer the five research questions designed for this study, two web based surveys were used to collect data from 45 entry-level research librarians in Florida, and 18 heads of departments at the same libraries. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Findings of the study validated 28 required competencies for entry-level research librarians. Perceptions of research librarians indicated that schools of library and information studies in the U.S. have helped their recent graduates, who work in research libraries, in acquiring 64% of the required competencies. In addition, findings indicated that increasing internship requirements and adding more management instruction are the most important methods for library schools to consider in preparing future research librarians. Finally, the study elicited the perceptions of both groups regarding the expected required competencies for entry-level research librarians from 2005 to 2010. Recommendations for library schools regarding the educational preparation of entry-level research librarians are provided.
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Date Issued: 2003
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0578
Format: Thesis

Title: Continuity and Change in Islamic Ethnopharmacological Practice: New Methods for Cognitive Dialectometry.
Creator: Pittle, Kevin D., Josserand, Judy K., Garretson, Peter P., Doran, Glen H., Grindal, Bruce T., Department of Anthropology, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This research project entailed an investigation of whether the degree of similarity between various Islamic and pre-Islamic Middle Eastern societies' overall patterns of drug plant prescription, as calculated using principles of numerical taxonomy, would correlate with the known facts of culture area morphology and the succession of intellectual traditions in the region. The attempt to quantify similarity in overall pattern is tantamount to a "cognitive dialectometry" of Islamic...
Show moreThis research project entailed an investigation of whether the degree of similarity between various Islamic and pre-Islamic Middle Eastern societies' overall patterns of drug plant prescription, as calculated using principles of numerical taxonomy, would correlate with the known facts of culture area morphology and the succession of intellectual traditions in the region. The attempt to quantify similarity in overall pattern is tantamount to a "cognitive dialectometry" of Islamic ethnopharmacology and its precursors, and is a first step in the development of a comparative historical approach to cognition analogous to that used in linguistics. The study considers fourteen sets of prescriptions, or "native" descriptions of medicinal attributes of drug plants, composed between 1534 B.C. and the present. For each source, patterns of grouping were identified by applying a hierarchical clustering program to a data matrix reflecting its drug plant prescription/attribute correlations. The resulting cluster trees were treated as pile sort results. Traditionally, pile sorting is a technique where cultural consultants are asked to sort items into groups based on their similarity. Shared groupings across sources were tallied, various means and functions of similarity were calculated based on sharing of groupings among sources, and degrees of overall similarity among sources were modeled using a battery of four key statistical techniques: hierarchical clustering, multidimensional scaling, k-means clustering and factor analysis. A numerical taxonomy approach to Islamic medicine shows a clear relationship between the proximity and shared history of contemporaneous localities and their overall degree of similarity in practice. It also shows that the degree of similarity between sources from different time periods correlates with the relative strength of their presumed relationships of descent and influence. The results substantiate the existence and measurability of "cognitive dialects" analogous to linguistic lects and allow for the possibility of future analyses of "cognitive creolization."
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0660
Format: Thesis

Title: A Rough, Wet Ride: The Civilian Genesis of the American Motor Torpedo Boat.
Creator: Wiser, Edward H., Jones, James P., Chanton, Jeffrey, Creswell, Michael C., Grant, Jonathan, Garretson, Peter, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Dwight Eisenhower once warned of an insidious collusion between industry and government that threatened to become master of United States domestic and foreign policy. His warning came too late, of course, for the threat had already become reality before he spoke. But there were and are positive elements to the merger of interests, and one of them was the infusion of civilian small craft expertise into the arena of national defense. This dissertation is an overview of the evolution of small...
Show moreDwight Eisenhower once warned of an insidious collusion between industry and government that threatened to become master of United States domestic and foreign policy. His warning came too late, of course, for the threat had already become reality before he spoke. But there were and are positive elements to the merger of interests, and one of them was the infusion of civilian small craft expertise into the arena of national defense. This dissertation is an overview of the evolution of small combatant craft in the United States Navy and demonstrates that the most successful of these boats have consistently come from the civilian sector. The history of this intercourse is traced from its origins in the American Revolution through its ultimate incarnation of the motor torpedo boat of World War Two. Experience in Vietnam and ongoing counter-terror and drug interception operations worldwide, demonstrates conclusively that rugged, efficient boats for security, patrol, and combat are still an essential factor in law enforcement, homeland defense, and power projection, and the services have come to rely increasingly upon the domestic small craft industry to supply them.
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0922
Format: Thesis

Title: From Revolution to Realpolitik: Iran's Foreign Policy in Central Asia and the South Caucasus since 1991.
Creator: Johnston, William Jerry, Garretson, Peter, Grant, Jonathan, Souva, Mark, Program in International Affairs, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Iran's foreign policy in Central Asia and the South Caucasus since 1991 serves to show Tehran's foreign policy shift from revolutionary Islam to realpolitik. The Islamic Republic's failure to export the Islamic Revolution as well as economic troubles precipitated by the Iran-Iraq War led Tehran to act with more pragmatism in its foreign policy endeavors after Soviet Union disintegration. The shift to realpolitik reflects Iran's failure to support revolutionary Islam in Tajikistan as well as...
Show moreIran's foreign policy in Central Asia and the South Caucasus since 1991 serves to show Tehran's foreign policy shift from revolutionary Islam to realpolitik. The Islamic Republic's failure to export the Islamic Revolution as well as economic troubles precipitated by the Iran-Iraq War led Tehran to act with more pragmatism in its foreign policy endeavors after Soviet Union disintegration. The shift to realpolitik reflects Iran's failure to support revolutionary Islam in Tajikistan as well as tacit support for Armenia instead of Azerbaijan in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. This paper examines the strong role power politics now play in Iran's foreign policy at the expense of revolutionary Islam, particularly with regards to its relationships with Central Asia, the South Caucasus, and Russia.
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Date Issued: 2007
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3443
Format: Thesis

Title: Danes, Orientalism and the Modern Middle East Perspectives from the Nordic Periphery.
Creator: Kauffeldt, Jonas, Garretson, Peter P., Flanagan, Scott C., Singh, Bawa S., Stoltzfus, Nathan, Creswell, Michael, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: In 1978, Edward W. Said (1935-2003), Professor of Comparative Literature at Columbia University, published his now famous book, Orientalism. Intended as an indictment of the di-chotomization of East and West – the willful categorization of the Orient as distinct and ne-cessarily stunted in comparison to the Occident – Said argued that the perception, rooted in the murky centuries of medieval Europe, crystallized into a potent and pervasive discourse that once manufactured, combined...
Show moreIn 1978, Edward W. Said (1935-2003), Professor of Comparative Literature at Columbia University, published his now famous book, Orientalism. Intended as an indictment of the di-chotomization of East and West – the willful categorization of the Orient as distinct and ne-cessarily stunted in comparison to the Occident – Said argued that the perception, rooted in the murky centuries of medieval Europe, crystallized into a potent and pervasive discourse that once manufactured, combined establishment knowledge with political and economic power in the 19th century. Imperialism and direct occupation of the Middle East reinforced the belief in its re-gional subservience and weakness and forged a virtual ideology of Western superiority and entitlement. Yet how did societies and individuals at the margins of European and Western power fit into the framework put forth by Said? Was he correct to assert that the Orientalist discourse was all encompassing and colored every observer and scholar who studied the region? Or was it pos-sible for individuals, both from within the states that dominated the Middle East and even more readily those native to the lesser powers that did not, to assert an independent basis for judgment and interpretation? This dissertation explores a range of experiences that Danes, citizens of a small and relatively weak European state, garnered in their encounters with the Middle East. Their views and under-standings of events, as well as their perspectives on "the Other," served to influence the shaping of knowledge in Denmark about the East. Further, as their country was unentangled in the web of strategic and imperial intrigue that dominated the affairs of the larger powers, Danes were able to position themselves before the local populations as individuals untainted by affiliations that might present a danger of undue influence. Ever conscious of this advantage, they worked dili-gently to cultivate that perception and harness it as an advantage wherever possible. In short, a revelation and consideration of Danish perspectives adds to the diversity of sources encompassed by the study of Orientalism.
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Date Issued: 2006
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3293
Format: Thesis

Title: Gordon's Ghosts: British Major-General Charles George Gordon and His Legacies, 1885-1960.
Creator: Laffer, Stephanie, Upchurch, Charles, Faulk, Barry, Friedman, Max Paul, Garretson, Peter, Grant, Jonathan, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: "Gordon's Ghosts: British Major-General Charles George Gordon and His Legacies, 1885-1960," examines the various ways that Gordon and his memory have been used in the British Empire following his death in Sudan in 1885. After his death, Gordon became a symbol of Britain's imperial project, with his name and legacy featured in debates concerning multiple aspects of the British Empire, including areas where his connection was tangential at best. My study spans a period of about seventy-five...
Show more"Gordon's Ghosts: British Major-General Charles George Gordon and His Legacies, 1885-1960," examines the various ways that Gordon and his memory have been used in the British Empire following his death in Sudan in 1885. After his death, Gordon became a symbol of Britain's imperial project, with his name and legacy featured in debates concerning multiple aspects of the British Empire, including areas where his connection was tangential at best. My study spans a period of about seventy-five years, beginning with the height of British imperialism and concluding with decolonization. Over the course of these decades, Britain's imperial commitments stretched all over the globe, as did the projections of Gordon's legacy. In British domestic politics, Gordon's legacy was often synonymous with the failures of Liberal Imperialism and its strongest advocate, Prime Minister William Gladstone. As long as the Liberal Party remained committed to the ideas of Gladstone, Gordon's memory was employed both explicitly and implicitly by the Conservative Party as a way of reminding the British voting public of its opponent's shortcomings. For the Conservatives, Gordon became a political tool; he needed to be commemorated to serve as a reminder of the consequences for not following a strong imperial policy, and my work traces these politics of commemoration. Gordon's legacy was present in other areas of the British Empire than Britain and Sudan. My dissertation also traces how Gordon's memory was used in these other regions. The first area where Gordon's legacy was employed was not in Africa, where it may have been expected, or even in China, where he earned his nickname, "Chinese Gordon," but instead in Ireland, where his name was regularly invoked in the arguments against approving Irish Home Rule in 1886. Following the successful defeat of this proposed policy, the Conservative Party continued to invoke Gordon's name throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, most notably in response to other imperial projects that would, in its opinion, weaken the British Empire. Fittingly, my work concludes with a discussion of how Gordon slowly becomes less important to British imperialism and how his representations changed as the needs of empire changed.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3319
Format: Thesis

Title: Shifting Turkish American Identity Formations in the United States.
Creator: Kaya, Ilhan, Leib, Jonathan, Garretson, Peter, Kodras, Janet E., Warf, Barney, Department of Geography, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This dissertation examines Turkish-American identity formations in the United States. Through a case study based in the New York metropolitan area, this study explores how the contestation and negotiation of Turkish ethnicity and Turkish-American identity is grounded in place and across space. It examines Turkish-Americaness in relation to Westerness, Muslimness, Arabness, Americaness, and Turkishness. The study problematizes ethnic and racial labels such as Muslim Americans in the United...
Show moreThis dissertation examines Turkish-American identity formations in the United States. Through a case study based in the New York metropolitan area, this study explores how the contestation and negotiation of Turkish ethnicity and Turkish-American identity is grounded in place and across space. It examines Turkish-Americaness in relation to Westerness, Muslimness, Arabness, Americaness, and Turkishness. The study problematizes ethnic and racial labels such as Muslim Americans in the United States by examining the multiplicity, contextuality, complexity, fluidity, and temporarility of Turkish (and Muslim) identities and the role of different locales (the United States and Turkey) in the construction of Turkishness. The dissertation investigates the role of Turkish and American politics and culture in the construction of Turkish-American identities, and focuses on generational, class and gender differences among Turkish Americans. It suggests that Turkish-American identities are spatially constituted as they represent a ground on which temporary and ever-changing boundaries are marked between inside and outside, the same and the other. These boundaries stress not only distinction or difference but also interconnection. In addition, this dissertation examines the history of Turkish immigration to the United States and provides empirical data about Turkish-American institutions and the distribution of Turkish-American populations throughout the United States.
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Date Issued: 2003
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3284
Format: Thesis

Title: "At Least Eight or Ten Children": The Paradox of Post-Resettlement Fertility Among African Refugees in Central Massachusetts.
Creator: Sarkis, Marianne, Doran, Glen, Ward, Cheryl, Garretson, Peter, Schmidt, Heike, Department of Anthropology, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This study situates African women's fertility at the crossroads of historical trends and current politico-economic realities of gender and migration from developing to developed nations since 1991. It examines fertility as a site of conjuncture between the resettlement process and cultural, educational, and economic constraints. The research demonstrates that post-immigration fertility is dynamic and undergoes constant evaluation and change to accommodate new realities. African women modify...
Show moreThis study situates African women's fertility at the crossroads of historical trends and current politico-economic realities of gender and migration from developing to developed nations since 1991. It examines fertility as a site of conjuncture between the resettlement process and cultural, educational, and economic constraints. The research demonstrates that post-immigration fertility is dynamic and undergoes constant evaluation and change to accommodate new realities. African women modify their beliefs, practices, and strategies regarding reproduction with increased access to economic, educational, and health opportunities in a host culture. A mixed methods approach guides the design of this study that took place in Central Massachusetts over 11 months. The ethnographic component includes participant observation in a Somali refugee community and in-depth interviews with eleven women from Somalia, Liberia, Ghana, and Zimbabwe. The quantitative approach includes analysis of the Current Population Survey (CPS) 2007 and 2009 March and June Supplements, the American Community Survey (ACS) 2009 3-year Population Estimates, and immigration data from the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The ethnography that guides this research took place between November 2008 and September 2009. Unlike previous research that analyzes immigrant fertility in terms of an African/non-African cohort, this study examines African inter-group variances by country of origin, method of immigration and generation. The results point to significant differences in fertility between voluntary and involuntary immigrants, between East and West Africans, and among generations. In all cases, education emerges as a significant predictor of fertility rates, but only up to a certain income level. This study informs the field of anthropological demographics and refugee studies with applications to population and resettlement policies.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4614
Format: Thesis

Title: The Legend of Saladin from Book to Screen: How Saladin Is Transformed from the Auchinleck MS to the Silver Screen.
Creator: Riggs, G. R., Treharne, Elaine, Garretson, Peter, Johnson, David, Vitkus, Daniel J., Program in Interdisciplinary Humanities, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: In this dissertation, I investigate the representations of Saladin in English textual representations from the medieval period to the present, beginning with the romance, King Richard in the fourteenth-century codex, Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland, Advocates 19.2.1, the Auchinleck Manuscript, and continuing to Kingdom of Heaven, a modern Hollywood film. Representations of Saladin are key to helping us understand how the Muslim is characterized in Western popular culture, and how, in...
Show moreIn this dissertation, I investigate the representations of Saladin in English textual representations from the medieval period to the present, beginning with the romance, King Richard in the fourteenth-century codex, Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland, Advocates 19.2.1, the Auchinleck Manuscript, and continuing to Kingdom of Heaven, a modern Hollywood film. Representations of Saladin are key to helping us understand how the Muslim is characterized in Western popular culture, and how, in contemporary times, those depictions might influence public policy. I argue that American views of Islam are a cultural legacy from Britain due, not only to common language, but also because of the United States' role as a former colony of Great Britain. The representations of Islam as a spiritual and economic threat--through one of its central figures--have a long history and continue to persist because, despite an increasingly global culture, the West has failed to resolve a relationship with Muslim countries that is not dependent upon a binary of superiority and inferiority, of power and opposition. The figure of Saladin has become cultural shorthand in both the East and West for a vision of a region unified by Islam and antagonistic towards the Christian Other.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-5141
Format: Thesis

Title: Relations Between Muslims and Christians in the Medieval Kingdom of Valencia from Jaume I to Pere IV: 1238-1387.
Creator: Ritt, Travis William, Garretson, Peter, Doan, Petra, Strait, Paul, Wynot, Edward, Grant, Jonathan, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The study of interfaith interactions in medieval Spain often follows one of two sweeping schemes of historical explanation. One usually either subscribes to the idea of an antagonistic Clash of Cultures in the vein of Samuel Huntington or of a peaceful convivencia (coexistence), most recently and eloquently advocated by scholars such as Maria Rosa Menocal. This study however takes more of a middle route, subscribing to the idea of conviencia (convenience) put forth by Brian Catlos. In...
Show moreThe study of interfaith interactions in medieval Spain often follows one of two sweeping schemes of historical explanation. One usually either subscribes to the idea of an antagonistic Clash of Cultures in the vein of Samuel Huntington or of a peaceful convivencia (coexistence), most recently and eloquently advocated by scholars such as Maria Rosa Menocal. This study however takes more of a middle route, subscribing to the idea of conviencia (convenience) put forth by Brian Catlos. In particular this study will examine Muslim-Christian relations in the Kingdom of Valencia in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. First conquered and then ruled over by Jaume I of Aragon and his successors, Valencia serves as a prime example of the ways a Christian monarchy could interact with a majority Muslim population, both in negative and positive ways. However, these positive interactions do not arise from some anachronistic idea of toleration, but rather from the need of the medieval Christian kings of Valencia to act in a pragmatic manner when balancing their domestic and international agendas and policies. Following this theme of pragmatic conviencia, this study will examine the political, social, economic and religious interactions between the Christian leadership and Muslim population of medieval Valencia, looking at the period of conquest, one hundred and fifty years of Christian leadership and the proselytizing activities of Ramon Llull. The study will conclude with a brief examination of the status of Islam in Spain today.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4655
Format: Thesis

Title: Household and Family in Guadalajara, Mexico, 1811 1842: The Process of Short Term Mobility and Persistence.
Creator: Hardin, Monica Leagans, Anderson, Rodney, Josserand, Kathryn, Childs, Matt, Garretson, Peter, Herrera, Robinson, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: 1821 Guadalajara, Mexico exhibited surprising mobility within its population. Using a set of data from the back-to-back censuses of 1821 and 1822, this study argues that mobility affected almost every individual who lived in Guadalajara during that time period. The methodology used traces individuals who persisted from one year to the next to determine overall rates of mobility. It is my contention that an analysis of short-term stability and change within this set of historically...
Show more1821 Guadalajara, Mexico exhibited surprising mobility within its population. Using a set of data from the back-to-back censuses of 1821 and 1822, this study argues that mobility affected almost every individual who lived in Guadalajara during that time period. The methodology used traces individuals who persisted from one year to the next to determine overall rates of mobility. It is my contention that an analysis of short-term stability and change within this set of historically identifiable individuals, families and households reveals a process of mobility that not only has been neglected by studies based on aggregate data, but that is often at variance with the findings of those studies. The evidence shows that a significant portion of the extensive movement of individuals to and from the wards is short term and often cyclical, rather than long term and permanent. Additionally, data sets from 1811-1813 and 1839-1842 are used as "control groups" to conclude that the mobility in 1821-1822 was not a unique historical event based on circumstances, but an overarching trend throughout the 19th century.
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Date Issued: 2006
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4271
Format: Thesis

Title: American Biblical Archaeologists and Zionism: The Politics of Historical Ethnography.
Creator: Sherrard, Brooke, Porterfield, Amanda, Garretson, Peter, Corrigan, John, Goff, Matthew, Gaiser, Adam, Department of Religion, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This project explores the relationship between American biblical archaeologists in the mid-twentieth century and the most pressing political issue of the context in which they lived and worked, Zionism. It focuses on a set of American religious studies scholars who engaged the rapidly changing Middle East from the American Schools of Oriental Research in Jerusalem during a time when the area changed from British to Jordanian to Israeli rule. While much recent scholarship historicizes...
Show moreThis project explores the relationship between American biblical archaeologists in the mid-twentieth century and the most pressing political issue of the context in which they lived and worked, Zionism. It focuses on a set of American religious studies scholars who engaged the rapidly changing Middle East from the American Schools of Oriental Research in Jerusalem during a time when the area changed from British to Jordanian to Israeli rule. While much recent scholarship historicizes academics and critiques the politics of scholarship, very little work has been done to understand these scholars' positions in the history of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, thus allowing the aura of scholarly objectivity, neutrality, and commitment to value-free science that has long surrounded them to continue. But as I show here, archaeologists did enter the debate over Palestine in a substantial way, with their positions on the conflict during the decades before and after the state of Israel's founding weaving their way explicitly and implicitly through both their personal papers and publications. I draw on theoretical insights about history, ethnography, and historical ethnography that have engaged the field of North American religions in recent decades to reconstruct the archaeologists' cultural theories and how these theories underpinned their political desires for the area they considered the Holy Land. The defining difference in their arguments was their understanding of culture. I argue that those archaeologists who envisioned the ancient world as replete with cultural change and hybridity opposed the establishment of a Jewish state, while those who envisioned the ancient world's ethnic boundaries as rigid and impermeable favored it. I support this argument by combining readings of the archaeologists' writings with archival research documenting their heretofore almost unknown political involvement either for or against the establishment of an ethno-national state in Palestine. Many of the scholars in the latter group belonged informally to the "Baltimore school," founded by William Foxwell Albright, who held that biblical archaeology was corroborating the Hebrew Bible's historicity and showing how different the ancient Israelites and Canaanites had been, as discussed in Chapter One. During the 1940s, Albright also lectured frequently on behalf of a Jewish state. Others, most prominently Millar Burrows, discussed in Chapter Two, held a more cautious view of the Bible's historicity and believed the archaeological data showed that the ancient Israelites and Canaanites were culturally similar, not different. Burrows resigned his positions in scholarly organizations in order to publish a book about the Palestinian refugee crisis in 1949. Chapter Three details American rabbi-archaeologist Nelson Glueck's mid-career shift from opposing a Jewish state to supporting it and the dramatic corresponding shift in his scholarship about the ancient past. Chapter Four shows the way the differences between Israelites and Canaanites were drawn in even bolder lines by biblical theologian and archaeologist George Ernest Wright, who considered his support for Israel non-political and harshly criticized archaeologists who took pro-Palestinian positions. Chapter Five shows the way that two archaeologists who became associated with pro-Palestinian positions, Paul Lapp and Albert Glock, grounded their arguments in an appeal to the flexibility and hybridity of cultures and a rejection of scholars' ability to be objective. It is important to note that when Glueck, Burrows, Lapp, and Glock opposed a Jewish state, it was not because they favored an Arab state. They rejected ethnic nationalism in any form, and they used the theoretical basis for that opposition--that cultures are not essentially homogeneous, or mutually exclusive, or unchanging over the centuries--to combat modern ethnic nationalism through their scholarship.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-5972
Format: Thesis

Title: The Italian Occupations of Ethiopia and Cephalonia: A Comparative Analysis.
Creator: Rowlands, Amanda, Stoltzfus, Nathan, Garretson, Peter, Maier-Katkin, Daniel, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This work examines the nature of two of Fascist Italy's military occupations: that of Ethiopia from 1935-1941 and that of the Greek island of Cephalonia from 1941-1943. Beginning with the case of Ethiopia, this work describes the sheer brutality that Fascist Italy was capable of--from the use of poison gas bombings to the murder of innocent civilians--and contrasts this with the later occupation of Cephalonia where the level of brutality exacted upon the native population was far less...
Show moreThis work examines the nature of two of Fascist Italy's military occupations: that of Ethiopia from 1935-1941 and that of the Greek island of Cephalonia from 1941-1943. Beginning with the case of Ethiopia, this work describes the sheer brutality that Fascist Italy was capable of--from the use of poison gas bombings to the murder of innocent civilians--and contrasts this with the later occupation of Cephalonia where the level of brutality exacted upon the native population was far less pronounced, almost nonexistent. By comparing and contrasting the two occupations, this work analyzes the factors that could then account for this disparity. By and large, race was a crucial element in determining the nature of the occupations, though other factors also had an effect upon this, such as geography, religion and the time frame that the occupations took place. More importantly, since they were the ones who interacted with the occupied populations on a daily basis, the Italian soldiers had a significant bearing on the nature of the occupations. As such, their experience as occupiers deserves to be examined. This work attempts that to the extent possible, positing that the nature of the occupation changed as the soldiers' own relationship to fascism changed.
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-6836
Format: Thesis

Title: Life in the Banyan Branches: African Americans and Òrìs̱à Tradition in Philadelphia.
Creator: Metzger, Nzinga O., Grindal, Bruce, Garretson, Peter, Hellweg, Joseph, Uzendoski, Michael, Department of Anthropology, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Beyond being just a part of a somewhat interesting local fable, the story of the growth and development of an African American òrìs̱à devotees in Philadelphia is an Yorùbáland via Cuba. Its adoption by African American devotees is thus a peculiarity that deserves some scholarly attention. Since òrìs̱à tradition is relatively new to African Americans in the United States, having experienced its entrenchment only within the last fifty years or so, its existence among them raises questions: No...
Show moreBeyond being just a part of a somewhat interesting local fable, the story of the growth and development of an African American òrìs̱à devotees in Philadelphia is an Yorùbáland via Cuba. Its adoption by African American devotees is thus a peculiarity that deserves some scholarly attention. Since òrìs̱à tradition is relatively new to African Americans in the United States, having experienced its entrenchment only within the last fifty years or so, its existence among them raises questions: No immediately identifiable whole African or African based spiritual systems have survived in North America with perhaps the exception perhaps of New Orleans Voodoo. Does the youth of the African American òrìs̱à experience make it inauthentic? Invalid? Most African Americans in the United States cannot precisely trace their ancestry directly to the Yorùbá through conventional genealogical means. Is their embrace of Yorùbá tradition misguided? Most Philadelphia community members have no recent or memorable African ancestry, yet many of them refer to themselves as "Africans." Are they simply mistaken? The version of òrìs̱à tradition that most Philadelphia devotees practice has found its way to mainland U.S.A. via Cuba, but many practitioners refer to the tradition as one that is "African" and one that is "theirs." What could they possibly mean by this? The existence of the Philadelphia community and others like it raises questions about the concept of Africanity: Just what exactly is it? And why, in 2007, hundreds years after the last African was forcibly brought to U.S. shores, are African Americans still seeking and finding psychological and spiritual significance in Africa and is that Africa "real" or "imagined?" How is it that African and African based religions that have not been observed in any cohesive context by most African Americans for generations still hold significance and evoke familiarity for people who have long been disconnected from Africa? Questions about the nature and evolution of African traditions in the New World also emerge. What happens to locally and ethnically specific traditions when they are applied in contexts that are contrastingly ethnically heterogeneous? What happens to the form and function of these practices, and how is it that they remain thematically similar to their progenitors despite their obvious differences? My research in the Philadelphia community has brought me to the conclusion that African American practitioners of òrìs̱à tradition in Philadelphia, though late to the process of adapting òrìs̱à tradition to themselves, have no less of a valid claim on Lucumí or Yorùbá tradition as their own than their predecessors throughout the diaspora because of their historical position, and their spiritual and social reasons and needs. The historical disposition of African American òrìs̱à devotees along with the spiritual and social reasons and needs responded to by òrìs̱à tradition are in turn supported by group and individual reckonings of identity, historically relevant entitlement, ancestry and descent, and their concepts and interpretations of Africa and African beliefs. In this dissertation I assert several points regarding òrìs̱à tradition in Philadelphia and its adherents. Moving from the widest geographical vantage point to the most local, I first propose that African religions both in Africa and in the diaspora make up one organism. Ideological, ritual, aesthetic and functional aspects of traditions on both sides of the Atlantic clearly evince the interconnectedness of Yorùbáland spiritual tradition its diasporan manifestations. Philadelphia òrìs̱à practice, as one example of the survival process of African traditions in the Americas exemplifies the dynamic nature of òrìs̱à traditions which continue to evolve and remain relevant to the present while maintaining the integrity of their core. Cyclical in nature, the survival process is one which depends on the depth of the African roots of a large part of African American ethos. This ethos, which has continually made its presence known throughout history in the arts, speech, and ritual life of Americans of African descent, is what shapes these forms and helps to determine the responses of African peoples to their contemporary environment and what helps to distinguish their cultures from those of their neighbors.
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-2468
Format: Thesis

Title: Cinematic Voices of Maghrebi Migrant Women in France.
Creator: Kealhofer, Leslie, Hargreaves, Alec G., Garretson, Peter, Boutin, Aimée, Munro, Martin, Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: In this dissertation, I compare the ways in which the voices of Maghrebi migrant women in France are represented in over sixty films spanning documentaries, short films, made-for-television films, and feature films. After an introduction setting out the theoretical and methodological framework for my research, addressing aspects of post-colonial studies, gender studies, and film studies, a separate chapter is devoted to each of the four film genres in question. My analysis of documentaries...
Show moreIn this dissertation, I compare the ways in which the voices of Maghrebi migrant women in France are represented in over sixty films spanning documentaries, short films, made-for-television films, and feature films. After an introduction setting out the theoretical and methodological framework for my research, addressing aspects of post-colonial studies, gender studies, and film studies, a separate chapter is devoted to each of the four film genres in question. My analysis of documentaries depicting first-generation women from the Maghreb considers the extent to which different degrees of intervention by the director at each point in the filmmaking process – and particularly during the editing process – influence the ways in which the women's voices are "framed" in the films and/or are manipulated or silenced in the process. My work on short films examines the ways in which the voices of first-generation Maghrebi women are communicated through this particular medium and highlights the particular significance of objects such as letters, photographs, and food, which often serve as short cuts or substitutes for verbal communication and carry multi-layered meanings. In my analysis of French made-for-television films, I consider what it means for Maghrebi migrant women to appear to achieve agency in these films and analyze the means by which they do so (or fail to do so). The final chapter of this study looks at feature-length fiction films and examines the means by which they represent the voices of the first-generation Maghrebi women – often with the intention of bringing viewers into sympathy with them. The techniques used in these films range from those that could be categorized as "verbal" in the traditional sense, to those that are the least verbal (such as body language). My analysis shows that, when the full range of my corpus is considered, representations of first-generation women from the Maghreb in France are far more diverse and often more empowered than has generally been thought on the basis of the relatively narrow range of media and cultural productions that have so far reached mainstream audiences.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3270
Format: Thesis

Title: Patronage, Public Spheres and the Problem of Female Rule: Henry Howard and the Politics of Writing in Sixteenth Century England.
Creator: Caney, Anna Christine, Upchurch, Charles, Taylor, Gary, McMahon, Darrin, Grant, Jonathon, Garretson, Peter, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This dissertation analyzes the career of Henry Howard, Elizabethan courtier, and his principle intellectual work, "A Dutifull Defence of the Lawful Regiment of Women," in order to better understand the politics of Elizabethan court culture, the nature of political loyalty in the face of confessional pluralism, and the ways in which gender difference was theorized in the early modern period. Henry Howard's career constitutes one of the most remarkable success and survival stories of the...
Show moreThis dissertation analyzes the career of Henry Howard, Elizabethan courtier, and his principle intellectual work, "A Dutifull Defence of the Lawful Regiment of Women," in order to better understand the politics of Elizabethan court culture, the nature of political loyalty in the face of confessional pluralism, and the ways in which gender difference was theorized in the early modern period. Henry Howard's career constitutes one of the most remarkable success and survival stories of the sixteenth and early seventeenth century. Born into the most prominent Catholic family in England, Howard saw his father, two cousins, and his brother be executed for treason. During his life he constantly remained under suspicion for being a practicing Catholic, consorting with Jesuits, and participating in conspiracies against Queen Elizabeth. Howard was deprived of his income and position, arrested and imprisoned numerous times, and was forced to survive on the periphery of the court. Yet remarkably, he survived. At the accession of James I he was awarded the title Earl of Northampton, and by the time of his death in 1614 he was the wealthiest man in England. The story of the "Dutifull Defence" is no less extraordinary. Several authors wrote defenses of Queen Elizabeth in response to John Knox's First Blast of the Trumpet. However, Henry Howard had the advantage of not only being a nobleman, but he was also a graduate of Cambridge University. He had the education and ability to respond to Knox. "Dutifull Defence" contains over 400 sources, which Howard used to reject Knox's arguments against women based on Aristotelian biology. Instead he proposed a Platonic understanding of gender difference. By combining Platonic ideas of gender with his extensive knowledge of the Church fathers, Scripture, and English Civil law, Howard was able to construct an intellectually consistent and sound defense of queenship. Previous historians have usually only looked at aspects of Howard's life, and only superficial fragments of the "Dutifull Defence," and none have tried to integrate the study of the two. This dissertation combines the dynamic of Henry Howard's life and his composition of "Dutifull Defence" in order to reveal the importance of the manuscript. In composing "Dutifull Defence" he contributed a significant work to the gender debate based on his own personal experiences and a genuine belief that a woman was capable of ruling a country. In analyzing the content, production, and circulation of the "Dutifull Defence" in conjunction with Howard's experiences as a courtier, this dissertation, following the model of early modern public spheres developed in the work of by Peter Lake and Steven Pincus, demonstrates the ways in which identities, ideas, and publics could be successfully manipulated to create stability in the tumultuous world of Elizabethan court politics.
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Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-7739
Format: Thesis

Title: Peering Through the Lens of Dinshwai: British Imperialism in Egypt 1882-1914.
Creator: Luke, Kimberly Alana, Creswell, Michael, Garretson, Peter P., Grant, Jonathan, Maier-Katkin, Birgit, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: As the largest empire in history, the British Empire has established relations with countries and peoples across the globe. Imperialism has formed the basis of many of these connections and shaped the ways in which areas under British influence developed. The Dinshwai incident serves as one representative example of British imperial relationships. Occurring in British-occupied Egypt in 1906, the Dinshwai incident resulted when Egyptian villagers attacked British soldiers on a pigeon hunting...
Show moreAs the largest empire in history, the British Empire has established relations with countries and peoples across the globe. Imperialism has formed the basis of many of these connections and shaped the ways in which areas under British influence developed. The Dinshwai incident serves as one representative example of British imperial relationships. Occurring in British-occupied Egypt in 1906, the Dinshwai incident resulted when Egyptian villagers attacked British soldiers on a pigeon hunting expedition. British officials in Egypt reacted severely to the Dinshwai incident by invoking an 1895 khedivial decree to hold a special tribunal to try the Dinshwai offenders. This tribunal allowed Britain to make examples of the Egyptian peasants in order to demonstrate the strength of the British presence in Egypt. The harshness of the punishments inflicted, which included executions, imprisonment, and flogging, brought British policy in Egypt to the attention of British public opinion and created a backlash of anti-British feeling in Egypt, stoking the flames of nascent Egyptian nationalism.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-7186
Format: Thesis

Title: Creating France: The Pope, German Princes, Pèages, and Privilege, 1789-1791.
Creator: Best, Timothy, Blaufarb, Rafe, Boutin, Aimee, Garretson, Peter, Creswell, Michael, Williamson, George, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Before 1789, France lacked a well-defined external boundary. At the same time, the kingdom was dissected by internal frontiers (customs lines, provincial borders, ecclesiastical jurisdictions, judicial districts, etc.) and pock-marked by French and foreign princely enclaves claiming sovereign authority. All of these divisions were manifestations of a system of provincial culture and privilege that fragmented the French state. This project focuses on the work undertaken by the French...
Show moreBefore 1789, France lacked a well-defined external boundary. At the same time, the kingdom was dissected by internal frontiers (customs lines, provincial borders, ecclesiastical jurisdictions, judicial districts, etc.) and pock-marked by French and foreign princely enclaves claiming sovereign authority. All of these divisions were manifestations of a system of provincial culture and privilege that fragmented the French state. This project focuses on the work undertaken by the French Constituent National Assembly during the first two years of the French Revolution. It examines the Assembly's attempts to create a homogenous space within which undivided sovereignty could be exercised uniformly. Territorial coherence served as the cornerstone to the Assembly's massive plan to create national sovereignty. Without territorial and administrative unity, the circumscriptions that fragmented the authority of the previous regime would have remained. The only way to fully suppress privilege and create legal and civic equality was to establish territorial and administrative uniformity throughout France. The revolutionaries' attempt to achieve territorial uniformity is the overarching problem that binds my dissertation together. This work examines four actions taken by the National Assembly to create a unitary polity. The second chapter examines the suppression of the Old Regime's provinces and the creation of revolutionary départements. The third chapter examines the suppression of the various internal customs lines [douanes interieures] that fragmented sovereignty within the kingdom. In addition, the third chapter explores the rationale behind the creation of the kingdom's first rigid external customs lines. With the removal of the internal trade barriers and the erection of semi-permeable tariff lines, the Assembly accomplished more than simply removing hindrances to trade and protecting French manufacturers. Without the numerous privileged economic circumscriptions, the Assembly was able to apply its sovereign authority more evenly and effectively. This action represented an attempt by the deputies to clearly demarcate the boundaries of the kingdom for the first time. The result was the physical and economic delineation of France from the rest of Europe. The economic and territorial reorganization of France allowed the revolutionaries to address the existence of numerous sovereign principalities that existed in France before the Revolution. Chapter four examines the Assembly's actions in the Papal state of the Comtat Venaissin (commonly referred to as Avignon). Avignon was, by far, the largest, most powerful and complex foreign sovereign territory that existed in France during the Old Regime. Its power, size, geographical position, and long-held privileges within the territorial boundaries of France made it impossible for the revolutionaries to create a territorially unified state without dealing with the Papal territories. Chapter five explores the Assembly's actions in Alsace. Alsace (particularly Lower Alsace) presented a number of problems for the deputies, especially after 4 August 1789. Alsace, because of its historic and close association with foreign sovereigns and its unique historical experience with semi-autonomous self-rule, mostly resisted assimilation into the French state. When taken as whole, this project represents the first attempt to examine how the revolutionaries transformed the early modern French monarchical state into a territorially unified entity. This great transformation took place through a series of discrete changes that fundamentally and permanently altered the nature of the French state. The creation of nationalized sovereignty and the permanent suppression of privilege would not have been possible without the territorial, economic, and administrative actions executed during the first two years of the French Revolution.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-8729
Format: Thesis

Title: Nasser's Political and Security Dilemma: American-Egyptian Relations during the Yemeni Civil War, 1962-1967.
Creator: Shelby, Alexander Mahmoud, Creswell, Michael, Souva, Mark, Garretson, Peter, Grant, Jonathan, Hanley, Will, Liebeskind, Claudia, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This dissertation examines American-Egyptian relations from 1962 to 1967 during the Yemeni civil war. The central question that is raised here is: how did Nasser's security and political dilemma cause a breakdown in American-Egyptian relations and contribute to the outbreak of the Six Day War in June 1967? Based on archival research in Israel, the West Bank in Palestine, the United States, and Great Britain, I argue that Gamal Abdul Nasser did not pursue a strategy of confrontation with the...
Show moreThis dissertation examines American-Egyptian relations from 1962 to 1967 during the Yemeni civil war. The central question that is raised here is: how did Nasser's security and political dilemma cause a breakdown in American-Egyptian relations and contribute to the outbreak of the Six Day War in June 1967? Based on archival research in Israel, the West Bank in Palestine, the United States, and Great Britain, I argue that Gamal Abdul Nasser did not pursue a strategy of confrontation with the United States in the 1960s, but was in fact responding to a security and a political threat or dilemma he faced in the Middle East and in Egypt. As he confronted this security dilemma, Nasser's solutions ran counter to America's strategic goals for the region. My research found that the collapse in relations took place at a crucial moment for Nasser. While he was dealing with the break in American-Egyptian relations, Nasser was also confronting his political enemies in Egypt. At the same time, he was challenged for the leadership of Arab nationalism by conservative Arab regimes (Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Libya) and by the Ba'athists. The implications for Egypt and the United States were disastrous for it led to a break in relations between them and eventually resulted in the May Crisis in 1967 that preceded the Six Day War.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-9092
Format: Thesis

Title: Unlocking the Voices of Child Soldiers in Sub-Saharan African Novels, Films and Autobiographies.
Creator: Messay, Marda, Munro, Martin, Garretson, Peter, Hargreaves, Alec, Leushuis, Reinier, Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: In this dissertation, I examine a variety of Francophone African novels, films, and autobiographies with female and male child-soldiers as main characters. My corpus includes well-known works such as Johnny Mad Dog by Emmanuel Dongola, Allah n'est pas obligé by Ahmadou Kourouma and Ezra by Newton Aduaka, as well as lesser-known works such as Les Anges Cannibales by Jean-Claude Derey and J'étais enfant-soldat by Lucien Badjoko. After explaining the phenomenon, the identity of child soldiers...
Show moreIn this dissertation, I examine a variety of Francophone African novels, films, and autobiographies with female and male child-soldiers as main characters. My corpus includes well-known works such as Johnny Mad Dog by Emmanuel Dongola, Allah n'est pas obligé by Ahmadou Kourouma and Ezra by Newton Aduaka, as well as lesser-known works such as Les Anges Cannibales by Jean-Claude Derey and J'étais enfant-soldat by Lucien Badjoko. After explaining the phenomenon, the identity of child soldiers and my use of trauma theory in my introduction, I dedicate a chapter to each medium. In my analysis of the fictional works, I demonstrate how the writers use textual techniques such as intertextuality, repetition, alternating narrators and repetition in order to situate the creation of child soldiers, their trauma and violence in its historical, political and socio-cultural context. I also reveal how these works underscore the need to transmit the child soldier's story orally and textually. In my analysis of cinematic works, I examine how the filmmakers use cinematic techniques such as contrasting spaces to expose the child soldier's horrific experience and its damaging effects on the child and the community, and to transform the spectator into a witness to the child soldier's trauma and violence. In my last chapter, I examine how former child soldiers use their works to exorcise their trauma and draw attention to the real life difficulties linked to the phenomenon such as the difficulties that demobilized child soldiers face and our own ethical viewing and response to the trauma and violence of the child soldier. This dissertation will demonstrate how all these works accord a voice to the child soldier (in their witnessing of his/her traumatic and violent experiences) and offer invaluable insight into the phenomenon and its implications in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-8847
Format: Thesis

Title: A Society in Flux: Female Education and Societal Transition in Early Nineteenth Century France, 1799-1830.
Creator: MacLeod, Maureen C., Harper, Kristine, Schwartz, Robert A., Doel, Ronald, Garretson, Peter, Grant, Jonathan, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: "A Society in Flux: Female Education and Societal Transition in Early Nineteenth Century France, 1830" examines the identity and social constructs of women educated during the Napoleonic period and how their state-sponsored education broke from tradition, allowing them to undertake roles in both the public and private spheres during the Bourbon Restoration. This research builds on historical scholarship addressing women's education in the nineteenth century and extends it by challenging the...
Show more"A Society in Flux: Female Education and Societal Transition in Early Nineteenth Century France, 1830" examines the identity and social constructs of women educated during the Napoleonic period and how their state-sponsored education broke from tradition, allowing them to undertake roles in both the public and private spheres during the Bourbon Restoration. This research builds on historical scholarship addressing women's education in the nineteenth century and extends it by challenging the extant rhetoric that Napoleon Bonaparte's government repressed women's role in society. Instead, it argues that state-provided education liberated elite women who came of age during the Bourbon Restoration. Many recent works on Napoleon Bonaparte and his relationship with France's women argue that his intention was to subordinate the female population in society and relegate them to the domestic sphere and provide evidence that the Napoleonic Civil Code denied women the rights they had gained during the Revolution, which it did. However, through the analysis of thousands of government documents, school records, and dossiers found in French and British archives, has shown that women were able to assert themselves and exert influence outside the home. Through the comparison of the pedagogical and social aspects of female education prior to the Revolution to approaches taken during the Napoleonic period, it is evident that there was a shift not only in the political rhetoric of education but also in the practice of education. This shift allowed a new female elite to emerge, however not the one Napoleon Bonaparte imagined. The newly educated woman would enter the Bourbon Restoration with more options open to them, with many choosing independent endeavors.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-8838
Format: Thesis

Title: Civiliter Mortuus: Florida Supreme Court and the Civil Rights Movement, 1845 1896.
Creator: Day, Chris, Jones, Maxine D., Montgomery, Maxine, Garretson, Peter, Jones, James P., Richardson, Joe M., Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: In the American political context African Americans have the greatest legacy because of their crusade for freedom and civil rights. Unlike Anglo-Americans, African Americans were barred from society for no other reason than their skin color, but their fight for freedom forced Americans to define themselves and how to protect their rights in a free society. The American system has been touted by historians such as Gordon Wood as being a radical departure from the British model of government....
Show moreIn the American political context African Americans have the greatest legacy because of their crusade for freedom and civil rights. Unlike Anglo-Americans, African Americans were barred from society for no other reason than their skin color, but their fight for freedom forced Americans to define themselves and how to protect their rights in a free society. The American system has been touted by historians such as Gordon Wood as being a radical departure from the British model of government. Barbara Clark Smith argued that the American Revolution was not a radical event because it failed to meet the egalitarian principles set forth by the revolutionary intellectuals. Wood's response was that the radical nature of the Revolution was not seen until well after the war and subsequent nation building, because those principles led to emancipation and universal suffrage. Smith's point is important to note because the immediacy created by the concept of "radical" was not met during the Revolutionary period. For the enslaved their lot in life had not changed with Treaty of Paris or the Constitution of the United States. The Constitution, previous to the passage of the 14th Amendment, did not provide a definition of citizenship. It was just assumed that an American citizen was a white male landowner. The reality of this situation was that racial discrimination caused many to turn their backs on egalitarianism for a racially bifurcated society. At this point, African Americans, free and enslaved, had to collectively speak out against this discrimination and remind Anglo-Americans of their egalitarian principles. The greatest legacy of Civil Rights Movement was that it forced America to abide by its altruistic principles. African Americans forced the definition of citizenship and created greater protections for American civil rights. This was not a process that started in the twentieth century; it began with the inception of the American Republic. In order to understand the true nature of society historians must look at the dispossessed to see the worst effects of society over time. In the Antebellum period enslaved and free blacks were those groups. The want of freedom is the simplest civil right. When enslaved African Americans went into the court system laws used to protect freedom had to be disfigured to protect bondage. With intent or not, every time a slave went into the court system they had to be given a minuscule amount of rights in order to participate in the trial. This was a challenge to the oppressive system. In a society that is governed by laws, enforcement in the courts should be autonomous enough to overcome social discrimination, but the law is a slow lumbering beast that has to wonder the dark woods of a fickle society before it can see the light of true autonomy. The Civil Rights Movement was significantly impacted by the court system because it controlled the impact of law on African Americans. The movement first had to get the courts to recognize them as human beings before they could continue the quest for freedom. This journey can be seen in the Florida Supreme Court. The battle between property and humanity raged on until after the Civil War and emancipation. Reconstruction created a new dialogue of African American freedom and citizenship. No longer did they have to suffer the courts' myopic view of them as property. Federal intervention allowed African Americans to exercise suffrage and participate in jury trials. After the threat of Federal intervention was removed by apathy and paternalistic adjudication in the U.S. Supreme Court, states began attacking African American rights and enacting segregationist laws. The Civil Rights Movement faced an all out assault in Florida with the removal of African Americans from the voter rolls and public conveyances. This trend towards a rigid society based on racial division was solidified with the Plessy decision. The courts for a short time were willing to view African Americans as first-class citizens, but inevitably reverted back to antebellum jurisprudence that saw blacks as having no rights they were bound to respect. For African Americans, their contribution to the historical lexicon has been the protection of rights set forth by the Constitution. They gave the Republic a road map explaining how to protect their rights in the courtroom and on the streets.
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Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-8699
Format: Thesis

Title: Monks and Monarchs: Christological Controversy of the Ethiopian Church and Its Impact on the State (1632-1878).
Creator: Mihretie, Kindeneh Endeg, Garretson, Peter P., Goff, Matthew, Wynot, Edward, Grant, Jonathan, Kelley, Nicole, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The period from the early 17th century to the late 19th century was an era of protracted Christological controversy in the long history of the Ethiopian Church. The main subject of the debate was the meaning and relevance of the anointment of Christ by the Holy Spirit. The three rival groups that conducted the debate were called Qebatoč, Şäga Lejoč and Karoč. The names were originally polemical labels that represented the alleged Trinitarian and Christological heresies in the formulae of each...
Show moreThe period from the early 17th century to the late 19th century was an era of protracted Christological controversy in the long history of the Ethiopian Church. The main subject of the debate was the meaning and relevance of the anointment of Christ by the Holy Spirit. The three rival groups that conducted the debate were called Qebatoč, Şäga Lejoč and Karoč. The names were originally polemical labels that represented the alleged Trinitarian and Christological heresies in the formulae of each group. This dissertation tries to reconstruct various aspects of the history of the controversy. The Ethiopian Church had always been closely associated with the ruling monarchy of the Christian kingdom. Therefore, this study will also try to analyze and explore the impact of the doctrinal debate in the Church's relation with the monarchy. The first section tries to situate the rivalry among the three groups within the context of the meaning of heresy and orthodoxy in the Ethiopian Church. The main argument advanced in this section is that, the dogmatic and liturgical orthodoxy of the Ethiopian Church, which follows the Alexandrian Orthodox tradition, has always been loosely defined. This enabled the Church to accommodate within itself rival groups with slightly different understanding and interpretation of its Alexandrian Orthodox tradition, without a serious threat to its orthodoxy. Given such institutional setup of the Church, it was the monarchy that played the decisive role in settling the issue of heresy and orthodoxy in dogmatic and liturgical controversies that broke out at various times in the long history of the Church. The main thesis of this dissertation is therefore that the debate among the three groups on the anointment of Christ should be viewed as a phase in the history of the existence of rival factions within the Ethiopian Church. This challenges the longstanding notion about the Ethiopian Church that it was a more or less monolithic institution with a doctrine set in stone. This dissertation will show that throughout the duration of the controversy, it was the monarchy that played the decisive role in determining the status of the rival groups. The monarchy did so, among other things, based on geographical considerations. Accordingly, in most cases, while the teaching of those groups with the largest number of vii followers in and around the royal center enjoyed recognition as orthodoxy, that of those in outlaying provinces suffered ban as heresy. Succeeding sections of the dissertation provide a narrative account of how the story of the controversy unfolded following the dynamic in church and state relation described above. Accordingly, from the outbreak of the controversy in the early 17th century to 1764 the Qebat and Şäga Lej teachings took turns enjoying the recognition of the royal court as orthodoxy. This was primarily a reflection of the fact that these two views drew most of their adherents from Bägémder and Gojjam, which were the core provinces of the Christian Kingdom at the time. Then, the long period of regionalism that lasted from the 1770s to 1855 allowed the adherents of Kara to claim the provinces of Tigray, what is today Southern Eritrea and Lasta as their strongholds. The emergence of Tigray as the center of the monarchy in the 1870s in turn paved the way for Kara to become the official doctrine of the Ethiopian Church since 1878. Exploring the teachings of the rival groups vis-à-vis Alexandrian Orthodoxy and the Chalcedonian Creed is the major theme of chapter five. The assessment shows that none of the three views had a serious deviation from Alexandrian Orthodoxy. This shows that, doctrinally speaking, the debate was essentially intra-Alexandrian. In other words, the representatives of the three groups formulated and propagated their teachings essentially in a bid to outmatch each other as the most diehard defenders of Alexandrian Orthodoxy. The issue is not however a matter of intricate doctrinal debate that only concerns the learned clergy. The last section of the dissertation illustrates this by recounting the case of a recent Qebat revival movement, which was led and organized by the laity, who openly admit their ignorance of the doctrinal issues at stake. Based on this and other historical evidences, this dissertation highlights the point that membership to the rival groups was an important element of popular religious identity. Finally, using the case of one monastery, the dissertation will conclude by showing that the controversy is far from over and could continue to be a source of major doctrinal crises in the Ethiopian Church.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4672
Format: Thesis

Title: Collectivism, Communication, and Cultural Conflict: The Dialogical Acculturation of Christian Egyptians in the Diaspora.
Creator: Bishai, Sally, Jordan-Jackson, Felecia, McDowell, Stephen, Garretson, Peter, Houck, Davis, School of Communication Science and Disorders, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Many Egyptians—hyphenated and not—have begun to publicly articulate their struggles with identity confusion, collectivist clash, and communication incapability; these (and similar) issues have, in fact, taken center-stage in both Arabic-language and bilingual (English/Arabic, Arabic/French, etc.) media outlets. The dissertation's two general purposes were, therefore, to: 1) Expand the dialogical model of acculturation (DM), and 2) Discover current cultural climates common among Christians in...
Show moreMany Egyptians—hyphenated and not—have begun to publicly articulate their struggles with identity confusion, collectivist clash, and communication incapability; these (and similar) issues have, in fact, taken center-stage in both Arabic-language and bilingual (English/Arabic, Arabic/French, etc.) media outlets. The dissertation's two general purposes were, therefore, to: 1) Expand the dialogical model of acculturation (DM), and 2) Discover current cultural climates common among Christians in Egypt and in the diaspora—regardless of where they were born and raised. The general purposes were divided into three narrower goals, including: 1) An exploration of the acculturation strategies of Christian Egyptians, 2) An understanding of current attitudes, anxieties, and/or "dreams" held by Christian Egyptians (living in Egypt or the diaspora), as well as 3) A discovery of participants' manifestations of the dialogical model of acculturation through an examination of three communication dimensions (Identification, Cultural Orientation, and Communication Style). These goals were, in part, accomplished by asking three main research questions (one of them divided into two segments): RQ1—What are the acculturation strategies that Egyptian Christians in Egypt and the diaspora use to negotiate their identities? RQ2a—What are some of the positive (goals, wishes, desires, "dreams"), negative ("cultural anxieties," conflicts, tensions) and/or neutral issues in the lives of Christian Egyptians in Egypt and the diaspora? RQ2b—How do Christian Egyptians in Egypt and the diaspora negotiate any tensions or conflicts associated with their own desires and/or cultural anxieties? RQ3—How is the dialogical model of acculturation manifested in Christian Egyptians in Egypt and the diaspora with respect to the "three communication dimensions" (Identification, Cultural Orientation, and Communication Style)? The questions were investigated through descriptive questionnaires administered online, and qualitative interviews that were either administered online (synchronously and asynchronously) or conducted face-to-face and video-taped, while the review of online blogs from eight bloggers (one Coptic Orthodox, seven Egyptian Muslim) provided additional insights, achieving validity through corroboration and triangulation.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3732
Format: Thesis

Title: Muslim Women's Experience in Urban Public Spaces in a Multicultural American Context.
Creator: Mohamadi, Asal, Miles, Rebecca, Garretson, Peter, Doan, Petra, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This study seeks to understand the everyday experiences of Muslim women in public spaces of a multicultural environment. Moreover, it explores how planning should address the experiences of this particular group. The urban context of interest for this study is New York City because it hosts a multitude of immigrants from an array of cultures and ethnicities thus providing an ideal template of a multicultural city. Phenomenology is obviously well suited to a study of the phenomenon of public...
Show moreThis study seeks to understand the everyday experiences of Muslim women in public spaces of a multicultural environment. Moreover, it explores how planning should address the experiences of this particular group. The urban context of interest for this study is New York City because it hosts a multitude of immigrants from an array of cultures and ethnicities thus providing an ideal template of a multicultural city. Phenomenology is obviously well suited to a study of the phenomenon of public space for Muslim women in a particular context, and is the research approach adopted here. Based on data collected through semi-structured interviews and cognitive mapping, this study identifies six core themes, all of which address the importance of religion and culture in the way individuals experience the built environment. First, for the participants of this study the neighborhood environment is experienced as a space with its own religious identity. Mosques and Islamic centers are influential in forming this experience. Second, the built environment is also experienced as a cultural space. Arab stores, Arabic signage, and Arabic language are identified as important factors in shaping their cultural experiences. Third, most of the participants experience both Bay Ridge (the study area) and Brooklyn as physically diverse areas. The mixed-use design gives Muslim women an opportunity to move around more conveniently, without being dependent on their male family members. It also facilitates the process of integration for new immigrant women into the host country. Fourth, the participants experience being different from non-Muslims and they describe how the attitude of other people contributes to their feelings and experiences. Fifth, being exposed to people from different cultures, being in a place with racial and ethnic diversity is associated with pleasant experiences for the participants. And sixth, the last theme suggests that women of this study may experience the pressure of representing Islam positively to non-Muslims in public spaces, while at the same time they feel the pressure of upholding reputation and family honor within the community of Arabs. The findings of this study with its multicultural context suggest that the social construct of space is fluid. Gender, the control of space by the state, and the ethnic/racial/religious composition of space all contribute to how public spaces are experienced by users. The predominant presence of men, police, and social homogeneity (Muslim-only environment, White-only neighborhood, etc) makes the participants of this study experience a more private space . A lesser prevalence of men, less control of space by police, and more exposure to people from different ethnic and religious groups make spaces feel more public to the Muslim women of this study. The study's findings also suggest which places help women create meaning out of their neighborhood lives; mosques, parks and ocean views, ethnic avenues (with an emphasis on Arabic language), shopping centers (the street as a shopping district), and home appeared on almost all women's maps. There were also meaningful places to which women are not welcomed. These places were under the control of Arab men of the neighborhood, through the mechanism of their gaze. As others have advocated, the findings of this study suggest that planners should design spaces in such a way that people of different ethnicities, with different sets of values, have the opportunity to encounter each other. This would promote recognition of individuals who may feel marginalized. For Muslim women in particular, it would require ensuring that services are provided in a manner that allows Muslim women to benefit, i.e. that fits their beliefs. For example, a more visible design of parks and enough lighting as well as an appropriate location (for instance close to mosques or other cultural-religious spaces) would make services more accessible to this group of individuals. This type of planning might also suggest advocating ethno-religious festivals, which can further the recognition of the ethnic or religious values of Arab Muslims and educate non-Arabs and non-Muslims about them. The involvement of ethnic organizations in community planning boards (or at least advocating for them) may be a key factor in integrating minorities into the planning processes.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4635
Format: Thesis

Title: Écritures Féminines et Guerres Civiles en Algérie et au Liban.
Creator: Rebeiz, Mireille, Hargreaves, Alec, Garretson, Peter, Cloonan, William, Boutin, Aimée, Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Cette étude porte sur les écritures féminines relatives aux temps des guerres civiles en Algérie et au Liban. Dans le cadre de la littérature d'urgence, elle compare les oeuvres de onze écrivaines de langue arabe et française dont Assia Djebar, Malika Mokeddem, Wahiba Khiari, Ahlam Mosteghanemi et Leïla Marouane du côté algérien et Etel Adnan, Hanan El Cheikh, Hoda Barakat, Andrée Chedid, Évelyne Accad et Hyam Yared du côté libanais. Elle relève le cadre narratif dans lequel s'exprime cette...
Show moreCette étude porte sur les écritures féminines relatives aux temps des guerres civiles en Algérie et au Liban. Dans le cadre de la littérature d'urgence, elle compare les oeuvres de onze écrivaines de langue arabe et française dont Assia Djebar, Malika Mokeddem, Wahiba Khiari, Ahlam Mosteghanemi et Leïla Marouane du côté algérien et Etel Adnan, Hanan El Cheikh, Hoda Barakat, Andrée Chedid, Évelyne Accad et Hyam Yared du côté libanais. Elle relève le cadre narratif dans lequel s'exprime cette littérature d'urgence et souligne à la fois les affinités et les particularités des divers textes, elle démontre la difficulté des diverses protagonistes de s'exprimer en temps de violence et de jouir de relations sociales, amoureuses et sexuelles équilibrées. L'introduction permet de situer le débat, rappeler les travaux des grands spécialistes de la matière et le contexte historique de chacun des pays en question. La thèse se divise en deux parties dont chacune se subdivise en deux chapitres. Alors que la première partie porte sur le cadre narratif dans lequel s'exprime cette littérature d'urgence, la seconde se soucie plutôt des récits, soit des histoires racontées. Le cadre théorique de cette étude fait des emprunts aux travaux de Genette, Barthes, Simone de Beauvoir, Cixous, Kristeva, Woolf, Spivak, Deleuze et autres et se rapporte essentiellement aux théories structuraliste, féministe et postcoloniale. L'originalité de cette étude réside dans son analyse approfondie de la littérature d'urgence et dans son extension de ce genre littéraire, développé jusqu'ici dans le cadre exclusif de la littérature algérienne, aux textes libanais.
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-5130
Format: Thesis

Title: Civilian Involvement in the 1990-91 Gulf War Through the Civil Reserve Air Fleet.
Creator: Imbriani, Charles, Garretson, Peter, Grant, Jonathan, Moore, Dennis, Zanini-Cordi, Irene, Program in Interdisciplinary Humanities, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This dissertation is about the Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) and its role in the 1990-91 Persian Gulf War, with a special emphasis on the men and women who manned and operated the civilian aircraft. This is the first time the history of that war has been told from the standpoint of the CRAF and its crew members. Relying heavily on interviews - firsthand accounts - with the crew members who participated, and to primary and secondary sources, the historical context is recreated in which the...
Show moreThis dissertation is about the Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) and its role in the 1990-91 Persian Gulf War, with a special emphasis on the men and women who manned and operated the civilian aircraft. This is the first time the history of that war has been told from the standpoint of the CRAF and its crew members. Relying heavily on interviews - firsthand accounts - with the crew members who participated, and to primary and secondary sources, the historical context is recreated in which the events unfolded. Instead, however, of following the history from the political, diplomatic, and military perspectives, we approach it from the perspective of the nation's civil air carriers and through the words of its civilian crew members. We begin with a description of 'airlift' and the responsibilities of commercial aviation to the nation's defense and security through the National Airlift Policy. The history of commercial aviation and its relationship with the U.S military began just before the outbreak of WW II, and continued through the Berlin Crisis of 1948-49, the Korean War, and the War in Vietnam. That relationship led to the creation of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF). Activated for the first time in its 38 year history on August 17, 1990, the CRAF played a major role in the Persian Gulf War. Over 5000 CRAF flights operated into the war theater from August of 1990 through May of 1991. The war could not have been won by the United States and its coalition partners - within the timeframe dictated by events - without the active participation of the CRAF. The CRAF could not have fulfilled its commitments to the nation without the voluntary participation of its crew members. The civilian crew members responded overwhelmingly to the nation's call. They served with enthusiasm, commitment, and determination. Over 11,000 civilian crew members participated in those events. Their story is told here for the first time. This dissertation fills a significant historical omission; and adds to the history of America's first major military involvement in the Middle East.
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-5368
Format: Thesis

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