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Title: "A" Force of Deceit: The Origins of British Deception in North and East Africa during the Second World War.
Creator: Bendeck, Whitney T., Creswell, Michael, Souva, Mark, Garretson, Peter, McMahon, Darrin, Singh, Bawa, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Following the devastation of the First World War, the British utterly rejected the idea of fighting another major war in their near future. As a result, the country's interwar policies were not geared towards maintaining a powerful military. When the Second World War erupted, the British found themselves completely unprepared. The situation was particularly dire in the Middle East where British forces faced a numerically superior Italian army. Because Cairo and the Suez Canal were vital to...
Show moreFollowing the devastation of the First World War, the British utterly rejected the idea of fighting another major war in their near future. As a result, the country's interwar policies were not geared towards maintaining a powerful military. When the Second World War erupted, the British found themselves completely unprepared. The situation was particularly dire in the Middle East where British forces faced a numerically superior Italian army. Because Cairo and the Suez Canal were vital to maintaining Britain's empire in the east, the British had no choice but to stand and fight. The man charged with defending Egypt was General Archibald P. Wavell, the commander-in-chief of the Middle East. Since his forces were out-numbered and poorly supplied, Wavell turned to deception to give his men an artificial advantage. After successfully carrying out deception in his first offensive against the Italians, Wavell decided to create an organization exclusively designed to deceive the enemy. To that end, he requested the services of Colonel Dudley Wrangel Clarke, an officer Wavell judged to be suitably unconventional in his approach to warfare. Clarke arrived in Cairo in December of 1940; by the end of March, 1941, he had created Britain's first deception organization - 'A' Force. Although 'A' Force's origins were humble, it developed into an impressive deception organization. With Clarke at its head, 'A' Force practiced deception on a scale unlikely repeated in the world. They were able to take advantage of modern technology, combined with innate creativity, to formulate some of the grandest deceptions of the war. Through a long and complex process of trial and error, Clarke and his men eventually perfected the art of deception. By the Battle of El Alamein, the deceptionists had created the blueprint that was to form the basis of all future deceptions. Thus, when the war reached Europe and London took over responsibility for coordinating Allied deception, the London deceivers modeled their efforts after those meticulously crafted by 'A' Force in Africa. In fact, the largest deception of the war, Operation Bodyguard (D-Day deception), was largely designed by men who had previously worked under Clarke and was based on the 'A' Force established blueprint. This work, which is the first to combine the military and deception histories into one cohesive narrative, argues that the British turned to deception out of pure necessity, that the deception machine was forged and perfected in the deserts of Africa ' not in London, and that the British were the masters of game.
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-7096
Format: Thesis

Title: "According to Their Capacities and Talents": Frontier Attorneys in Tallahassee during the Territorial Period.
Creator: Maynard, Jackson Wilder, Hadden, Sally, Jones, Jim, Strait, Paul, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The thesis identifies and describes the practice of attorneys in frontier Tallahassee during the Territorial Period. The thesis will also address dichotomies posed by past historians regarding the nature of the practice of law during the early- to mid-nineteenth centuries. The first, propounded by historian Roscoe Pound, maintains that this era was a period of decline in the legal profession, but also a "Golden Age." The second, posed by historian Jerold Auerbach, maintains that lawyers...
Show moreThe thesis identifies and describes the practice of attorneys in frontier Tallahassee during the Territorial Period. The thesis will also address dichotomies posed by past historians regarding the nature of the practice of law during the early- to mid-nineteenth centuries. The first, propounded by historian Roscoe Pound, maintains that this era was a period of decline in the legal profession, but also a "Golden Age." The second, posed by historian Jerold Auerbach, maintains that lawyers during this period were "country lawyers" (in the model of Abraham Lincoln or Daniel Webster) or aristocrats. The thesis argues that attorneys practicing in frontier Tallahassee during this period were professional and quite competent; their actions do not give rise to the idea that this was a period of decline for the practice of law. The thesis also maintains that lawyers during this period were more in the model of aristocrats. The thesis also contains an appendix listing all those identified as have practiced in and about Tallahassee from 1824-1845 along with some brief biographical notes.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-2639
Format: Thesis

Title: "Acribillados Y Torturados": Newspapers and the Militarized State in Counterrevolutionary Guatemala.
Creator: Pichoff, Damon, Herrera, Robinson, Childs, Matt, Friedman, Max Paul, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This thesis is a discursive analysis of the daily Guatemalan newspaper, El Imparcial. It is a cultural study of attitudes toward the illegitimate militarized state, the role of ethnicity and class, and modernization as a shared goal between traditional elites and the burgeoning class of military officers turned economic elites. Based on an examination of hundreds of pages of Guatemalan newspapers, spanning nearly a decade, and housed in special collections in the Latin American Libraries of...
Show moreThis thesis is a discursive analysis of the daily Guatemalan newspaper, El Imparcial. It is a cultural study of attitudes toward the illegitimate militarized state, the role of ethnicity and class, and modernization as a shared goal between traditional elites and the burgeoning class of military officers turned economic elites. Based on an examination of hundreds of pages of Guatemalan newspapers, spanning nearly a decade, and housed in special collections in the Latin American Libraries of the University of Florida and Tulane University, the thesis treats topics such as how elites chose to make sense of a rapidly changing and uncertain world. The thesis focuses on three central elements: violence reporting, consumer and political advertising, and reporting of national development. I argue that El Imparcial, as a supposed elite vehicle within the militarized state, presents many contradictory messages for its readers. El Imparcial wavered in its political support for the state as demonstrated by the trends in violence reporting; the paper's consumer and political ads that sent similar contradictory messages of the state. Conversely, the adverts did send a consistent message of rigid social hierarchies promoted by a limited consumption style. El Imparcial's coverage of developmental projects reveals the paper's closest marriage to the militarized state. Development strategies served both civilian elites and the militarized state in mutually self-interested ways. Taken together, these elements reveal a complex cultural artifact with many opportunities for complicit and dissenting voices. It also shows how newspapers contributed to making the perception of violence into an unremarkable quotidian reality and how they encouraged the virulent dehumanization of Native peoples. The thesis shows the necessity of cultural history to explore the complexities of a contested history during a key transitional period in Guatemala's history, from a state dominated by elites and protected by the military, into a full fledged militarized state where military officers became coequals with traditional elites.
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Date Issued: 2007
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0910
Format: Thesis

Title: "All That Glitters Is Not Junkanoo" the National Junkanoo Museum and the Politics of Tourism and Identity.
Creator: MacKey, Ressa, Nasgaard, Roald, Bearor, Karen, Carrasco, Michael, Department of Art History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The annual Junkanoo festival in the Bahamas is regarded as "the ultimate national symbol," representative of Bahamian sovereignty and culture. A festival that originated from Bahamian slaves, Junkanoo has evolved into a popular commercial and cultural event that features extravagant, crépe-paper costumes. This paper analyzes the role of the commodified Junkanoo costume in constructing a Bahamian national and cultural identity. Specifically, it analyzes the history and policies of the National...
Show moreThe annual Junkanoo festival in the Bahamas is regarded as "the ultimate national symbol," representative of Bahamian sovereignty and culture. A festival that originated from Bahamian slaves, Junkanoo has evolved into a popular commercial and cultural event that features extravagant, crépe-paper costumes. This paper analyzes the role of the commodified Junkanoo costume in constructing a Bahamian national and cultural identity. Specifically, it analyzes the history and policies of the National Junkanoo Museum, the first institution to display the costumes outside their performative context. Through a interdisciplinary approach that incorporates methodologies from art history, sociology, and museum studies, I argue that Junkanoo serves a commercial purpose, which the National Junkanoo Museum perpetuates by displaying the costumes for touristic consumption. My thesis is based on three separate grounds of analysis. First, I examine the festival's hybrid and dynamic nature by analyzing external factors that influenced Junkanoo's development. Notably, I consider the Ministry of Tourism and the Bahamian Development Board's involvement and administration of the parade, which significantly impacted the costumes' iconography, materiality, and ephemerality. Next, I view the National Junkanoo Museum within the context of other Caribbean Museums to conclude that the institution encounters similar challenges to its neighbors, which include reconciling the museum's nationalistic intentions with its objectives to bolster cultural tourism. Finally, I demonstrate how the National Junkanoo Museum diverges from standard museum practice in order to augment the country's fledging heritage industry. Instead of assembling a permanent collection, the museum operates as a non-collecting institution by exhibiting the costumes only on an annual basis and then returning the objects to the Junkanoo artists who proceed to dismantle and recycle their costumes. The museum's exhibition policy reflects the artists' habit of abandoning their costumes immediately following the parade. However, I contend that the National Junkanoo Museum's use of nostalgia as a museum epistemology is less about an effort to restore the costumes' traditional ephemerality, than it is an indication of the pervasiveness of the tourism industry in formulating a Bahamian national and cultural identity. Junkanoo's economic potential is dependent on the perception of the festival as an identifiable, authentic Bahamian product, which the government facilitates by promoting the costumes as national symbols of Bahamian culture and appropriating them into a national museum system.
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-2809
Format: Thesis

Title: "And They'll March with Their Brothers to Freedom": Cumann na Mban, Nationalism, and Women's Rights in Ireland, 1900-1923.
Creator: McCallum, Christi, Upchurch, Charles, Sinke, Suzanne, Grant, Jonathan, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Between the years 1900 and 1923, women in Ireland played an integral role in the nationalist movement. While several nationalist groups had female members, the women also founded their own nationalist organizations, Inghindhe na hEireann (Daughters of Ireland) and Cumann na mBan (Council of Women). These two groups indicated two different phases of the nationalist movement: Inghinidhe embodied the political and cultural aspects of women's participation in the move for Irish freedom, but...
Show moreBetween the years 1900 and 1923, women in Ireland played an integral role in the nationalist movement. While several nationalist groups had female members, the women also founded their own nationalist organizations, Inghindhe na hEireann (Daughters of Ireland) and Cumann na mBan (Council of Women). These two groups indicated two different phases of the nationalist movement: Inghinidhe embodied the political and cultural aspects of women's participation in the move for Irish freedom, but Cumann na mBan, which had been organized as an auxiliary to the Irish Volunteers (later the IRA), added military activities to their agenda. Some Irish suffragists disliked nationalist women's groups because they felt that these drew recruits away from their ranks. At the same time, nationalist women ran their own suffrage campaign by helping the men in their revolutionary activity, which ultimately ended in women's equal citizenship in the first year of the Free State. Guerilla warfare, in particular, caused an expansion of women's roles and allowed them to transgress gendered boundaries. After the war women were not simply sent back to home, they continued their political work and agitated against new anti-feminist legislation. This thesis argues against many historians of Cumann na mBan who focus on the losses, rather than the achievements by the organization and its impact on women's roles in Ireland; women were agents of change who left a permanent impact on their political environment
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-2618
Format: Thesis

Title: "As Blond as Hitler": Positive Eugenics and Fatherhood in the Third Reich.
Creator: Carney, Amy Beth, Stoltzfus, Nathan, Grant, Jonathan, Childs, Matt, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: In seeking to build the Thousand Year Reich, the German government under the administration of the National Socialist party constructed many different ideologies to create the foundation for its new community. Although not as highly prominent others, the ideology of fatherhood had a role in the formation of this state. Because of the scientific trends prevalent during the early to mid twentieth century, fatherhood at this time had a strong biological bent; men were mainly regarded as fathers...
Show moreIn seeking to build the Thousand Year Reich, the German government under the administration of the National Socialist party constructed many different ideologies to create the foundation for its new community. Although not as highly prominent others, the ideology of fatherhood had a role in the formation of this state. Because of the scientific trends prevalent during the early to mid twentieth century, fatherhood at this time had a strong biological bent; men were mainly regarded as fathers due to their reproductive contributions. Therefore, the Nazi government wanted to encourage each man to sustain his personal lineage because a healthy, burgeoning population would guarantee the longevity of the German nation founded by its leadership. In seeking a stronger and larger population, the Nazi party adopted a contemporary science movement: eugenics. The government divided people based on racial criteria, and the individuals whom it deemed most eligible to pass on their genes belonged to the "blond hair, blue eyed" Aryan race. After firmly establishing this archetype as the ultimate goal, the state had to disseminate this information to the general population and persuade these people to adopt this racial hierarchy willingly. It propagated this information through both formal education and direct contact with the German people through speeches and publications. This instruction served to inspire healthy citizens to have offspring who would strengthen the position of Germany through racial superiority. Of the male German population, the men who best personified the Aryan elite belonged to the Schutzstaffeln (SS). As the most unwavering followers of the Nazi party and Adolf Hitler, the soldiers of the SS provided the best paternal audience. The leader of the SS, Heinrich Himmler, sought to convince these men that their responsibilities included supplying the Third Reich with an abundance of racially healthy children. Himmler's directives and other documents substantiated this desire to encourage his men to reproduce copiously and to furnish Germany with a new aristocracy based on blood. Furthermore, the newspaper of the SS, Das Schwarze Korps, publicly correlated many of Himmler's perspectives. Articles, editorials, and letters encourage marriage, link SS men with images of healthy families, and promote fatherhood as a respectable and natural duty. Despite these efforts, the SS did not raise the birthrate in Germany, and the inability to produce enough children resulted in the failure of the eugenical measures. However, an investigation into the role of fatherhood during this era still addresses many historiographical issues. Beyond showing one way in which the Nazi government attempted to foster a new national community, it demonstrates the changing role of paternity throughout the twentieth century as well as merges with studies of German fatherhood in the post Second World War era. Examining fatherhood also explains the attempted application of eugenics to increase the population of a country. Finally, it dovetails with existing research on motherhood during the Third Reich, and therefore provides a more comprehensive understanding of familial life and parental relations during the reign of the Nazi regime.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4187
Format: Thesis

Title: "But where is his voice?: " The Debate of Pope Pius XII's Silence During the Holocaust.
Creator: Whitman, Kayleigh, Department of History
Abstract/Description: For the past sixty years the question of whether or not Pope Pius XII did all that he could to help the victims of the Holocaust has plagued the reputation and memory of his papacy. As the Vatican and Pope Francis continue proceedings towards the canonization of Pius, the question of what judgment can be placed against the pope becomes ever more pressing. My project examines the path that the debate has taken over the past six decades through the work of both the critics and defenders of His...
Show moreFor the past sixty years the question of whether or not Pope Pius XII did all that he could to help the victims of the Holocaust has plagued the reputation and memory of his papacy. As the Vatican and Pope Francis continue proceedings towards the canonization of Pius, the question of what judgment can be placed against the pope becomes ever more pressing. My project examines the path that the debate has taken over the past six decades through the work of both the critics and defenders of His Holiness. While this thesis does not deliver a verdict against Pius, it does address the important question of how the contemporary reader can understand what has been written and the evolution of the charges that have been placed against him. In this paper Rolf Hochhuth serves as the leading example for the critics and Father Robert Graham S.J. serves as his defense counterpart. Beginning with these two men and their arguments, I examine the charges and responses of both the defenders and the critics during the controversial years of the 1960s and 1990s. Through this study I have found that though the Vatican's records remain sealed limiting the pool of information for researchers, the debate has continued to thrive because of the difference in perception of the two sides. The critics place their emphasis on the moral responsibility of the pope and the defenders focus their arguments on the political responsibility and implications of the pope's actions during this uncertain time.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_uhm-0346
Format: Thesis

Title: "By the Noble Daring of Her Sons": The Florida Brigade of the Army of Tennessee.
Creator: Sheppard, Jonathan C., Jones, James P., Stallins, J. Anthony, Richardson, Joe M., Garretson, Peter, Creswell, Michael, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Between 1861 and 1862, Floridians flocked to join the six regiments that eventually constituted the Florida Brigade of the West. As the fragile remains of the 1st and 3rd Florida's Battle Flag attests, portions of the brigade saw action in every major campaign of the Western Theater, save Iuka and Corinth. Until November 1863, the 1st, 3rd, 4th, 6th, and 7th Infantry Regiments and the dismounted 1st Cavalry Regiment, served in separate brigades in different areas of the west. While the 1st,...
Show moreBetween 1861 and 1862, Floridians flocked to join the six regiments that eventually constituted the Florida Brigade of the West. As the fragile remains of the 1st and 3rd Florida's Battle Flag attests, portions of the brigade saw action in every major campaign of the Western Theater, save Iuka and Corinth. Until November 1863, the 1st, 3rd, 4th, 6th, and 7th Infantry Regiments and the dismounted 1st Cavalry Regiment, served in separate brigades in different areas of the west. While the 1st, 3rd, and 4th soldiered with the Army of Tennessee in major campaigns, the others protected the important Virginia-Tennessee railine against East Tennessee Unionists. Following the Florida Brigade's organization in November 1863, it became the epitome of the hardluck Army of Tennessee. Below strength, poorly armed, and shoddily equipped, the soldiers of the brigade followed their commanders through some of the hardest fighting of the war. From Missionary Ridge to Nashville, attrition whittled away at the small units. While many fell in battle, wounds incapacitated others, and still more wasted away in Northern prison camps. At the time of the surrender at Bennett Place, just over four hundred veterans remained with the brigade. Through "By The Noble Daring Of Her Sons," the story of these regiments, from their inceptions to their surrenders, will be told. While this dissertation seeks to describe the Florida Brigade's military campaign, that is not its sole purpose. Rather, "By The Noble Daring Of Her Sons" uses the context of the Florida Brigade to allow the reader to experience various aspects of the war, including important but little-known facets. Furthermore, this dissertation proposes that Florida, before the war was a fractured state, with citizens maintaining regional allegiances. The overarching theme of this study is to establish that the Floridians' service during the Civil War helped to create a state identity.
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Date Issued: 2008
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-1768
Format: Thesis

Title: "Chosen Race": Baptist Missions and Mission Churches in the East and West Indies, 1795-1875.
Creator: Elliott, Kelly R. (Kelly Rebecca), Upchurch, Charles, Irving, Sarah, Singh, Bawa, McMahon, Darrin, Childs, Matt, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: In 1792, a group of preachers and artisans from the north of England responded to contemporary currents of revivalist religion by founding the Baptist Missionary Society to preach the gospel to the "heathen" abroad. These young Baptists, whose identity was deeply marked by a persecuted past and an ambivalent relationship with state power, carried their free church tradition with them into the mission field, where their belief in divine providence and their commitment to biblical primitivism...
Show moreIn 1792, a group of preachers and artisans from the north of England responded to contemporary currents of revivalist religion by founding the Baptist Missionary Society to preach the gospel to the "heathen" abroad. These young Baptists, whose identity was deeply marked by a persecuted past and an ambivalent relationship with state power, carried their free church tradition with them into the mission field, where their belief in divine providence and their commitment to biblical primitivism deeply informed their work. Baptist identity and approach to missions changed over the nineteenth century as Dissenters gained socioeconomic status and political power, and independent voluntarism gave way to the organization and bureaucracy of the modern humanitarian movement. These shifts affected missionary identity and approaches, as well as the way the society leadership and its missionaries viewed converts and the possibility of independent mission churches. In South Asia and the Caribbean, secular colonials and officials viewed mission work warily, suspecting with reason that proselytization would undermine the racial and social hierarchies necessary to imperial success. Missionaries therefore faced significant political persecution in both spheres of empire, where they were viewed as subversive and undermining of colonial authority. Indigenous peoples in South Asia, particularly Bengali brahmans, also often looked upon missionaries with hostility; some, such as Brahmo Somaj founder Rammohun Roy, altered the Christianity they preached to serve their own needs and purposes. Converts lost caste as well as employment, and were often forced to cut all social ties upon professing Christ. Evangelism was more successful in the Caribbean, where slaves who converted often gained literacy, political advocacy, and a sense of community. Overall, convert decisions and experiences show that when colonized peoples chose to adopt Christianity, they built distinctly Asian or West Indian Christian communities which they increasingly led and supported themselves. Despite the fracturing and self-examination occasioned by changes within Baptist identity over the course of the century, the missionary society's commitment to a family of Christ that razed the boundaries of race, caste, and nation did make independent indigenous churches possible. Current historiography frequently links British missions to imperialism, viewing missionaries as importers—and constructors—of Englishness and converts as passive receivers of a colonizing Christianity. I hope to redirect our understanding of the missionary enterprise towards a greater sensitivity to the multivalent nature of missionary identity and, most importantly, the crucial contributions of indigenous converts and the communities they forged in the Empire. Baptist emphasis on native Christian church leadership and involvement, as well as missionary children's intermarriage with converts, help underline that, for the Baptists, the "chosen race" referred not to skin color or the burden of empire, but to election and sanctification by God.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0572
Format: Thesis

Title: "Conservation of the Child Is Our First Duty": Clubwomen, Organized Labor, and the Politics of Child Labor Legislation in Florida.
Creator: Burns, Sarah, Green, Elna, Jones, Maxine, Koslow, Jennifer, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Florida's child welfare movement, a broad coalition of clubwomen, legislators, labor activists, and civic reformers, worked tirelessly to ensure that the right to a protected childhood was guaranteed to all of Florida's future citizens. These Progressive reformers, embracing new ideas about charity, the causes of poverty, and family life, turned to legislation to protect children when society could not, and their efforts culminated in the passage of Florida's comprehensive Child Labor Law in...
Show moreFlorida's child welfare movement, a broad coalition of clubwomen, legislators, labor activists, and civic reformers, worked tirelessly to ensure that the right to a protected childhood was guaranteed to all of Florida's future citizens. These Progressive reformers, embracing new ideas about charity, the causes of poverty, and family life, turned to legislation to protect children when society could not, and their efforts culminated in the passage of Florida's comprehensive Child Labor Law in 1913. Florida's child labor campaign was part of both a regional and a national movement to eradicate the practice of manipulating children in industry and the street trades. Despite its inclusion in this broader movement, Florida's anti-child labor coalition was unique. Unlike their Southern neighbors, Floridians shied away from the rhetoric of "race suicide." Speaking on behalf of child labor legislation, they emphasized the social and moral disadvantages of child labor rather than its repercussions for race relations. This grew out of Florida's distinct pattern of economic development: Florida was among the last Southern states to industrialize, and that industrial sector did not include the textile mills notorious for child labor abuses across the South. Florida's child laborers primarily consisted of African Americans and Southern and Eastern European immigrants working in canneries along the Gulf Coast and Cuban and Italian immigrants laboring in the cigar industry of South Florida. Both of these industries employed a much smaller number of child workers than manufacturers in Florida's neighboring states. Florida's child labor legislation thus served two distinct purposes: it was both a preventative measure designed to protect Florida's children from the kinds of exploitation taking place in neighboring states and a means of pressuring those states to pass similar legislation. This thesis, an examination of the politics of Florida's child labor movement, highlights the ways in which the national child labor platform could be adapted to succeed in different states, while it reaffirms the diversity of both Progressive reform and Progressive reformers in the early twentieth-century South.
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0193
Format: Thesis

Title: "Conservation of the Child Is Our First Duty": Clubwomen, Organized Labor, and the Politics of Child Labor Legislation in Florida.
Creator: Burns, Sarah, Green, Elna, Jones, Maxine, Koslow, Jennifer, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Florida's child welfare movement, a broad coalition of clubwomen, legislators, labor activists, and civic reformers, worked tirelessly to ensure that the right to a protected childhood was guaranteed to all of Florida's future citizens. These Progressive reformers, embracing new ideas about charity, the causes of poverty, and family life, turned to legislation to protect children when society could not, and their efforts culminated in the passage of Florida's comprehensive Child Labor Law in...
Show moreFlorida's child welfare movement, a broad coalition of clubwomen, legislators, labor activists, and civic reformers, worked tirelessly to ensure that the right to a protected childhood was guaranteed to all of Florida's future citizens. These Progressive reformers, embracing new ideas about charity, the causes of poverty, and family life, turned to legislation to protect children when society could not, and their efforts culminated in the passage of Florida's comprehensive Child Labor Law in 1913. Florida's child labor campaign was part of both a regional and a national movement to eradicate the practice of manipulating children in industry and the street trades. Despite its inclusion in this broader movement, Florida's anti-child labor coalition was unique. Unlike their Southern neighbors, Floridians shied away from the rhetoric of 'race suicide.' Speaking on behalf of child labor legislation, they emphasized the social and moral disadvantages of child labor rather than its repercussions for race relations. This grew out of Florida's distinct pattern of economic development: Florida was among the last Southern states to industrialize, and that industrial sector did not include the textile mills notorious for child labor abuses across the South. Florida's child laborers primarily consisted of African Americans and Southern and Eastern European immigrants working in canneries along the Gulf Coast and Cuban and Italian immigrants laboring in the cigar industry of South Florida. Both of these industries employed a much smaller number of child workers than manufacturers in Florida's neighboring states. Florida's child labor legislation thus served two distinct purposes: it was both a preventative measure designed to protect Florida's children from the kinds of exploitation taking place in neighboring states and a means of pressuring those states to pass similar legislation. This thesis, an examination of the politics of Florida's child labor movement, highlights the ways in which the national child labor platform could be adapted to succeed in different states, while it reaffirms the diversity of both Progressive reform and Progressive reformers in the early twentieth-century South.
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-7107
Format: Thesis

Title: "Discover our Sunshine State. Rediscover Yours.": The Public's Participation in Florida Mythmaking in the 20th Century.
Creator: Baker, Tiffany Marie, Koslow, Jennifer, Davis, Frederick, Green, Elna, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Natural resources, the environment, and conservation movements all played an important part in Florida's past, particularly within the last half of the twentieth century. As development of the built environment within Florida and the population increased, Floridians experienced a culture change that altered the ways that they viewed the environment and the accompanying natural elements. Numerous conservation movements emerged, and individuals became more aware of the effects of these...
Show moreNatural resources, the environment, and conservation movements all played an important part in Florida's past, particularly within the last half of the twentieth century. As development of the built environment within Florida and the population increased, Floridians experienced a culture change that altered the ways that they viewed the environment and the accompanying natural elements. Numerous conservation movements emerged, and individuals became more aware of the effects of these developmental changes. From this ideological transformation, writers and artists used Florida's natural features as inspiration for works that reflect sentimentally on a more natural past and also attempted to invoke feelings of indignation at the detrimental changes happening around them. Each set of artistic works analyzed in this thesis are the products of this influence. The twentieth-century landscape paintings of Martin Johnson Heade and the mass-produced works of the Highwaymen both highlight the struggle that has plagued Florida since the beginning of its widespread development: the conflict between the desire to live somewhere that is exotic and natural and the need to civilize this place in order to make it inhabitable. Heade, a Hudson River School painter, moved to Florida in 1883 to take advantage of the landscapes and scenery that Florida had to offer. His scenes contained features such as conflicts between the civilized and wild and were more vibrant than his earlier works, suggesting that Florida was to be viewed differently from other parts of the country. The Highwaymen, a group of south Florida African American painters, act as a comparison group for Heade's works. Because one of the founders of the group, Alfred Hair, was trained by A. E. Backus, a white painter who was classically trained in the Hudson River School style, influences of this style can be found in the Highwaymen's paintings. Regardless of the similarities, the Highwaymen paintings were unique to specialized mass-production techniques. Both Heade and the Highwaymen were influenced an emerging tourism culture that enveloped Florida in the early and mid-twentieth century, and close examinations of their paintings reveal these nuances. Participants in the 1985 Florida license plate contest convey similar ecological themes in their entries. The results of the contest, over 3,500 images and letters, reveal Floridians' contemporary concerns. In addition, these entries reflect the increasing influence and continuity of a cohesive Florida image that highlights the natural characteristics of the state. Other issues discussed in that chapter will include people's perception of government process, the increasing awareness about conservation and environmental movements in Florida, and the ways that Floridians felt about their state in the 1980s. When the state of Florida's 2004 state quarter was minted with the images of a Sabal Palm, a Spanish galleon, and a launched space shuttle on its face, the long-standing developmental discourse was again reinforced through the images that were selected to represent Florida nationwide. The state quarter contest, and the chapter devoted to it, serves as an addendum to the 1985 license plate contest. The finalist selections were analyzed to reveal the narrowing focus of the Florida brand at a national level, to compare the images chosen with those submitted in the 1985, and to evaluate the differences and similarities between the conduct of the 1985 and 2002 contests. Ultimately, the outcome of the quarter contest shows that themes such as ecology, history, and recreation constitute Floridians' opinions of the state. Taken together, these three groups of artistic works show how pervasive and cohesive the Florida myth has become. In the conclusion, a brief analysis of a new ad campaign produced by VISIT FLORIDA, the state's official tourism advocacy organization, will show that with each passing year, these images of Florida became inherent to Floridian culture and identity as representative of the 'real' Florida.
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Date Issued: 2008
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-7090
Format: Thesis

Title: "Dogmas Accepted as Divine": The Impact of Progressive Reforms in Florida's Public Schools.
Creator: Berk, Paul William, Jumonville, Neil, Crew, Robert E., Anderson, Rodney D., Jones, James P., Jones, Maxine D., Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The difficulties inherent in transferring control of educational responsibilities to the state and the antipathy it created within Florida have not been fully explored in previous scholarship, and a study of the drive toward centralization, replete with race and class issues, provides insight into both the nature of progressivism and education in Florida. This study serves to address that missing scholarship. This project examines the course of Progressive Era reforms in statewide education...
Show moreThe difficulties inherent in transferring control of educational responsibilities to the state and the antipathy it created within Florida have not been fully explored in previous scholarship, and a study of the drive toward centralization, replete with race and class issues, provides insight into both the nature of progressivism and education in Florida. This study serves to address that missing scholarship. This project examines the course of Progressive Era reforms in statewide education in Florida's primary and secondary schools (that is, first through twelfth grades). Specifically, it focuses on both the theories behind reforms as well as the application of those theories. Included in this is an examination of the impact of race and class on proposed and implemented reforms. Special attention is paid to vocational education.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-1369
Format: Thesis

Title: "Don't Strip Tease for Anophlese": A History of Malaria Protocols during World War II.
Creator: Wacks, Rachel Elise, Piehler, G. Kurt, Koslow, Jennifer L., Mizelle, Richard, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This study focuses on the American anti-malaria campaign beginning in 1939. Despite the seemingly endless scholarship on World War II in the past seventy years, little has been written on the malaria epidemic on Guadalcanal. Through extensive archival research, the breadth of the anti-malaria campaign throughout the Pacific is explored as a positive side effect of the malaria epidemic on Guadalcanal in 1942-1943. While most scholars of the Pacific war mention the devastating effects of...
Show moreThis study focuses on the American anti-malaria campaign beginning in 1939. Despite the seemingly endless scholarship on World War II in the past seventy years, little has been written on the malaria epidemic on Guadalcanal. Through extensive archival research, the breadth of the anti-malaria campaign throughout the Pacific is explored as a positive side effect of the malaria epidemic on Guadalcanal in 1942-1943. While most scholars of the Pacific war mention the devastating effects of malaria during the battle for Guadalcanal, few have examined the malaria protocols. Through intensified atabrine discipline, bed nets, mosquito repellant, and an intense cultural war against malaria, the United States military won the war against the anopheles mosquito. Moreover, research and development in the years leading up to war fundamentally changed the way large-scale scientific and medical research is conducted in the United States, including the establishment of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-7640
Format: Thesis

Title: "Ears and Eyes and Mouth and Heart… His Soul and His Senses": The Visual St. Stephen Narrative as the Essence of Ecclesiastical Authority.
Creator: Morrow, Kara Ann, Hahn, Cynthia, Strait, Paul, Gerson, Paula, Emmerson, Richard, Department of Art History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Narrative cycles of St. Stephen, proto-martyr, are common, frequently found on ecclesiastical monuments of thirteenth-century France. The cathedrals of Bourges, Chartres, and Paris, to name only a few, support visual imagery inspired by the legend of Stephen. Ordained by the apostles, ostensibly to aid the widows and orphans of the congregation, Stephen quickly shows himself "full of grace and fortitude" (Acts 6:8). His inspired, vitriolic sermon incurs the wrath of the Jews who lead him from...
Show moreNarrative cycles of St. Stephen, proto-martyr, are common, frequently found on ecclesiastical monuments of thirteenth-century France. The cathedrals of Bourges, Chartres, and Paris, to name only a few, support visual imagery inspired by the legend of Stephen. Ordained by the apostles, ostensibly to aid the widows and orphans of the congregation, Stephen quickly shows himself "full of grace and fortitude" (Acts 6:8). His inspired, vitriolic sermon incurs the wrath of the Jews who lead him from the city of Jerusalem and stone him. The prevalence of Stephen's cult in the Gothic cathedrals of medieval France has been recognized by scholars; however, little attention has been devoted to the bishops' development and use of the cult, or the churches' production or interpretation of visual imagery. Explanations of the extant images have been driven by text based, iconographic models, which have often obfuscated the relevance of intricate compositional elements and relationships that are key to a more artistically and historically relevant understanding of the compositions. The intricately sculpted Stephen cycles in thirteenth-century France and the historic circumstances that informed their conceptions and receptions are the subjects of this dissertation. Drawing from a survey of the extant, architectural, sculptural narratives and relevant historical resources, this dissertation begins with a discussion of the establishment and dissemination of Stephen's cult in France. The following chapters focus specifically on the thirteenth-century images at the cathedrals of Rouen, Arles, Paris and Bourges chosen for their intricacy and unique compositional formulations. Ultimately, I propose the retelling of the Jewish/Christian debate at the root of Stephen's story was subtly reconstructed by ecclesiastical officials and articulated by artists to reference and comment on contemporary anti-Jewish conflict and ideologies in the mind of the medieval, Christian viewer. I continue to argue that St. Stephen was an exemplar of ecclesiastical succession and an idealized manifestation of the extension of the bishop's power within the ecclesiastical hierarchy. In addition to situating the proto-martyr's imagery in social and political context, this endeavor also contributes to the broader understanding of the construction and function of pictorial, hagiographic narrative.
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Date Issued: 2007
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-2253
Format: Thesis

Title: "Everyday Soldiers": The Florida Brigade of the West, 1861-1862.
Creator: Sheppard, Jonathan C., Jones, James P., Wynot, Edward D., Gray, Edward G., Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Between 1861 and 1865 Florida placed 15,000 of its citizens under the Confederate banner. Nearly 6,000 of these civilians-turned-soldiers, in six regiments, would see service in the Western theater, or the area encompassing the lands between the Appalachian Mountains in the East and the Mississippi River in the West. Other than Fort Donelson, Florida troops were present in every campaign fought by the Army of Tennessee, the most well-known Confederate Army in the theater. Through casualties,...
Show moreBetween 1861 and 1865 Florida placed 15,000 of its citizens under the Confederate banner. Nearly 6,000 of these civilians-turned-soldiers, in six regiments, would see service in the Western theater, or the area encompassing the lands between the Appalachian Mountains in the East and the Mississippi River in the West. Other than Fort Donelson, Florida troops were present in every campaign fought by the Army of Tennessee, the most well-known Confederate Army in the theater. Through casualties, sickness, and desertion, the brigade's number declined and at the surrender of the Army in 1865, little more than 350 remained to follow the colors. Through "Everyday Soldiers," the story of these regiments will be told, from their inceptions in Florida in the first year and a half of the conflict, through the disastrous Confederate campaign into Kentucky in the late summer and early fall of 1862. Few other theses have dealt with this unit, and in the instances that some did, few pages were devoted to their activities. This thesis will eventually become apart of the first complete history of the "Florida Brigade." Furthermore, through the letters, diaries, and memoirs of these soldiers from Florida, the lives of the soldier of the western theater can be discovered.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-1770
Format: Thesis

Title: The "God Bearing" Patriarch: Hagia Sophia's Apse Mosaic in Ninth-Century Byzantine Politics.
Creator: Simmons, Sarah C., Jones, Lynn, Gerson, Paula, Bearor, Karen, Department of Art History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: In this paper, I suggest that the Byzantine Patriarch Photios (r. 858-867, 877-886) used the composition of the apse mosaic of the Theotokos and Christ-Child and its relationship to the light within Hagia Sophia to his political advantage. I propose that on Holy Saturday, 867, Photios attempted to counteract political threats through his Homily 17, which dedicated the apse mosaic, the first figural image installed in Hagia Sophia after the end of Iconoclasm. In Byzantine liturgy, the emperor...
Show moreIn this paper, I suggest that the Byzantine Patriarch Photios (r. 858-867, 877-886) used the composition of the apse mosaic of the Theotokos and Christ-Child and its relationship to the light within Hagia Sophia to his political advantage. I propose that on Holy Saturday, 867, Photios attempted to counteract political threats through his Homily 17, which dedicated the apse mosaic, the first figural image installed in Hagia Sophia after the end of Iconoclasm. In Byzantine liturgy, the emperor played a ceremonial role as the embodiment of Christ, an idea that was widely propagated, for example, by images of Christ on imperial coins. I argue that Photios emphasized his own ceremonial role as a "God Bearer" and appropriated the image of the Theotokos as his own opposing political symbol. With the dedication of the Theotokos image, Photios garnered the visual language needed to oppose imperial authority and created an opportunity to assert his Iconophile polemic. Homily 17 is a result of the continuation of the Iconoclast controversy that persisted since the so-called Truimph of Orthodoxy in 843. Through Photios's dedication of the apse image and its relationship to Hagia Sophia's liturgy, the apse mosaic became a performative image. The activation of the apse mosaic as a performative image is due in part to the effect of light caused by the reflection of the sun off of the gold and glass tesserae. Rico Franses discusses how this light effect creates visual layers of bright golden reflections and dark areas of matte glass in the mosaic's composition. He suggests that these layers convey Orthodox theology to the church's congregation. He explains that the changing light in Hagia Sophia, as the sun rises and lowers, and the effect of the reflected light on the gold tessarae illuminate either the Theotokos or the Christ Child. I propose that Photios took advantage of Hagia Sophia's unique light effect in order to emphasize the Theotokos and his own ceremonial role as a "God Bearer" over the Christ-Child in the political rhetoric of Homily 17 and the liturgy of Hagia Sophia.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-1713
Format: Thesis

Title: "Hitler Is Here": Lynching in Florida during the Era of World War II.
Creator: Hobbs, Tameka Bradley, Jones, Maxine D., Dickson-Carr, Darryl, Richardson, Joe M., Jones, James P., Childs, Matthew D., Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This historical study will examine four lynchings that took place in Florida during the 1940s. The investigations include the lynching of A. C. Williams in Gadsden County in 1941; Cellos Harrison in Jackson County in 1943; Willie James Howard in Suwannee County in 1944; and Jesse James Payne in Madison County in 1945. In addition to describing the circumstances surrounding each incident, this study also discusses the reaction of local law enforcement, Florida state public officials, the...
Show moreThis historical study will examine four lynchings that took place in Florida during the 1940s. The investigations include the lynching of A. C. Williams in Gadsden County in 1941; Cellos Harrison in Jackson County in 1943; Willie James Howard in Suwannee County in 1944; and Jesse James Payne in Madison County in 1945. In addition to describing the circumstances surrounding each incident, this study also discusses the reaction of local law enforcement, Florida state public officials, the federal government, and the press. To tell these stories, the study relied on records from local and state governments, investigative records of the U. S. Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation and, oral history from family members and residents of the communities in which these lynchings occurred. The study gives these incidents further exploration, in attempting to fit them into the chronology of the lynching phenomenon in the United States by extracting similarities as well as changes in the practice of lynching itself. These lynchings also indicate an increasingly negative reaction but segments of the American public against such acts of violence. This was due in part to U. S. participation in World War II and the government's increasing concern about the nation's international reputation.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4014
Format: Thesis

Title: “Laborers Together with God”: Civilian Public Service and Public Health in the South during World War II.
Creator: Tomlinson, Angela E., Jones, Maxine Deloris, Montgomery, Maxine L., Jones, James Pickett, Koslow, Jennifer Lisa, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences,...
Show moreTomlinson, Angela E., Jones, Maxine Deloris, Montgomery, Maxine L., Jones, James Pickett, Koslow, Jennifer Lisa, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Department of History
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Abstract/Description: During World War II, the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 required conscientious objectors (COs) who opposed any form of military service to perform "work of national importance under civilian direction." The program that carried out this alternative service was the Civilian Public Service (CPS), in which approximately 12,000 pacifists served at 151 camps established across the nation during the war. Some of those camps were in Florida and Mississippi, where CPS men worked with...
Show moreDuring World War II, the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 required conscientious objectors (COs) who opposed any form of military service to perform "work of national importance under civilian direction." The program that carried out this alternative service was the Civilian Public Service (CPS), in which approximately 12,000 pacifists served at 151 camps established across the nation during the war. Some of those camps were in Florida and Mississippi, where CPS men worked with state and local public health authorities to combat diseases that plagued the South's poor, including hookworm and malaria. Though an advance over previous options for COs, CPS was not always well-received, by either the American people or the men who served within it. This dissertation will examine the camps in Florida and Mississippi to assess the success (or lack thereof) of the CPS alternative service program during the war, and also to explore the larger question of how well the United States upholds and protects the right of its citizens (particularly, nonconformist citizens) during a time of national crisis.
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Date Issued: 2015
Identifier: FSU_2015fall_Tomlinson_fsu_0071E_12875
Format: Thesis

Title: "Let Us Try to Make Each Other Happy, and Not Wretched": the Creek-Georgian Frontier, 1776-1796.
Creator: Kokomoor, Kevin, Frank, Andrew K., Moore, Dennis, Herrera, Robinson, Gray, Edward G., Davis, Frederick, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: "Let us try to make each other happy" tracks a Creek-Georgia frontier as it emerged in the American Revolution and lasted to the turn of the nineteenth century. There multiple groups of Creeks, Americans, and Europeans grappled with ideas of sovereignty and the right of self-determination. The Creek-Georgian frontier, however, embraces conceptualizations of frontiers as places where misunderstanding bred distrust, fear, localized violence, and eventually, racial hatred, challenging older...
Show more"Let us try to make each other happy" tracks a Creek-Georgia frontier as it emerged in the American Revolution and lasted to the turn of the nineteenth century. There multiple groups of Creeks, Americans, and Europeans grappled with ideas of sovereignty and the right of self-determination. The Creek-Georgian frontier, however, embraces conceptualizations of frontiers as places where misunderstanding bred distrust, fear, localized violence, and eventually, racial hatred, challenging older definitions of frontiers as places of accommodation or mutual understanding. Multiple groups faced each other, and what they created was a place of terrible brutality where extremism, not compromise, was the natural way of things."Let us try to make each other happy" blends a New Indian History approach with recent interpretations of frontiers as areas of empire and nation-building. Italso carefully outlines how Creek decisions ordered Georgian lives on the backcountry, and embraces the importance of community-level identity in the study of Early American history. Ultimately, I utilize Creek, Georgian, and European threads to weave a twenty-year narrative of misunderstanding and violence that, as I argue, had tremendous bearing on the development of the southeast.
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Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-8707
Format: Thesis

Title: "Malta Is a Magnificent Story": Malta's Symbolic Role in the Second World War.
Creator: Debono, Megan, Jones, James P., Creswell, Michael, Koslow, Jennifer, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This thesis examines Malta's symbolic role in the Second World War. Then a British-held colony, the archipelago fell under heavy Axis bombardment from mid 1940 ' early 1943. Incessant Italian and German air raids plagued the islands and the Maltese, making Malta the most heavily bombed area of the entire war. In June 1940, just weeks before the first attack, London's War Cabinet deemed the isles indefensible and withdrew their forces. Despite this initial abandonment, the British permanently...
Show moreThis thesis examines Malta's symbolic role in the Second World War. Then a British-held colony, the archipelago fell under heavy Axis bombardment from mid 1940 ' early 1943. Incessant Italian and German air raids plagued the islands and the Maltese, making Malta the most heavily bombed area of the entire war. In June 1940, just weeks before the first attack, London's War Cabinet deemed the isles indefensible and withdrew their forces. Despite this initial abandonment, the British permanently returned to their colony just a few months later and expended a considerable amount of manpower and materiel in its defense. Tactical reasons alone cannot explain this drastic reversal in British policy. The missing explanation lies with Malta's role in British propaganda. Whether by choice or ignorance, this crucial aspect of Malta's wartime purpose is absent from the historiography. Through an examination of official papers and popular periodicals, this thesis aims to correct this imbalance. To provide proper context, the work first analyzes Anglo-Maltese relations and the empire's position in the latter half of the 1930s. The subsequent chapters analyze the media's role in the War Cabinet's return, and how Prime Minister Winston Churchill used the gallant tale of Malta to bolster morale at home and elicit the cooperation of the United States. Paired with strategic objectives around the Mediterranean basin, these propagandistic concerns ensured Britain's continued defense of the archipelago. Through the war's end, Malta served as both a physical and ideological bastion for the British Empire.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-7124
Format: Thesis

Title: "Malta Is a Magnificent Story": Malta's Symbolic Role in the Second World War.
Creator: Debono, Megan, Jones, James P., Creswell, Michael, Koslow, Jennifer, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This thesis examines Malta's symbolic role in the Second World War. Then a Britishheld colony, the archipelago fell under heavy Axis bombardment from mid 1940 – early 1943. Incessant Italian and German air raids plagued the islands and the Maltese, making Malta the most heavily bombed area of the entire war. In June 1940, just weeks before the first attack, London's War Cabinet deemed the isles indefensible and withdrew their forces. Despite this initial abandonment, the British permanently...
Show moreThis thesis examines Malta's symbolic role in the Second World War. Then a Britishheld colony, the archipelago fell under heavy Axis bombardment from mid 1940 – early 1943. Incessant Italian and German air raids plagued the islands and the Maltese, making Malta the most heavily bombed area of the entire war. In June 1940, just weeks before the first attack, London's War Cabinet deemed the isles indefensible and withdrew their forces. Despite this initial abandonment, the British permanently returned to their colony just a few months later and expended a considerable amount of manpower and materiel in its defense. Tactical reasons alone cannot explain this drastic reversal in British policy. The missing explanation lies with Malta's role in British propaganda. Whether by choice or ignorance, this crucial aspect of Malta's wartime purpose is absent from the historiography. Through an examination of official papers and popular periodicals, this thesis aims to correct this imbalance. To provide proper context, the work first analyzes Anglo- Maltese relations and the empire's position in the latter half of the 1930s. The subsequent chapters analyze the media's role in the War Cabinet's return, and how Prime Minister Winston Churchill used the gallant tale of Malta to bolster morale at home and elicit the cooperation of the United States. Paired with strategic objectives around the Mediterranean basin, these propagandistic concerns ensured Britain's continued defense of the archipelago. Through the war's end, Malta served as both a physical and ideological bastion for the British Empire.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4665
Format: Thesis

Title: "Music's Most Powerful Ally": The National Federation of Music Clubs as an Institutional Leader in the Development of American Music Culture, 1898-1919.
Creator: Hedrick, Ashley Geer, Bearor, Karen A. (Karen Anne), Broyles, Michael, Eyerly, Sarah, Florida State University, College of Music
Abstract/Description: This dissertation explores the founding of the National Federation of Music Clubs (NFMC) in 1898 and focuses upon the organization's activities from its beginning to 1920. It highlights how the original members were able to build a strong and influential institution that continues to support American music and musicians today. The creation of the NFMC is a result of two developments that occurred simultaneously during the nineteenth-century in the United States: 1) the proliferation of...
Show moreThis dissertation explores the founding of the National Federation of Music Clubs (NFMC) in 1898 and focuses upon the organization's activities from its beginning to 1920. It highlights how the original members were able to build a strong and influential institution that continues to support American music and musicians today. The creation of the NFMC is a result of two developments that occurred simultaneously during the nineteenth-century in the United States: 1) the proliferation of voluntary associations and organized reform movements and 2) the emergence of high art music culture across the nation. This project applies gender theory to examine the development of the notion of the domestic sphere as the appropriate domain for the female sex in the nineteenth century, and how women reacted to dominant ideologies through voluntary organizations that broadened their world. It also utilizes recent scholarship in women's history, social history, early American history, and institutional studies to present a survey of the types of organizations that formed and how they changed in response to the social and historical context. Even though the NFMC was originally a women's institution run by and for women, its larger goal was to disseminate art music culture through local club activities across the nation to all citizens. The growth of women's music clubs was part of the post-civil war boom of women's culture clubs. The concept of music as art developed and spread steadily during the nineteenth century, and at first the music clubs specifically cultivated art music based on western European traditions, which was associated with high class refinement. European ideals were perpetuated by an influx of European touring virtuosos and groups during the first half of the nineteenth century. In her article titled "Art Music from 1800 to 1860," Katherine K. Preston explains that the polished concerts performed by touring musicians not only circulated art music among Americans, but they also introduced higher performance standards, which resulted in increasingly higher expectations for refined performances from American audiences starting in the 1820s and 1830s and surging after 1840. These performances were supported and promoted by patrons and institutions, which ultimately led to the growth of art music appreciation as a movement throughout the nation. Michael Broyles clarifies that even though European style was dominant during the nineteenth century, American musical culture was uniquely formed by "historical events that have no European counterpart." He states that institutions controlled the character of the music in the United States. The support and dissemination of American art music happened through a combination of civic, philanthropic, private, and entrepreneurial activities, which included: the spread of art music through touring virtuosos and ensembles on a much larger scale than the first half of the nineteenth century, women's music clubs, orchestras, monster concerts and festivals, an increase in the number of American-born composers during the late nineteenth century, and a growing sense of patriotism at the turn of the century. During the late nineteenth and into the early twentieth centuries, women's music clubs became one of the most effective cultivators of classical music in the United States through their strong infrastructure and collaboration with prominent musicians, critics, and pedagogues. This project highlights the integral role of the NFMC's activities in many of the significant developments in the history of American music at this time. No other institution has been as ubiquitous or influential as the NFMC in the musical growth of the United States. This dissertation is the first detailed exploration of the history of this powerful institution.
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Date Issued: 2017
Identifier: FSU_2017SP_Hedrick_fsu_0071E_13773
Format: Thesis

Title: "Point at One, Abuse Another": Framing WWII in Chinese and Japanese Middle School Textbooks, 1950-1990.
Creator: Shi, Huaqing, Culver, Annika A., Buhrman, Kristina Mairi, Liebeskind, Claudia, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Department of History
Abstract/Description: The recent two decades have witnessed a developing historical debate between China and Japan. Standing in the center of this debate are different historical interpretations presented in textbooks. Both China and Japan seem to blame each other for promoting supposedly politically-biased historical education. This has become a growing problem causing wide concerns even internationally: on the one hand, there is an increasing debate about the supposed existence of "Anti-Japanese" education in...
Show moreThe recent two decades have witnessed a developing historical debate between China and Japan. Standing in the center of this debate are different historical interpretations presented in textbooks. Both China and Japan seem to blame each other for promoting supposedly politically-biased historical education. This has become a growing problem causing wide concerns even internationally: on the one hand, there is an increasing debate about the supposed existence of "Anti-Japanese" education in China since the last decade of 20th century; on the other, many scholars from China, Japan and the Western world also criticize what they see as a distorted (or omitted) history of the war presented in Japanese textbooks. According to the "framing" theories introduced by scholars such as Foucault, Giltin, Gamson, and Modigliani in the late 20th century, history textbooks, just like media, could "organize the world" both for authors who wrote them and students who rely on them. There are many skills in framing history in textbooks and one of them is the skill of "pointing at one [to] abuse another." Using a specific technique to analyze the interplays between changing politics and educational narratives surrounding World War II (which began in China in 1937) in Chinese and Japanese middle school textbooks during a certain period: 1950-1990, the paper aims to discover the history of changing narratives about World War II in both Chinese and Japanese middle school history textbooks and how they interacted with politics over time.
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Date Issued: 2016
Identifier: FSU_2016SP_Shi_fsu_0071N_13252
Format: Thesis

Title: "Pure Religion of the Gospel…Together with Civil Liberty": A Study of the Religion Clauses of the Northwest Ordinance and Church-State in Revolutionary America.
Creator: Wiewora, Nathaniel Hamilton, Hadden, Sally, Koschnik, Albrecht, Childs, Matt, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The Ordinance of 1787 provided the method for territories of the Old Northwest to become states. It set out a three-stage process that territories would pass through in order to acquire full rights of statehood. Furthermore, it contained six Articles of Compact between Congress on behalf of the extant states and the states to be created out of the territory. These articles provided guarantees of fundamental rights and liberties for the future states, including religious practice and belief....
Show moreThe Ordinance of 1787 provided the method for territories of the Old Northwest to become states. It set out a three-stage process that territories would pass through in order to acquire full rights of statehood. Furthermore, it contained six Articles of Compact between Congress on behalf of the extant states and the states to be created out of the territory. These articles provided guarantees of fundamental rights and liberties for the future states, including religious practice and belief. The first article provided that "no person, demeaning himself in a peaceable and orderly manner shall ever be molested on account of his mode of worship or religious sentiments in the said territory." Article Three stated that, "religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, Schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." This study uncovers how ideas on government, law, and religion led to the drafting of the religion clauses of the Northwest Ordinance. Scholars have spent little time examining the philosophical underpinnings of the statements on religion contained in the Northwest Ordinance. This study demonstrates that these statements were not mere afterthoughts, but were thick and complex statements on how the state and the church should be related. The legislative history of the Northwest Ordinance indicates that the language for the religion clauses appeared just before the document's passage, but it also seems that the drafters drew upon a deep well of theological and philosophical beliefs and applied them to a specific political and economic context. The theological ideas included Puritan and evangelical ideas like millennarianism, free will, true virtue, and covenant. Philosophical views included both Enlightenment philosophy and civic republicanism. Part of the exploration of this question occurs within the context of the debate of church and state relations in Revolutionary Virginia and Massachusetts. This is necessary for a number of reasons. First, it narrows the scope of the study without sacrificing important historical developments. A study of this sort that does not limit itself geographically can quickly become unmanageable. To include the developments in the negotiation over church and state in all thirteen colonies would be to ask for an unwieldy study that would not necessarily reach significantly different conclusions from a more limited one. The struggle over church and state in the Virginia and Massachusetts contexts represented the most important and illustrative developments. The state governments of Virginia and Massachusetts and their representatives played influential roles in the drafting of the Northwest Ordinance. Thus, considering these developments will provide a helpful understanding of the ideological antecedents of the religion clauses of the Northwest Ordinance. Virginia and Massachusetts served as microcosmic representations for the church-state debate in the Revolutionary period. It is both within this indirect and broader microcosmic connection, as well as more direct connections to the Northwest Ordinance itself that the importance of the Massachusetts and Virginia debates are derived. Virginia reached a liberal principle of religious liberty before most of the other states and thus became an example for the other states of how the fusion of Protestant dissension and Christian voluntarism could lead to antiestablishment thought and a liberal expression of religious toleration. Opponents of establishment in many of the other states cited Virginia's thinkers in their own constitutional moves toward disestablishment. Virginia shared a direct connection with the Northwest Ordinance in two ways. First, the Virginia Legislature had to cede all of her land claims to the Northwest Territory before the Continental Congress could create a territorial policy for the Northwest. Virginia gentry also drafted portions of or served on several of the key committees in the legislative history of the Northwest Ordinance. Virginian Thomas Jefferson composed the Ordinance of 1784, the first national expression of territorial policy for the Northwest. His Ordinance provided a basis for the development of the Northwest Ordinance. Virginian James Monroe proposed changes to Jefferson's Ordinance, helping to draft key sections of the Northwest Ordinance. Monroe's ideas included how many states should be created out of the Northwest Territory and under what conditions these states should enter the Union. Monroe embraced a New England style of territorial development, urging that the Northwest Territory should be settled by townships and in an organized fashion. One of the significant reasons Monroe embraced this style of territorialism was because of the Ohio Company and the large number of New England Revolutionary War veterans who made up the Company's membership rolls and wanted to settle the Northwest Territory under principles consonant with their own particular New England beliefs. The importance of the teaching of natural religion was cited by both opponents and supporters of establishment in revolutionary Massachusetts. Supporters of limited establishment, in the guise of Article Three of the proposed 1780 constitution, argued that the governmental support of religion had social utilitarian importance. Supporters of Article Three argued that the teaching of the doctrine of a future state of rewards or punishment inculcated virtue into the Massachusetts citizenry. Opponents of Article Three, like the anonymous New Light writer Philanthropos, opposed the teaching of fundamental Calvinist principles, like the doctrine of future states, because they saw the teaching of these principles by the government as antithetical to notions of the inviolability of individual conscience. Opponents of Article Three supported the right of individual conscience to such an extent that on at least one occasion, opponents practiced civil disobedience in the closing of the courts in Berkshire County, Massachusetts. The leader of the civil disobedient group, the Berkshire Consitutionalists, was Thomas Allen. As noted above, Allen practiced a rigid Calvinist orthodoxy. He was a member of the New Divinity movement that believed in the importance of retaining strict theological principles, while still allowing for a socially active form of Christianity. This social activism stemmed from interpretations of the nature of true virtue that originated in the mind of Jonathan Edwards. Consistent Calvinists embraced these Edwardsean notions and extended them to causes like abolition or disestablishment. The Reverend Thomas Allen embraced New Divinity ideas and helped to influence the church-state debate in Massachusetts. The church-state debate in Massachusetts also had a direct link to the drafting of the religion clauses of the Northwest Ordinance in two other ways. Manasseh Cutler, land agent for the Ohio Company, hailed from Massachusetts. He, more than probably anyone else, influenced the text of the Ordinance and the timing of its passage. As described above, Cutler's biography linked several of the key arguments made for the territorial policy articulated in the Northwest Ordinance. Finally, it seems that the authors of the Northwest Ordinance's Articles of Compact culled the Massachusetts Constitution 1780 for the specific language of the Ordinance's religion clauses. Thus, a greater understanding of the Revolutionary Massachusetts church-state narrative, along with the story of church-state relations as they developed in Virginia, yields some of the intentions of the framers of the Northwest Ordinance's religion clauses. The final portion of this study is shorter and much more speculative. The study contemplates the Ordinance's influence upon the drafting of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights vis-à-vis the religion clauses of each document. Many members of the Continental Congress were also members of the Constitutional Convention. Members of the Confederation Congress corresponded heavily with members of the Constitutional Convention and vice versa. Thus, it is hard to imagine that each body did not know what the other was doing. Furthermore, the First Congress readopted the Northwest Ordinance just days before debating what would become the First Amendment. So, it can be assumed that the Northwest Ordinance is constitutional and that it also served as an example and influence in the drafting of the Bill of Rights. This area of study is much more speculative in nature and ultimately the discussion in this thesis is more suggestive of future directions of study. It raises questions about the constitutional effect of the Northwest Ordinance with respect to the issue of church and state and broader issues of religion and politics in the Revolutionary Period.
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Date Issued: 2007
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-1032
Format: Thesis

Title: "Rapport au Roi sur la mision de Lyon".
Creator: Pelet-Clozeau, Jean-Jacques-Germain
Abstract/Description: A report by Pelet to the king and ministry of war documenting 1831 riots in Lyon.
Identifier: FSU_MSS_943_B2_F3, fsu:721807
Format: E-book

Title: "Stack 'Em High and Sell 'Em Cheap": James "Doc" Webb and Webb's City, St. Petersburg, Florida.
Creator: Robbins, Pamela D., Jones, Maxine D., Montgomery, Maxine, Connor, Valerie Jean, Richardson, Joe M., Jones, James P., Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This study documents the story of James Earl "Doc" Webb and his business, Webb's City, between the years 1926-1982. Starting in 1926 as a small 17 by 28 foot store, Webb's City soon grew to a multi-million dollar business known as "The World's Most Unusual Drug Store." By 1970, the business grew to encompass ten city blocks, with seventy-two individual stores therein, including parking for 3,000 cars. Doc Webb's business empire included gas stations, an Outpost in Tampa, and a second "city"...
Show moreThis study documents the story of James Earl "Doc" Webb and his business, Webb's City, between the years 1926-1982. Starting in 1926 as a small 17 by 28 foot store, Webb's City soon grew to a multi-million dollar business known as "The World's Most Unusual Drug Store." By 1970, the business grew to encompass ten city blocks, with seventy-two individual stores therein, including parking for 3,000 cars. Doc Webb's business empire included gas stations, an Outpost in Tampa, and a second "city" in Pinellas Park. At its peak it employed over 1,700 people. This work focuses on Doc Webb's innovation in the business field, his fight against price-fixing and Fair Trade Laws, his influence on St. Petersburg, his customers –primarily African Americans and the elderly –and his role in advertising and self-promotion. Doc Webb and Webb's City's long lasting legacy in St. Petersburg and in business history is also discussed in this study.
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Date Issued: 2003
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-1832
Format: Thesis

Title: "The Mourners" Statue at the Crystal Palace.
Date Issued: 1850, 1900
Identifier: FSU_ARHHouse_1665
Format: Set of related objects

Title: "This Ain't Gringoland": The Salvadoran Civil War in U.S. Popular Film.
Creator: Grandage, Jonathan Herbert, Herrera, Robinson, Childs, Matthew, Friedman, Max, Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This thesis examines the portrayal of the Salvadoran Civil War in two popular U.S. films, Salvador (1986) and Romero (1989). Using a variety of sources as well as the films, this thesis is a cultural study of the images and words used by the filmmakers to render El Salvador recognizable to American audiences. The study focuses on both the ideology of the filmmakers as well as the development of historical characterizations in the films. The findings of this study demonstrate the role of...
Show moreThis thesis examines the portrayal of the Salvadoran Civil War in two popular U.S. films, Salvador (1986) and Romero (1989). Using a variety of sources as well as the films, this thesis is a cultural study of the images and words used by the filmmakers to render El Salvador recognizable to American audiences. The study focuses on both the ideology of the filmmakers as well as the development of historical characterizations in the films. The findings of this study demonstrate the role of individual bias in representing foreign others as well as the ways in which perpetual stereotypes of Latin America are employed in American cinema. This study, in addition to demonstrating the historicity of the films herein discussed, also situates the portrayal of historical events within the larger context of the Cold War and the Salvadoran Civil War.
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Date Issued: 2007
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4051
Format: Thesis

Title: The "Trafalgar Square Conservation Area": Deconstructing Spatial Narratives with/in a Collective Framework.
Creator: Bergholtz, Joel, Department of English
Abstract/Description: Abstract: (Key Terms: Collective Framework, Rhetorical Theory, Trafalgar Square, Spatial Narratives) This thesis is a rhetorical examination of language as elicited in spatial narratives. In doing so, it examines the various symbols that public spaces employ in order to rhetorically speak to us, move us, and make us act in certain ways. More specifically, it addresses Trafalgar Square as a problem space, deconstructing the various spatial narratives leading into and within the square. In...
Show moreAbstract: (Key Terms: Collective Framework, Rhetorical Theory, Trafalgar Square, Spatial Narratives) This thesis is a rhetorical examination of language as elicited in spatial narratives. In doing so, it examines the various symbols that public spaces employ in order to rhetorically speak to us, move us, and make us act in certain ways. More specifically, it addresses Trafalgar Square as a problem space, deconstructing the various spatial narratives leading into and within the square. In deconstructing these narratives, it attempts to find implicit meaning in what is explicitly inscribed into the land, and to examine this meaning alongside the social narrative that its occupants hold. This constructed narrative is explored through three frameworks: that of the physical framework of the square, those spatially enacted frameworks leading into it, and the larger collective framework of the city to which the square contributes. It finds that the frameworks of public space generally work toward establishing and authorizing a unifying ideological connection between the present society and societies of the past. However, these narratives are dependent on individual agents participating in the space's various frameworks; the meaning of a space is obfuscated by a society's current participant's usage of the space. In addition to this obfuscation, it discovers that the past role of a space can obfuscate the present meaning and role of the space in the overall framework, and that the present meaning can in turn obfuscate how individuals relate to and interpret the past.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_uhm-0294
Format: Thesis

Title: "Vicksburg's Troubles": Black Participation in the Body Politic and Land Ownership in the Age of Redeemer Violence.
Creator: Dorsey, Albert, Jones, Maxine D., Montgomery, Maxine L., Jones, James P., Koslow, Jennifer L., Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This dissertation looks at the 1874 "Vicksburg (Mississippi) Massacre" and its direct causes. Black sharecroppers, during the Reconstruction era, have been the focus of considerable scholarship that looks at black life in relation to white landowners. Little attention, however, has been given to black landowners. An examination of the House of Representatives Reports, Land Deeds, Census Records, Tax Records, and the American Missionary Association Archival Records allow a critical examination...
Show moreThis dissertation looks at the 1874 "Vicksburg (Mississippi) Massacre" and its direct causes. Black sharecroppers, during the Reconstruction era, have been the focus of considerable scholarship that looks at black life in relation to white landowners. Little attention, however, has been given to black landowners. An examination of the House of Representatives Reports, Land Deeds, Census Records, Tax Records, and the American Missionary Association Archival Records allow a critical examination of the agency that black landowners in Vicksburg garnered before the Massacre. This dissertation focuses on the direct causes behind the massacre, including local black politicians and civic leaders, and a growing number of black landowners. More importantly, the acquisition of land by black Mississippians prompted the most prosperous white land owners to take action against them. Most threatening to Vicksburg's white population was the fact that Vicksburg had a black sheriff who also served as county tax collector. As Vicksburg's black leaders began to spend tax money on black education, whites became infuriated. This micro history of Vicksburg during the Reconstruction era demonstrates that life for these folk must have been hard but many of them found ways to form communities independent from white landowners.
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-6911
Format: Thesis

Title: $10,000 Bond Frees Kidnap Suspects, Los Angeles Sentinel: Action By Jury Awaited.
Creator: American Negro Press
Date Issued: 1955-10-06
Identifier: FSU_MSS2015_007_20180607_038
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: ‘Our Bonaparte?’: Republicanism, Religion, and Paranoia in New England and the Mid-Atlantic, 1789-1830.
Creator: Luke, Tarah L. (Tarah Lorraine), Blaufarb, Rafe, Munro, Martin, Frank, Andrew, Jones, Maxine Deloris, Piehler, G. Kurt, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences,...
Show moreLuke, Tarah L. (Tarah Lorraine), Blaufarb, Rafe, Munro, Martin, Frank, Andrew, Jones, Maxine Deloris, Piehler, G. Kurt, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Department of History
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Abstract/Description: "‘Our Bonaparte’: Republicanism, Religion, and Paranoia in New England and the Mid-Atlantic, 1789-1830," examines how American politicians used the idea of Napoleon Bonaparte to reflect (or distort) contemporary political issues in the New England and Mid-Atlantic areas of the United States. It shows how Napoleon became a standard piece of political imagery to either support or attack specific political beliefs and opinions during the first three decades of the nineteenth century, depending...
Show more"‘Our Bonaparte’: Republicanism, Religion, and Paranoia in New England and the Mid-Atlantic, 1789-1830," examines how American politicians used the idea of Napoleon Bonaparte to reflect (or distort) contemporary political issues in the New England and Mid-Atlantic areas of the United States. It shows how Napoleon became a standard piece of political imagery to either support or attack specific political beliefs and opinions during the first three decades of the nineteenth century, depending on which political faction was discussing Bonaparte at the time.
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Date Issued: 2016
Identifier: FSU_FA2016_Luke_fsu_0071E_13559
Format: Thesis

Title: 100 Anniversary Finale.
Creator: Bailey, Buster
Abstract/Description: Features production numbers including Ray Cutter's Little Car, high dive from top of building to arms of two men, RBBB Blue Unit.
Identifier: FSU_Ringling_2019_00036_125, fsu:756975
Format: Video file

Title: 100th Anniversary Party Finale, Greatest Birthday Party On Earth.
Creator: Bailey, Buster
Abstract/Description: Features Finale of the 100th Anniversary, Greatest Birthday Party Earth, lighting of cake, performers.
Identifier: FSU_Ringling_2019_00036_191, fsu:757045
Format: Video file

Title: 11,700 at Service For 'Lynch Victim', The Philadelphia Inquirer.
Creator: Associated Press
Date Issued: 1955-09-03
Identifier: FSU_MSS2015_007_20180607_088
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: 12 Selected for Jury In Courtroom Killing, The Philadelphia Inquirer.
Creator: Associated Press
Date Issued: 1955-09-23
Identifier: FSU_MSS2015_007_20180607_092
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: 1794 et 95: Annés anterieures et postérieures; Mon voyage à Nice.
Creator: Pelet-Clozeau, Jean-Jacques-Germain
Abstract/Description: This item documents Pelet's journey to Nice and events surrounding him during 1794 and 1795. Contains a map.
Date Issued: 1843-10-28
Identifier: FSU_MSS_943_B2_F8_003
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: 1819 Bill of Sale.
Abstract/Description: A manuscript bill of sale for an enslaved person in Monticello, Florida.
Identifier: FSU_MSS_0140_B513_F003_I001
Format: Set of related objects

Title: 1870-1873 Extracts from reports, etc.
Identifier: FSU_MSS_20130729_B1_F4_37
Format: Set of related objects

Title: 18th Century Transformations of the Jamaican Plantocracy: Edward Long and Bryan Edwards.
Creator: Bird, Robert Braxton, Childs, Matt, Anderson, Rodney, Jones, Maxine D., Department of History, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Focusing on the mid- to-late eighteenth century the purpose of this thesis is to examine the ways in which white slaveholders in Jamaica developed a unique West Indian ideology grounded in the institution of slavery and the survival of the white plantocracy. Whites were a minority in Jamaican slave society, slaveholding was widespread amongst white settlers, and all white men experienced privileges in a society organized around racialized boundaries of rule. These factors helped to ensure...
Show moreFocusing on the mid- to-late eighteenth century the purpose of this thesis is to examine the ways in which white slaveholders in Jamaica developed a unique West Indian ideology grounded in the institution of slavery and the survival of the white plantocracy. Whites were a minority in Jamaican slave society, slaveholding was widespread amongst white settlers, and all white men experienced privileges in a society organized around racialized boundaries of rule. These factors helped to ensure that Jamaican colonists developed a distinctively local, or Creole, worldview characterized by the defense of slavery and a culture of white male solidarity. However, metropolitan culture influenced their ideology, and Jamaican slaveholders saw themselves as loyal subjects of the British Crown. They were therefore colonial creoles and, in spite of the rise of abolitionism in the metropole, they maintained that their local practices were reconcilable with their status as transplanted Britons. This thesis centers itself within the debates and the ideological shifts that centered on the moral, political, and economic discussions of British Caribbean slavery during the second half of the 18th century. More specifically, I focus on the historical works of two West Indian contemporaries during the late eighteenth century: Edward Long and Bryan Edwards. Between them, they defined a period of social and cultural transition within the late eighteenth century Jamaican plantocracy. The purpose of this analysis is to explain the competing racial ideologies of the enlightenment that manifested themselves within the writings of Long and Edwards. Their works explain how these racial ideologies combined with and reinforced plantation profitability. Their positions on slavery and colonialism reflected a conflict of philosophy and reality, not only concerning the Jamaican plantocracy, but also the British West Indies as a whole. Most significant, however, is how the changing attitudes and beliefs found within these contemporary texts successfully indicated the impact of social and economic change upon the plantocracy.
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Date Issued: 2007
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3749
Format: Thesis

Title: The 1942 Enactment for the Defence of the Norwegian State.
Creator: International Commission for Penal Reconstruction and Development, Wold, Terje
Identifier: FSU_MSS_20130729_B73_F6_03
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: 2 Indicted In the Death Of Youth, 14, Richmond Times-Dispatch.
Creator: Associated Press
Date Issued: 1955-09-06
Identifier: FSU_MSS2015_007_20180607_022
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: 4 men in front of "United Confederate Veterans" flag and American flag.
Date Issued: 1832, 1926
Identifier: FSU_MSS0204_B03_F12_01
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: 6,000 at Detroit Rally Protest Mississippi Verdict, Detroit Free Press.
Creator: Sudomier, William
Date Issued: 1955-09-26
Identifier: FSU_MSS2015_007_20180607_014
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: 60th Anniversary of WMU, 1894-1954.
Creator: First Baptist Church of Tallahassee
Date Issued: 1953-05-05
Identifier: FSU_FBCTLH_WMU_067
Format: Document (PDF)

Title: [Banknote, 85 - 84 BCE].
Date Issued: 85 - 84 BCE
Identifier: FSU_MSS_2015_008_13
Format: Set of related objects

Title: [Banknote, 85 December 31 BCE, of Hippalos].
Abstract/Description: Hippalos to ..., greeting. Pay to - - son of Aristoteles one hundred twenty copper drachmas, that is, 120 copper dr. Year 32, Choiak 19
Date Issued: 85 December 31 BCE
Identifier: FSU_MSS_2015_008_10
Format: Set of related objects

Title: [Banknote, 85 January 2 BCE].
Date Issued: 85 January 2 BCE
Identifier: FSU_MSS_2015_008_07
Format: Set of related objects

Title: [Banknote, 85 May 26 BCE, of Hippalos to his banker].
Abstract/Description: Epreonimos to Protarchos, banker, greeting. Pay to Demetrios 760 copper drachmas, that is, copper dr. 760. Year 32, Pachon 16
Date Issued: 85 May 26 BCE
Identifier: FSU_MSS_2015_008_01
Format: Set of related objects

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