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- Title
- Coordinated Gambling Feedback Processing Indexed by Feedback Negativity and Reward Positivity ERP Components, and Pupil Dilation.
- Creator
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Mulligan, Elizabeth, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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Pupil dilation (PD) has recently been reported as an index of activity in the locus coeruleus (LC), which is known to be integral to orienting processes, where adaptive gain theory and the LC-P3 hypothesis have been important to understanding the role of this activity in motivation (Nieuwenhuis et al., 2005; Nieuwenhuis et al., 2011). Separately, recent work in the study of gambling feedback has identified separable feedback negativity (FN) and reward positivity (RP) event-related potential ...
Show morePupil dilation (PD) has recently been reported as an index of activity in the locus coeruleus (LC), which is known to be integral to orienting processes, where adaptive gain theory and the LC-P3 hypothesis have been important to understanding the role of this activity in motivation (Nieuwenhuis et al., 2005; Nieuwenhuis et al., 2011). Separately, recent work in the study of gambling feedback has identified separable feedback negativity (FN) and reward positivity (RP) event-related potential (ERP) components that are sensitive to loss and gain outcomes, respectively (Bernat et al., 2011). While these two lines of research have advanced a considerable amount separately, the area investigating a possible relationship between LC functioning and higher cortical areas has been underdeveloped. In the current study, thirty-two participants completed a common gambling task while electrocortical signals and pupil diameter were measured to assess coordinated responding among cortical salience and control processes, and orienting processes. Results indicated that gain feedback produced significantly greater PD than loss, consistent with the view that LC phasic activation is driven by motivationally significant stimuli that signal cognitive reward (Nieuwenhuis et al., 2005). Also consistent with this view, ERP results revealed the RP component to most strongly predict PD, with RP activity in gains being a much stronger predictor of PD than RP in losses. Interestingly, RP activity during gains had a significant positive correlation with PD, while RP activity during losses had an equally significant negative correlation with PD. This means that more PD creates more of a disparity in RP activity between gains and losses, which supports the view that task engagement is a characteristic of exploitation, which is a mode of LC functioning (Aston-Jones & Cohen, 2005). These relationships show support for adaptive gain theory and the LC-P3 hypothesis, and suggest the possibility that cognitive reward and higher-level cortical areas may gate or modulate the orienting response according to task utility.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0178
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- The Acute Effects of Ketamine on Social Interaction after Chronic Defeat.
- Creator
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Torres, Pedro, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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Depression is a debilitating disorder with established prevalence and detrimental impact on the economy. Ketamine is a fast acting and long lasting treatment for depression, including treatment resistant patients. The mechanism(s) behind ketamine's effects is unknown. Thus, this study assessed the effects of acute ketamine treatment on a new chronic stress paradigm using C57BL/6J and CD1 aggressor adult male mice. The C57BL/6J mice were assigned to three groups: emotional stress (ES),...
Show moreDepression is a debilitating disorder with established prevalence and detrimental impact on the economy. Ketamine is a fast acting and long lasting treatment for depression, including treatment resistant patients. The mechanism(s) behind ketamine's effects is unknown. Thus, this study assessed the effects of acute ketamine treatment on a new chronic stress paradigm using C57BL/6J and CD1 aggressor adult male mice. The C57BL/6J mice were assigned to three groups: emotional stress (ES), physical stress (PS), and control (CON) conditions. The mice in the PS condition received social defeats, while the ES mice witnessed the defeats, for 10 consecutive days, 10 minutes each day. Twenty-four hours after the last stress session, the mice were injected with either saline or ketamine (0.20 mg/kg) one hour before a social interactions test was conducted to assess whether ketamine could rescue deficits in interaction elicited by chronic stress. Mice in the PS condition showed significantly reduced interaction time when the target was present, whereas the ES-exposed mice displayed only similar trend, regardless of drug treatment. Time spent in corners varied as a function of stress exposure but not drug treatment, with the ES- and PS-exposed mice spending significantly more time in the corners when the target was present. With the exception of the ketamine-treated controls, mice receiving saline displayed reduced interaction times when compared to a group of non-injected controls regardless of stress condition. These finding suggest that ketamine was unable to alleviate the stress-induced deficits in social interaction, however, acute ketamine may be beneficial in alleviating the effects of acute stress.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0172
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- The Integratibility of Words and Their Referents into Embodied Representations.
- Creator
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Prestwood, Virginia, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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Embodied theories of language comprehension suggest that sentence comprehension involves a perceptual simulation of the objects, agents, and event described within the sentence using the same perception and action systems we use when we interact with the world. Past research shows that within experiments, the integratibility between the perceptual stimuli and cognitive representation influences reaction time to sensibility questions. This experiment was designed to investigate the question of...
Show moreEmbodied theories of language comprehension suggest that sentence comprehension involves a perceptual simulation of the objects, agents, and event described within the sentence using the same perception and action systems we use when we interact with the world. Past research shows that within experiments, the integratibility between the perceptual stimuli and cognitive representation influences reaction time to sensibility questions. This experiment was designed to investigate the question of whether embodied cognitive representations contain visual, semantic, and phonological properties and if some of these properties contribute to integratibility more than others. Participants listened to sentences describing the transfer of an object either towards or away from their body. They were then shown two pictures of an object that was either a visual, semantic or phonological competitor to the object described in the sentence. The two pictures of the competitor created an illusion of motion that either matched or mismatched the direction of motion described in the sentence. After viewing the two pictures, participants were asked a question to which their reaction time was recorded. A compatibility effect was said to have occurred if the reaction times for the match condition were faster than the mismatch condition.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0206
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Developing Multivariate Neurophysiological Phenotypes for Predicting Psychopathology.
- Creator
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Bachman, Matthew, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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Externalizing, a factor related to a deficit in impulse control, has been widely associated with reductions in the amplitude of the P300 event-related potential (ERP) component. Recently, time-frequency (TF) signal processing approaches have been able to index separable components underlying P300 activity, and provide incremental prediction for externalizing above traditional time-domain approaches to measuring P300 (Gilmore et al., 2010). Next, shared variance from time-domain measures of...
Show moreExternalizing, a factor related to a deficit in impulse control, has been widely associated with reductions in the amplitude of the P300 event-related potential (ERP) component. Recently, time-frequency (TF) signal processing approaches have been able to index separable components underlying P300 activity, and provide incremental prediction for externalizing above traditional time-domain approaches to measuring P300 (Gilmore et al., 2010). Next, shared variance from time-domain measures of P300 from different tasks and the error-related negativity demonstrated incremental prediction for externalizing above single tasks (Nelson et al., 2010), consistent with the idea of a multivariate phenotype (Iacono, Carson, & Malone, 2000). The current study integrates these approaches by using TF analysis to extract multiple overlapping TF components from each task, and then apply factor analysis across the components from all the tasks to derive latent task-based brain activations. TF amplitude (TF-AMP) and inter-trial phase synchrony (TF-ITPS) measures were assessed. Results of the factor analysis suggested a two-factor solution, which corresponded to the well-known theta (3-7 Hz) and delta (0-3 Hz) frequency ranges in both measures. Solutions with a higher number of components were assessed as well, providing greater time and frequency detail to the solutions. Finally, the TF-AMP and TF-ITPS measures were assessed with regard to externalizing, and did evidence incremental prediction above traditional time-domain measures.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0196
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Behavioral Reactivity to Social Defeat Stress after Nicotine Exposure during Adolescence in C57/BL6 Male Mice.
- Creator
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Duperrouzel, Jacqueline, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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Nicotine use during adolescence is associated with the development of many debilitating pathologies in adulthood such as anxiety and depression. Adolescence is a time of many social pressures and biological changes occurring within the brain and body. Therefore, studying the effects of nicotine exposure during adolescence on stress and subsequent sensitivity to nicotine itself is of great interest. To examine these questions I designed experiments to assess both short (i.e., 24 hours after...
Show moreNicotine use during adolescence is associated with the development of many debilitating pathologies in adulthood such as anxiety and depression. Adolescence is a time of many social pressures and biological changes occurring within the brain and body. Therefore, studying the effects of nicotine exposure during adolescence on stress and subsequent sensitivity to nicotine itself is of great interest. To examine these questions I designed experiments to assess both short (i.e., 24 hours after treatment) and long-term (i.e., four weeks after treatment) behavioral consequences of nicotine (0.32 mg/kg) exposure during adolescence (i.e., postnatal days 35-49) in C57/BL6 male mice by exposing them to social-defeat stress, social interaction, and subsequent preference for nicotine. Nicotine-treated mice in the short-term condition displayed avoidant behaviors and a preference for the lowest concentration of nicotine (5 mg/l). Interestingly, the nicotine-treated mice in the long-term condition displayed enhanced social avoidance as well, with a similar preference for the low concentration of nicotine. These results indicate that exposure to nicotine during adolescence influences social interaction behavior and increases preference for nicotine, findings that last into adulthood. Future studies using different stressors and a complete nicotine dose-response may reveal further insight into how nicotine affects this age group and its long-lasting consequences. The work presented here increases our understanding of the effects of nicotine exposure during adolescents and the later effects, which may develop over time.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0194
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Does Social Anxiety Moderate the Effects of Rejection on the Ability to Detect Real Smiles Following Rejection?.
- Creator
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Villegas, Mariana, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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Social rejection can have detrimental effects on people's physical and psychological well-being. Most individuals respond to rejection by increasing their efforts to re-affiliate with others and become sensitive to cues of social acceptance (such as Duchenne smiles). However, socially anxious individuals tend to see new social targets as sources of future exclusion and tend to withdraw from others after rejection. The current research tested the hypothesis that unlike their less socially...
Show moreSocial rejection can have detrimental effects on people's physical and psychological well-being. Most individuals respond to rejection by increasing their efforts to re-affiliate with others and become sensitive to cues of social acceptance (such as Duchenne smiles). However, socially anxious individuals tend to see new social targets as sources of future exclusion and tend to withdraw from others after rejection. The current research tested the hypothesis that unlike their less socially anxious counterparts, people high in social anxiety would not become sensitive to cues of social affiliation following rejection. Findings showed that following rejection participants low in social anxiety demonstrated an ability to discriminate between genuine (Duchenne) and non-genuine smiles, whereas participants high in social anxiety did not demonstrate this ability. Further analyses suggested that high levels of social anxiety were associated with a biased tendency to categorize smiles as non-genuine.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0195
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Facebook Use and Disordered Eating in College Women.
- Creator
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Mabe, Annalise, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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Disordered eating is a serious problem affecting college women today. As technology advances and social networking sites become more heavily used, it is important to study the effects that sites like Facebook may have on college women's disordered eating attitudes and behaviors. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between Facebook use and disordered eating levels in college women through a correlational design and aimed to evaluate the momentary effects of Facebook use through an...
Show moreDisordered eating is a serious problem affecting college women today. As technology advances and social networking sites become more heavily used, it is important to study the effects that sites like Facebook may have on college women's disordered eating attitudes and behaviors. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between Facebook use and disordered eating levels in college women through a correlational design and aimed to evaluate the momentary effects of Facebook use through an experimental design. This study hypothesized that higher Facebook use is positively correlated with higher levels of disordered eating and that social comparison, self-objectification and high self-monitoring account for these associations. To examine the correlation between Facebook use and disordered eating levels, this study collected data from a mass screening of participants in the psychology subject pool. To test whether use of Facebook causes momentary changes in mood, body image, and disordered eating urges, participants from the psychology subject pool were recruited for an experiment in which they were randomly assigned to either use Facebook or Wikipedia for 20 minutes and completed self-report assessments regarding current eating concerns, weight concerns, and mood before and after internet use. Results showed a positive and significant relationship between Facebook use and disordered eating and evidence that Facebook use contributes to maintenance of weight/shape preoccupation and anxiety. Results revealed a significant correlation between disordered eating, body comparison, trait anxiety and Facebook score. Future longitudinal research should examine Facebook use as a possible risk factor in the development of body image concerns and disordered eating.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0219
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Medication Adherence In Patients With Epilepsy.
- Creator
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Salvaggio, Bianca, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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Increasing medication adherence in patients with epilepsy is important because, if taken properly, antiepileptic medication can reduce seizure frequency, and thus, improve quality of life and reduce hospital and emergency room visits. The goal of this study was to examine if non-professionals (undergraduates) can improve medication adherence among persons with epilepsy by implementing simple, but time-intensive interventions. Participants were eleven patients with epilepsy at a neurological...
Show moreIncreasing medication adherence in patients with epilepsy is important because, if taken properly, antiepileptic medication can reduce seizure frequency, and thus, improve quality of life and reduce hospital and emergency room visits. The goal of this study was to examine if non-professionals (undergraduates) can improve medication adherence among persons with epilepsy by implementing simple, but time-intensive interventions. Participants were eleven patients with epilepsy at a neurological clinic in Tallahassee that were referred by their neurologist based on his perception that their adherence was low and that they were favorable toward research. Study design was quasi-experimental in which each participant served as his or her own control. The first phase used a self-report diary in which baseline data was collected for at least one month to establish initial levels of adherence. Interventions included customized picture reminders, Didits (inexpensive device attached to side of medication container for keeping track of medication taking), and weekly phone calls that provided support and encouragement for taking one's medication. This study demonstrated that time-intensive interventions can be implemented by non-professionals, which can make interventions more widely available. Structured interviews suggested that the interventions were generally viewed positively by participants. However, due to difficulties with the self-report diary as the primary measure of adherence, we were not able to determine if the interventions actually improved participants' adherence. Future research should employ more objective measures of adherence, such as the Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) (See Paschal, Hawley, St. Romain, & Ablah, 2008 for review of measures).
Show less - Date Issued
- 2012
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0146
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- The Role of Orosensory and Post-Ingestive Feedback in Salivary Protein Production.
- Creator
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Villalobos, Maria, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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Variation in bitter taste perception plays a crucial role in dietary choice and much research has been done to better understand the factors that cause variation in bitter taste perception. One factor that may cause variation in bitter taste perception is saliva. Salivary protein expression can be altered by diet [11]. For example, while we know that tannin diets cause the upregulation of proline-rich proteins (PRPs) [11], it is still unclear if it is oral exposure, gastric exposure or tannin...
Show moreVariation in bitter taste perception plays a crucial role in dietary choice and much research has been done to better understand the factors that cause variation in bitter taste perception. One factor that may cause variation in bitter taste perception is saliva. Salivary protein expression can be altered by diet [11]. For example, while we know that tannin diets cause the upregulation of proline-rich proteins (PRPs) [11], it is still unclear if it is oral exposure, gastric exposure or tannin exposure at both sites that is responsible for the upregulation of PRPs. In this study we were able to better understand how salivary proteins are induced by analyzing the saliva of rats treated with oral exposure alone (via oral infusion), gastric exposure alone (via gastric infusion), or exposure at both sites with a tannic acid solution. Our preliminary analyses demonstrate a subset of proteins that are upregulated by dietary exposure are upregulated by oral exposure alone (35kDa, 25kDa and 19kDa) demonstrating that for these proteins oral exposure is sufficient. Furthermore, as these proteins are not upregulated by gastric exposure, we believe oral exposure is necessary for upregulation to occur. In contrast, for a protein band at 18kDa, oral exposure did not effect protein expression while gastric exposure alone was sufficient and necessary in order for upregulation to occur.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0355
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Ego Depletion and Changes in the Premenstrual Phase: Impaired Self-Control as a Common Source.
- Creator
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Maranges, Heather, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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What accounts for the stark changes in emotion, cognition, and behavior in women during the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle? I hypothesize that, in addition to the effects of hormones, a lack of self-control may account for these changes. The metabolically expensive activity of the premenstrual phase diverts energy from metabolically expensive self-regulatory processes, making the use of self-control more difficult. In this article, I experimentally test this hypothesis with the...
Show moreWhat accounts for the stark changes in emotion, cognition, and behavior in women during the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle? I hypothesize that, in addition to the effects of hormones, a lack of self-control may account for these changes. The metabolically expensive activity of the premenstrual phase diverts energy from metabolically expensive self-regulatory processes, making the use of self-control more difficult. In this article, I experimentally test this hypothesis with the dual-task paradigm common to self-control research. That is, participants perform one task that requires and depletes self-control—the Stroop task—followed by another task that requires self-control—a dependent measure. I randomly assigned 34 undergraduate women to either a control or ego depletion condition and to participate either during the premenstrual or postmenstrual phase of their menstrual cycles. I measured total affect, critical thinking, and aggression. Results, while preliminary, are consistent with the hypothesis that self-control depletion is not only linked to emotional, cognitive, and behavioral changes in the premenstrual phase, but also exaggerates these changes. I offer an explanation for my findings and conclude with a discussion of future work and implications.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0391
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Massed vs Spaced Presentation in Cumulative Structural Priming.
- Creator
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Chia, Katherine, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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Structural priming is often proposed to be the result of implicit learning in the language processing system. This study was an attempt to reveal explicit memory contributions to structural priming. Participants were asked to complete a series of sentence stems, some of which (targets) allowed for the production of either a double object (DO) construction or a prepositional object (PO) construction, and some of which (primes) only allowed for the production of either a DO or PO, but not both....
Show moreStructural priming is often proposed to be the result of implicit learning in the language processing system. This study was an attempt to reveal explicit memory contributions to structural priming. Participants were asked to complete a series of sentence stems, some of which (targets) allowed for the production of either a double object (DO) construction or a prepositional object (PO) construction, and some of which (primes) only allowed for the production of either a DO or PO, but not both. We manipulated whether the primes were presented with several filler items between them, or presented in succession with no fillers in between. It was predicted that massed priming of double object (DO) and prepositional object (PO) would produce more explicit awareness of the constructions, therefore boosting the priming effect. The results show that massed priming did not greatly affect the cumulative priming effects. Although the findings were not significant, there was a trend in the desired direction, thus leaving the possibility of follow-up studies that more explicitly assess participant awareness.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2015
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0577
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Uncovering the Structure of Skilled Performance Using Verbal Protocol Analysis.
- Creator
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Sumner, Anna, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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This study explored the application of verbal reports upon a single participant during training on a complex video game titled Space Fortress (Donchin, 1989). Transfer of training was assessed with variations to the game as well as a battery of cognitive and motor tasks including a shortened Ravens, an aiming task, and the 8-puzzle. Consistent with previous research utilizing verbal reports, I was able to see clear points of game-knowledge acquisition and strategy formation, which allowed us...
Show moreThis study explored the application of verbal reports upon a single participant during training on a complex video game titled Space Fortress (Donchin, 1989). Transfer of training was assessed with variations to the game as well as a battery of cognitive and motor tasks including a shortened Ravens, an aiming task, and the 8-puzzle. Consistent with previous research utilizing verbal reports, I was able to see clear points of game-knowledge acquisition and strategy formation, which allowed us to understand more about how the participant approached the task and what limits someone's performance on it. This paper also proposes a new perspective of research based on helping individuals see and understand how they might change while supporting their development. This perspective could lead to provide new information on stable abilities that cannot be improved with motivated, deliberate training.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0384
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Knowledge of Increased Risks Involved in Delaying Childbearing.
- Creator
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Propst, Lauren, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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There is a growing trend in the United States for men and women to delay childbearing until later in life, even though there are increased risks that are associated with delaying childbearing, including increasing rates of infertility and increasing pregnancy and childbirth complications. The purpose of this study was to determine the overall knowledge level of the increased risks involved in delaying childbearing, specifically relating to age-related fertility decline and age-related...
Show moreThere is a growing trend in the United States for men and women to delay childbearing until later in life, even though there are increased risks that are associated with delaying childbearing, including increasing rates of infertility and increasing pregnancy and childbirth complications. The purpose of this study was to determine the overall knowledge level of the increased risks involved in delaying childbearing, specifically relating to age-related fertility decline and age-related pregnancy and childbirth complications, and also to determine what factors are associated with differences in knowledge level about these risks in order to target populations with lower knowledge level for public health interventions in the future. Two samples were studied, including an undergraduate student sample from Florida State University (FSU) and a general population sample from Mechanical Turk. It was found that both samples had generally low knowledge levels about the increased risks involved in delaying childbearing, and there was an association found between higher level of education completed already and higher knowledge level. No conclusive association was found between age, gender, or having biological children and knowledge level. Future research should be done in this area to expand these results in order to be able to target specific populations for public health interventions.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0256
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Emotional Regulation and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
- Creator
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Durmaz, Daphne, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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Emotion regulation difficulties have been implicated in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yet further research is necessary in order to fully understand the relationship between different facets of emotional regulation and PTSD. The current study examines three major aspects of emotion regulation: emotional reactivity, tolerance of emotions and emotional persistence. Eighty-seven trauma exposed participants completed measures of depression, anxiety, and...
Show moreEmotion regulation difficulties have been implicated in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yet further research is necessary in order to fully understand the relationship between different facets of emotional regulation and PTSD. The current study examines three major aspects of emotion regulation: emotional reactivity, tolerance of emotions and emotional persistence. Eighty-seven trauma exposed participants completed measures of depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. Next, participants completed mood induction tasks designed to elicit feelings of fear (watching a fearful video) and guilt (writing about a past behavior that made them feel guilty). Immediately following these tasks, participants reported their peak level of emotion (fear or guilt) during the task and completed a brief measure to assess their tolerance of that emotion. After six minutes, they completed another measure of fear or guilt in order to assess persistence of emotions. A series of regression analyses were conducted predicting emotional reactivity, tolerance of emotions, and emotional persistence from PTSD symptoms, while controlling for depression and anxiety. Results suggest that greater PTSD symptoms, specifically avoidance symptoms, are uniquely associated with persistent fear and lower tolerance of fear following mood induction. PTSD symptoms were unrelated to intensity of emotional reaction for either mood induction. PTSD symptoms were also unrelated in response to the guilt induction.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0218
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- The Effect of Threat and Challenge Appraisals of Acute Stress on Subsequent Acts of Self-control.
- Creator
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Ramsey, Brandon, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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Past research has shown that stress has negative implications for self-control performance. The current research was designed to test circumstances under which acute stress may improve self-control performance. Research on acute stress describes two different appraisals of a stressor--challenge and threat. These appraisals types differ in perceived resource availability and perception of how demanding the task is. They also differ in their associated physiological responses. A challenge...
Show morePast research has shown that stress has negative implications for self-control performance. The current research was designed to test circumstances under which acute stress may improve self-control performance. Research on acute stress describes two different appraisals of a stressor--challenge and threat. These appraisals types differ in perceived resource availability and perception of how demanding the task is. They also differ in their associated physiological responses. A challenge appraisal leads to increased glucose release that continues for some time after the task, whereas the threat appraisal activates an extra stress axis that dampens the glucose response leading to lower glucose availability. Because of the difference in glucose release, I predicted that a threat appraisal of an acute stressor may impair self-control functioning relative to a no-stress control group, whereas a challenge appraisal of an acute stressor may improve self-control functioning relative to a no-stress control group. Participants completed a stressful speech task in which interviewers gave varied evaluative feedback to evoke a threat appraisal or challenge appraisal. Participants in a control condition completed the speech alone without evaluative feedback. Self-control performance was measured using a Stroop task. Contrary to predictions, participants in the threat condition who reported low life stress performed better on a self-control task than participants in the control condition. Participants in the challenge condition did not perform better on a self-control task regardless of perceived life stress. These findings suggest life stress may moderate the relationship between stress appraisal and subsequent self-control performance.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0347
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Mate Value as a Predictor of Relationship-Specific Attachment.
- Creator
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Newberg, Amy, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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Attachment style refers to the manner in which people form close social relationships with others. In addition to one's global attachment style, people also possess relationship-specific attachment styles. However, the factors within a relationship that can shape relationship-specific attachment have been relatively unexplored. The current work seeks to examine one such factor—mate value—that is, a person's overall level of desirability as a romantic partner. Whereas people who have a low...
Show moreAttachment style refers to the manner in which people form close social relationships with others. In addition to one's global attachment style, people also possess relationship-specific attachment styles. However, the factors within a relationship that can shape relationship-specific attachment have been relatively unexplored. The current work seeks to examine one such factor—mate value—that is, a person's overall level of desirability as a romantic partner. Whereas people who have a low mate value may be particularly anxious in their relationships because they are aware that their partner may have more desirable alternatives, people with high mate value may be particularly avoidant in their relationships because they may have access to many relationship alternatives of their own. In the current work, romantically involved participants received false feedback about their mate value (high mate value, low mate value, or no feedback) and then completed a measure of relationship-specific attachment. I hypothesized that a high mate value would lead to relatively more relationship-specific avoidance and low mate value would lead to relatively more relationship-specific anxiety. I also examined the subsidiary hypothesis that effects of mate value would be moderated by trait-level attachment, such that one's general tendency to be avoidant or anxious would be exacerbated by high or low mate value feedback, respectively. Results did not support my hypotheses. I found no main effect of condition or interaction with trait-level anxiety on relationship-specific anxiety. I also found no main effects of condition on relationship-specific avoidance. However, results revealed that among individuals high in trait avoidance, high mate value feedback (compared to controls) led to less relationship-specific avoidance. Potential interpretations of my results are discussed.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0273
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Risk for Suicidality: A Test of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide.
- Creator
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Shelton, Tawny, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is defined as the infliction of bodily harm in the absence of lethal intent and includes behaviors such has cutting, hitting, or scratching oneself (Nock, 2010). NSSI is prevalent among college populations, with one study reporting that 17% of students have engaged in self-injurious behavior at least once in their lifetime (Whitlock, Eckenrode, & Silverman, 2006). Importantly, research suggests that individuals who engage in NSSI are at an increased risk for...
Show moreNon-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is defined as the infliction of bodily harm in the absence of lethal intent and includes behaviors such has cutting, hitting, or scratching oneself (Nock, 2010). NSSI is prevalent among college populations, with one study reporting that 17% of students have engaged in self-injurious behavior at least once in their lifetime (Whitlock, Eckenrode, & Silverman, 2006). Importantly, research suggests that individuals who engage in NSSI are at an increased risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors (i.e., suicidality; Van Orden, Witte, Cukrowicz, Braithwaite, Selby, & Joiner, 2010), but further research is required to understand why individuals who self-injure are at an increased risk for suicide. The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between self-injury and suicidality through the lens of the interpersonal theory of suicide (Joiner, 2005). Patients from a community mental health clinic completing a variety of self-report questionnaires assessing history of self-injury, depression, suicidality, and constructs related to the interpersonal theory (i.e., perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and acquired capability for suicide). Results indicate that among individuals with a history of self-injurious behaviors, perceived burdensomeness, but not thwarted belongingness was associated with higher levels of suicidality above and beyond the acquired capability for suicide. Overall, results provide some insight into why some (but not all) individuals with NSSI are at risk for suicide.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0330
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- The Effect of Physical and Emotional Stress on Nicotine Consumption in Male Mice.
- Creator
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Sattler, Carley, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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This experiment was designed to examine the impact of chronic stress exposure on nicotine consumption. Adolescent (postnatal days, PD 38-75) male mice underwent 10 days of social defeat, were treated with one month (long-term) of forced nicotine consumption (160 mg/l), and their reactivity to various behavioral paradigms (social interaction test (SIT), elevated plus maze (EPM), and forced swim test (FST)) was assessed. Findings indicate that chronic nicotine exposure following social defeat...
Show moreThis experiment was designed to examine the impact of chronic stress exposure on nicotine consumption. Adolescent (postnatal days, PD 38-75) male mice underwent 10 days of social defeat, were treated with one month (long-term) of forced nicotine consumption (160 mg/l), and their reactivity to various behavioral paradigms (social interaction test (SIT), elevated plus maze (EPM), and forced swim test (FST)) was assessed. Findings indicate that chronic nicotine exposure following social defeat may effectively buffer against some anxiety- and depression-like symptoms later in life.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0345
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Identifying the Effects of Personality Type on Stress.
- Creator
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Carroll, Brooke, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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In this study, the influence of personality traits and stress was examined. Fifty-six undergraduate students at the Florida State University Panama City campus participated. In the beginning of the experiment, participants were required to complete the Big Five Personality Test and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Following this, participants were randomly assigned one of two conditions (low stress, high stress). In the low stress condition, participants completed simple subtraction...
Show moreIn this study, the influence of personality traits and stress was examined. Fifty-six undergraduate students at the Florida State University Panama City campus participated. In the beginning of the experiment, participants were required to complete the Big Five Personality Test and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Following this, participants were randomly assigned one of two conditions (low stress, high stress). In the low stress condition, participants completed simple subtraction problems, whereas in the high stress condition participants completed complex long-division problems. Calculators and electronic calculating devices were not permitted. After participants completed the math problems they filled out an alternative version of the STAI. It was hypothesized that individuals who scored high on the trait, neuroticism, would produce higher scores of anxiety on the STAI following the experimental manipulation than would participants who scored low or not at all on the trait. It was found that participants high in neuroticism, produced greater trait anxiety scores, regardless of the experimental manipulation, suggesting that even minor stressful events initiate anxiety in individuals high on this trait.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0327
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Relationships, Gender, and Suicide Risk.
- Creator
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Gobble, Teresa, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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This research aimed to examine how gender conformity to feminine norms, particularly relationship maintenance behaviors, can affect feelings of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness, two proximal factors for suicide in the framework of the interpersonal theory of suicide (Joiner, 2005; Van Orden et al., 2010). This study aimed to examine intimate and non-intimate relationships, relationship quality and closeness, and secure social attachment styles and how they relate to gender...
Show moreThis research aimed to examine how gender conformity to feminine norms, particularly relationship maintenance behaviors, can affect feelings of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness, two proximal factors for suicide in the framework of the interpersonal theory of suicide (Joiner, 2005; Van Orden et al., 2010). This study aimed to examine intimate and non-intimate relationships, relationship quality and closeness, and secure social attachment styles and how they relate to gender conformity to feminine norms as well as thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness. Results from this study showed a significant relationship between conformity to feminine norms and reduced levels of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness, with relationship maintenance behaviors and quality being negatively related as well. This may inform research on the gender paradox when examining the lower incidence of lethal suicidal behavior in women relative to men, despite women attempting suicide more frequently than men. Our findings also raise questions about the higher rates of attempted suicide by women, who appear to have lower overall rates of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness resulting from the processes examined in this study. Thus, findings from this study can help inform further etiological investigations into the paradox.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0265
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- The Effects of Stress on the HPA-Axis of Adolescent Mice.
- Creator
-
Weinstein, Leah, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
Mood disorders have become the most prevalent mental health disorder affecting US adults today. Exposure to emotional or physical stress can increase the likelihood of developing a mood disorder and thus is detrimental to the population. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-Axis functions in the stress response and is suggested to be involved in the manifestation of mood disorders. However, the mechanism(s) underlying the stress response are not completely understood therefore preclinical...
Show moreMood disorders have become the most prevalent mental health disorder affecting US adults today. Exposure to emotional or physical stress can increase the likelihood of developing a mood disorder and thus is detrimental to the population. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-Axis functions in the stress response and is suggested to be involved in the manifestation of mood disorders. However, the mechanism(s) underlying the stress response are not completely understood therefore preclinical studies are indispensable. Here, I exposed male adolescent (postnatal day [PD] 30-40) C57/BJ mice to bouts of physical or emotional stress for ten consecutive days, and assessed HPA-Axis functioning by analyzing plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels at various time points after stress exposure. Mice exposed to physical and emotional stress displayed elevated plasma CORT levels 24 and 48 hours after stress exposure. The changes in HPA function were accompanied by behavioral deficits (i.e., increased anxiety-related behavior and social avoidance/withdrawal) 1 month after stress exposure. These results suggest unique involvement of the HPA-Axis in the manifestation of mood-related disorders, however complete mechanisms are not fully understood and continued research in this area is necessary.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0186
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Gaming Preferences of Aging Generations.
- Creator
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Blocker, Kenneth, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
Evidence collected over the past decade suggests that action video game training can improve a variety of perceptual and cognitive abilities including those that decline most with age. Unfortunately, previous work has found that older adults dislike these types of games, and intervention compliance is poor for these game interventions. The focus of the current project was to better understand the types of games older adults are willing to play, why they prefer these games, and to be able to...
Show moreEvidence collected over the past decade suggests that action video game training can improve a variety of perceptual and cognitive abilities including those that decline most with age. Unfortunately, previous work has found that older adults dislike these types of games, and intervention compliance is poor for these game interventions. The focus of the current project was to better understand the types of games older adults are willing to play, why they prefer these games, and to be able to predict game preference based on variables such as gender, age, technology experience, and personality. Thus, action-oriented games might be modified and developed using this information to maximize compliance and produce large cognitive benefits. A survey approach was taken which adapted a game preference survey previously administered to college-aged students and administered this survey to an older adult population, in addition to a number of measures involving background and health information, technology experience, video game interest, and tabletop game preferences. Gender and personality factors were predictive of game preference, with females preferring games involving exploration, individuals high in agreeableness preferring more social games, and those high in emotional stability preferring less violent games. Within the older adult sample, a relationship was also found between increasing age and the desire for fantasy and violence-related features. Results have implications for designing individualized games to maximize intervention adherence based on individual differences.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0166
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- The Association Between Depression and Family, Romantic, and Peer Support in Adults.
- Creator
-
Jones, Alyssa, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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Low levels of social support in relationships are an important indicator of the risk of the development of depression in adulthood. This study investigated how family, friends, and romantic relationships affected the prevalence of depressive symptoms. This study tested the hypothesis that family relationships would not have significant effect on depression when the effect of romantic relationships and friendships are controlled. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses of responses from...
Show moreLow levels of social support in relationships are an important indicator of the risk of the development of depression in adulthood. This study investigated how family, friends, and romantic relationships affected the prevalence of depressive symptoms. This study tested the hypothesis that family relationships would not have significant effect on depression when the effect of romantic relationships and friendships are controlled. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses of responses from participants from the Transition Wave II questionnaire revealed that lower support from family relationships and romantic relationships was significantly associated with higher depression scores, while support from friendships was not. When controlling for support from friendships and relationships, romantic relationships had the strongest effect. This suggests that in adulthood, one's romantic relationships are more indicative of depression than friendships or family relationships.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0268
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Juvenile sexual offenders: relationship between sexual abuse and sexual offending.
- Creator
-
Rimel, Hillary, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
Sexual abuse, as well as physical abuse, can lead to many negative outcomes for adolescents and adults. One possible and serious outcome of sexual abuse is later sexual offending. However, the nature of the relationship between abuse and later offending is unclear. This study aims to better understand the possible relationship between sexual abuse, physical abuse, and later sexual offending. A significant relationship was found between sexual abuse and sexual offense severity. Significant...
Show moreSexual abuse, as well as physical abuse, can lead to many negative outcomes for adolescents and adults. One possible and serious outcome of sexual abuse is later sexual offending. However, the nature of the relationship between abuse and later offending is unclear. This study aims to better understand the possible relationship between sexual abuse, physical abuse, and later sexual offending. A significant relationship was found between sexual abuse and sexual offense severity. Significant differences were also found between sexually abused and non-sexually abused JSOs regarding specific sexual offending behaviors (abusing a victim seven years or younger, abusing a male, abusing multiple victims) and a significant relationship was found between sexual abuse and sexual offending. Physical abuse was not related to sexual offense severity in this study, which may be due to limitations in the scale of sexual offense severity used. Further research in this area is necessary to enhance interventions and other treatments for sexually abused youth and juvenile sexual offenders in order to prevent future sexual offending behaviors.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0387
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Archaeal Paradigms: How Chromatin Structure and Gene Regulation Can Elucidate the Origin of the Domains.
- Creator
-
Steiner, Bradley, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
In order to increase our understanding of the relationship between domains we must move beyond traditional phylogenetic approaches and attempt to group species and domains in new and different ways. This paper is an analysis of various efforts to do just that and further posits the potential value of new advances in genetics and chromatin biology towards that purpose. With the advent of high resolution temporal nucleosome mapping techniques developed by the Dennis Laboratory at the Florida...
Show moreIn order to increase our understanding of the relationship between domains we must move beyond traditional phylogenetic approaches and attempt to group species and domains in new and different ways. This paper is an analysis of various efforts to do just that and further posits the potential value of new advances in genetics and chromatin biology towards that purpose. With the advent of high resolution temporal nucleosome mapping techniques developed by the Dennis Laboratory at the Florida State University we now have new tools at our disposal to assay the relationships between species and to potentially help elucidate the origin of the domains.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0419
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- The Relationship between Socioeconomic Status, Prenatal Depression and Birth Outcomes.
- Creator
-
Cely, Aura, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between socioeconomic status, perinatal depression, and birth outcomes. A total of 611 prenatal care-seeking women were recruited from two different university-affiliated obstetric clinic sites in Florida. Data on depression symptoms, educational attainment, income, obstetric outcomes, and neonatal health were examined. The birth outcomes examined included gestational age at delivery, birth weight, the occurrence of any obstetric...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to examine the relation between socioeconomic status, perinatal depression, and birth outcomes. A total of 611 prenatal care-seeking women were recruited from two different university-affiliated obstetric clinic sites in Florida. Data on depression symptoms, educational attainment, income, obstetric outcomes, and neonatal health were examined. The birth outcomes examined included gestational age at delivery, birth weight, the occurrence of any obstetric complications, and APGAR scores. The patient health questionnaire, PHQ-9, a self-administered version of the PRIME-MD diagnostic measurement was used to test depression. The results revealed a significant association between birth outcomes and socioeconomic status but no association between prenatal depression and birth outcomes. Results suggest that further investigation on the association between prenatal depression and birth outcomes must be conducted to produce more conclusive results. Furthermore, women of lower socioeconomic status are at greater risk for adverse birth outcomes and could benefit from greater vigilance and access to educational resources.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0260
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Do Individual Differences in Eye Movement Scanning Predict Simulator Sickness?.
- Creator
-
Barajas, Kimberly, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
Simulator sickness is a common occurrence when humans navigate virtual environments; some proportion of the population will experience nausea, disorientation, headache, and a number of other negative symptoms during and after an interaction with a flight simulator, driving simulators, or first-person video game. While there are a number of theories behind the causes of simulator sickness, including theories related to posture stability and body movement, there are still no accepted...
Show moreSimulator sickness is a common occurrence when humans navigate virtual environments; some proportion of the population will experience nausea, disorientation, headache, and a number of other negative symptoms during and after an interaction with a flight simulator, driving simulators, or first-person video game. While there are a number of theories behind the causes of simulator sickness, including theories related to posture stability and body movement, there are still no accepted explanations for why some people are more susceptible to sickness compared to others. Some theories suggest that eye and head movements, age, gender, and simulator scenario properties (e.g., number of turns) may have an effect on simulator sickness. We took advantage of already collected eye movement, simulator sickness, and demographic data and explored possible correlations between simulator sickness and a variety of factors, such as the ones that were mentioned above. Of particular interest was whether eye tracking data might predict sickness severity. Results indicated that gender was significantly related to simulator sickness (females reporting greater sickness), and there was a trend for a relationship between age and simulator sickness, with increased age being specifically related to general discomfort and symptoms of vertigo. Contrary to predictions, eye scanning parameters were not significantly related to simulated sickness. Study limitations and future directions are discussed.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0292
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Exploring the Robustness of Feature Based Reward Priming.
- Creator
-
Andringa, Ronald, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
Many studies support the view that visual attention is captured by salient or unique objects, whether we intend to pay attention to these objects or not. While it has been proposed that capture is automatic and driven purely by properties of the physical stimulus, recent research has suggested that previous experience also contributes to the degree to which an object captures attention. Hickey, Chelazzi and Theeuwes (2010a, 2010b, 2011) find that after a successful search for an object...
Show moreMany studies support the view that visual attention is captured by salient or unique objects, whether we intend to pay attention to these objects or not. While it has been proposed that capture is automatic and driven purely by properties of the physical stimulus, recent research has suggested that previous experience also contributes to the degree to which an object captures attention. Hickey, Chelazzi and Theeuwes (2010a, 2010b, 2011) find that after a successful search for an object followed by a high reward, distraction by a unique but irrelevant item is reduced during the next search episode. However, when a feature associated with the target of search after a high reward becomes associated with an irrelevant distractor, capture is increased. Hickey and colleagues propose this reward modulation of attentional selection as a way we can generally learn what to pay attention to and what to ignore over time. The aim of this thesis is to further explore the time course of these reward effects to observe whether they grow over time, and whether they are robust to intervening tasks, which should be true if they represent a useful mechanism through which we learn how to allocate our attention. Surprisingly, unlike previous studies, we found that high reward did not prime the color of the search target, but instead primed its spatial location. Possible reasons for this divergent finding are discussed.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0201
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Heart Rate Reactivity and Disinhibitory Proneness During an Affective Picture Viewing Task.
- Creator
-
Shelton, Lindsey, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
Abnormalities in autonomic reactivity to aversive stimuli (e.g., heart rate deceleration) have been demonstrated in individuals with various forms of externalizing spectrum disorders (Raine, Venables & Williams, 1995). Differential components of heart rate reactivity (HR) were hypothesized to reflect orienting responses and engagement in a defensive (fight or flight) motivational state. The Externalizing Spectrum Model (Krueger et al., 2002; Krueger & Markon, 2005) posits clinical problems...
Show moreAbnormalities in autonomic reactivity to aversive stimuli (e.g., heart rate deceleration) have been demonstrated in individuals with various forms of externalizing spectrum disorders (Raine, Venables & Williams, 1995). Differential components of heart rate reactivity (HR) were hypothesized to reflect orienting responses and engagement in a defensive (fight or flight) motivational state. The Externalizing Spectrum Model (Krueger et al., 2002; Krueger & Markon, 2005) posits clinical problems involving excessive substance use and antisocial behavior are specific manifestations of a general propensity towards deficient impulse control (disinhibitory proneness). The current study expands upon previous research by evaluating the association between disinhibitory proneness (operationalized through scores on the Externalizing Spectrum Inventory; Krueger, Markon, Patrick, Benning, & Kramer, 2007) and cardiac reactivity in a community sample of twins (N=508). Findings provide support for reduced cardiac reactivity in individuals scoring highly on disinhibitory proneness.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0380
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Factors of Attraction and Relationship Satisfaction: The Love-is-Blind Bias and Perceived Risk of Infidelity.
- Creator
-
Shults, Jeanie, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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Attraction and relationship satisfaction have been topics of increased investigation over the past several decades (Yela & Sangrador, 2001; Buss & Schmitt, 1993; Hall & Taylor, 1976). The love-is-blind bias hypothesizes that individuals within fulfilling relationships exhibit the phenomenon of rating their partner's attractiveness higher than self-ratings of their own attractiveness, a product of positive partner illusions (Swami & Furnham, 2008; Gagné, & Lydon, 2004). Using the Relationship...
Show moreAttraction and relationship satisfaction have been topics of increased investigation over the past several decades (Yela & Sangrador, 2001; Buss & Schmitt, 1993; Hall & Taylor, 1976). The love-is-blind bias hypothesizes that individuals within fulfilling relationships exhibit the phenomenon of rating their partner's attractiveness higher than self-ratings of their own attractiveness, a product of positive partner illusions (Swami & Furnham, 2008; Gagné, & Lydon, 2004). Using the Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) and novel measures for attraction and perceived infidelity, this study applied the love-is-blind hypothesis against relationship satisfaction and perceived risk of infidelity. The creation of two new subscales for measuring the love-is-blind bias, self-perceived love-is-blind bias (SPB) and externally-perceived love-is-blind bias (EPB) were instrumental in computations. Significant positive interactions between both scales of the love-is-blind bias and both attraction, and relationship satisfaction were found. Perceived risk of infidelity was negatively related to all positive scales. The findings suggest a system of interactions among the love-is-blind bias, perceived risk of infidelity, relationship satisfaction, and overall partner attraction. Preliminary analysis suggests perceived past infidelity may also predict lessened relationship satisfaction in current relationships.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0205
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Driven to Distraction?: the Effect of Red Light Running Camera Flashes on Attention and Eye Movement Control.
- Creator
-
Sall, Robert, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
Visually sparse and abstract laboratory paradigms are often used to study visual attention and attention capture. Do the factors found to influence the allocation of attention in these studies also predict distraction in more complex real-world scenes? We explored this question using an attention capture paradigm modeled after driving a driving scene. Anecdotally, the flash that accompanies Red Light Running Cameras (RLRC) has been reported to be distracting. An Inhibition of Return (IOR)...
Show moreVisually sparse and abstract laboratory paradigms are often used to study visual attention and attention capture. Do the factors found to influence the allocation of attention in these studies also predict distraction in more complex real-world scenes? We explored this question using an attention capture paradigm modeled after driving a driving scene. Anecdotally, the flash that accompanies Red Light Running Cameras (RLRC) has been reported to be distracting. An Inhibition of Return (IOR) paradigm was used to test if RLRC flashes in simulated driving scenes capture attention. After attention is allocated to an area, IOR discourages future attention shifts to that same area, thus IOR serves as a reliable marker of spatial attention. In two experiments, participants were slower to respond to the brake lamps of a vehicle when a RLRC flash occurred nearby, and were also slower at initiating eye movements to brake lamp signals (IOR effects). Results suggest that attention can be misdirected as a result of RLRC flashes and demonstrate that findings from simple laboratory paradigms can predict the allocation of attention in complex settings that are more familiar to observers. Despite clear evidence for the capture of attention, additional study is necessary to better understand the effect RLRC flashes may have on driving performance.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0169
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Willingness to Participate in Job-Related Training as One Approaches Retirement.
- Creator
-
Rojas, Frank, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
Workers are increasingly becoming older and due to economic and societal conditions retirement is being discouraged (Ford &Orel, 2005). These individuals will continue to work for their employer and to be viable they may be willing to take on job-related training. An important factor that can influence an individual to accept training is motivation. One aspect of motivation is the Socio-emotional Selectivity Theory framework that Carstensen, Isaacowitz, and Charles (1999) proposed. It sees...
Show moreWorkers are increasingly becoming older and due to economic and societal conditions retirement is being discouraged (Ford &Orel, 2005). These individuals will continue to work for their employer and to be viable they may be willing to take on job-related training. An important factor that can influence an individual to accept training is motivation. One aspect of motivation is the Socio-emotional Selectivity Theory framework that Carstensen, Isaacowitz, and Charles (1999) proposed. It sees time as fundamental to motivation, suggesting that people with shorter time frames will seek emotional gratifications and those with longer frames will prefer information seeking gratification to further their careers. I tested predictions from this framework. Individuals with shorter time frames until retirement should be less willing to participate in job-related training than those with longer time frames. After running regressions using data from Workforce Ageing in the New Economy (WANE) data set and taking into account additional factors such as the correlation of age with time until retirement and excluding those with extreme amounts of training, there was little support for this assumption. However, there is a trend in the right direction. Further studies need to be done to investigate types of training given, reasons for retirement at chosen time, personality, within different industries and firm sizes.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2009
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0111
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Shooter Bias: The Implications of Race and Socioeconomic Status.
- Creator
-
Moore, Samantha, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
Previous research examining decisions to shoot using computer simulations has found that people tend to be biased toward shooting Black suspects (i.e., participants tend to be quick to shoot Black suspects and to mistakenly shoot unarmed Black suspects). Additionally, research has found that White people tend to perceive poor Whites as a threat and respond negatively toward poor White people. The present work examines influences of both race and socioeconomic status on decisions to shoot...
Show morePrevious research examining decisions to shoot using computer simulations has found that people tend to be biased toward shooting Black suspects (i.e., participants tend to be quick to shoot Black suspects and to mistakenly shoot unarmed Black suspects). Additionally, research has found that White people tend to perceive poor Whites as a threat and respond negatively toward poor White people. The present work examines influences of both race and socioeconomic status on decisions to shoot during a computer simulation task. The results indicate that socioeconomic status level of the suspect influenced participants' responses to the shooter task, while race of the suspect had little impact. Specifically, participants' were faster to shoot armed low socioeconomic status individuals as compared to armed high socioeconomic status individuals. These findings suggest that stereotypic associations between low socioeconomic status people and criminality may influence decisions to shoot.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0200
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- The Neurobiology of Social Defeat and Social Buffering in the Female Prairie Vole.
- Creator
-
Butler, Michael, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
Social defeat has become a relevant topic of research due to the prevalence of bullying and violence in our society and the lasting behavioral and physiological effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In contrast, positive social interactions, or social buffering, can alleviate stress-induced physiological and behavioral deficiencies and improve an individual's well-being. While the effects of social defeat have been widely studied in male subjects, the effects of social...
Show moreSocial defeat has become a relevant topic of research due to the prevalence of bullying and violence in our society and the lasting behavioral and physiological effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In contrast, positive social interactions, or social buffering, can alleviate stress-induced physiological and behavioral deficiencies and improve an individual's well-being. While the effects of social defeat have been widely studied in male subjects, the effects of social defeat in females is poorly understood due to lack of animal models that display overt female-female aggression. In this study, I investigated the effects of social defeat on the monogamous rodent species, the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster). The prairie vole provides a unique model to study social defeat in females as females of this species display overt female-female aggression. Female subjects were exposed to one hour of social defeat from a female conspecific, followed by 5 days of recovery either with or without their male partner. Subjects were then exposed to a social interaction test (SIT) to examine social avoidance-like behaviors. Blood samples and brain tissues were collected and subsequently processed for neurochemical analysis. Results indicate that females that were defeated and recovered alone had elevated avoidance-like behaviors compared to the females recovered with their partner. The former also had elevated corticosterone levels and enhanced neurochemical expression in select brain regions.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0243
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Mental Health Court: An Examination of the Relationship Between Age and Recidivism Among Mentally Ill Individuals.
- Creator
-
Wilpon, Alexis, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
Mental Health Courts are problem-solving courts that serve mentally ill criminal offenders. MHCs have a goal of improving public safety by reducing recidivism, improving the quality of life for those with mental illnesses, and providing these individuals with an alternative to incarceration. Previous research indicates that Mental Health Courts are successful in reducing recidivism rates of mentally ill offenders. This study examines whether or not age of the defendants in MHC impacts their...
Show moreMental Health Courts are problem-solving courts that serve mentally ill criminal offenders. MHCs have a goal of improving public safety by reducing recidivism, improving the quality of life for those with mental illnesses, and providing these individuals with an alternative to incarceration. Previous research indicates that Mental Health Courts are successful in reducing recidivism rates of mentally ill offenders. This study examines whether or not age of the defendants in MHC impacts their recidivism rates. Non-mentally ill individuals within the traditional court system are known to "age out of crime," in that offenders commit fewer crimes as they age. This study examines the relationship between age and recidivism in a population of mentally ill offenders assigned to a MHC. Results were not significant, indicating that age is not a factor in recidivism of mentally ill individuals. Results indicated that the MHC reduced recidivism among participants, however the results of the study suggest that the presence of a mental illness overrides the typical "age out of crime" pattern seen in a regular court. There was no decrease in recidivism as age increased among the MHC defendants. In addition, mentally ill defendants in a traditional court did not show a decrease in recidivism as age increased. This suggests that it is mental illness that impacts the recidivism/age relationship, not participation in a Mental Health Court.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0282
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Social Conflict and Self-Control.
- Creator
-
Seymour, Nicole, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
The present research tested the hypothesis that social conflict impairs self-control. Previous research has shown that self-control relies on limited resources, and that many behaviors that are likely involved in social conflict (emotion control, self-presentation, and accommodative behavior) consume self-control resources. Study 1 tested the hypothesis that individuals who reported greater conflict in the past week (as measured by the TENSE; (Finch, Okun, Pool, & Ruehlman, 1999)) would...
Show moreThe present research tested the hypothesis that social conflict impairs self-control. Previous research has shown that self-control relies on limited resources, and that many behaviors that are likely involved in social conflict (emotion control, self-presentation, and accommodative behavior) consume self-control resources. Study 1 tested the hypothesis that individuals who reported greater conflict in the past week (as measured by the TENSE; (Finch, Okun, Pool, & Ruehlman, 1999)) would perform more poorly on a measure of state self-control than individuals who reported less conflict in the past week. Contrary to our hypothesis, self-reported conflict was not a significant predictor of state self-control. Study 2 included a manipulation of depletion in order to test the hypothesis that the effect of social conflict on self-control would be apparent when self-control resources were low. Contrary to our hypothesis, the level of social conflict did not significantly predict self-control performance, even when participants were depleted. However, in Study 2 (though not in Study 1), individuals with low trait self-control did report experiencing more social conflict than individuals with high trait self-control.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0237
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- The Influence of Age and Depression on Episodic Memory Functioning in Adulthood.
- Creator
-
Fitzgibbons, Joanna, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
-
Previous research suggests that depression in old age results in deficits in both encoding and retrieval in episodic memory tasks. There is also a general understanding that memory function declines with age, with older adults being the most affected. The focus of this data analysis is to examine a possible interaction between age and depression on episodic memory performance. A multiple regression approach was used to analyze previous data from CREATE I which includes a sample size of 1,204...
Show morePrevious research suggests that depression in old age results in deficits in both encoding and retrieval in episodic memory tasks. There is also a general understanding that memory function declines with age, with older adults being the most affected. The focus of this data analysis is to examine a possible interaction between age and depression on episodic memory performance. A multiple regression approach was used to analyze previous data from CREATE I which includes a sample size of 1,204 participants between the ages of 18-91. Age and depressive affect had significant negative effects on episodic memory performance, and these two factors interacted, showing that depressive affect had little impact at young ages but increasingly affected those at older ages. Results suggest that interventions to reduce depressive affect in older populations may also contribute to improved episodic memory performance.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0281
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Predicting Fruit and Vegetable Intake with the Theory of Planned Behavior: A Literature Review.
- Creator
-
Klama, Jennifer, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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This literature review analyzed studies that used the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to predict fruit and vegetable intake, a preventative health behavior. The TPB consists of four psychosocial constructs (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavior control, and intention) which are proposed to predict behavior. A total of nine studies matched the research criteria in this review, with a total of 3,397 participants from the general adult population. After analysis, perceived behavioral...
Show moreThis literature review analyzed studies that used the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to predict fruit and vegetable intake, a preventative health behavior. The TPB consists of four psychosocial constructs (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavior control, and intention) which are proposed to predict behavior. A total of nine studies matched the research criteria in this review, with a total of 3,397 participants from the general adult population. After analysis, perceived behavioral control was identified as the most common predictor of intention, and intention was the strongest predictor of fruit and vegetable intake. This review discusses the measurement successes of the studies; the importance of measuring beliefs which are the foundation of TPB constructs; as well as the importance of properly testing the fit of the model when the TPB is supplemented with additional constructs, such as self-efficacy. This review discussed the characteristics, methods, and results of the studies in order to inform future research and interventions promoting fruit and vegetable intake.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2013
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0223
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Coping with Rejection: Does Rejection Affect the Motivation to Seek Power?.
- Creator
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Satkunas, Ashley, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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Social exclusion can threaten a person's need to belong, need for control, and need to feel that one's life has meaning. The current research investigated how rejected people reintegrate themselves into new social groups. In this experiment, rejected (and non-rejected control) participants were given the opportunity to join an ostensibly new experiment in which they would complete a group activity with two other participants. I then measured their motivation to attain a powerful or...
Show moreSocial exclusion can threaten a person's need to belong, need for control, and need to feel that one's life has meaning. The current research investigated how rejected people reintegrate themselves into new social groups. In this experiment, rejected (and non-rejected control) participants were given the opportunity to join an ostensibly new experiment in which they would complete a group activity with two other participants. I then measured their motivation to attain a powerful or subordinate position within the group. While pursuing a position of power in a new group may allow rejected people to restore control and meaning, subordinate positions in a new group may be better suited to restore belonging. The results were consistent with the latter possibility. That is, rejected participants preferred a subordinate position more than non-rejected participants, especially if the subordinate position allowed a high level of involvement in the group activity. These results suggest that rejected people interacting with a new group prefer roles in which they can contribute to the group goal without taking responsibility for group outcomes.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2012
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0142
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- The Relationship of Perinatal Depression and Medical Comorbidity on Negative Birth Outcomes.
- Creator
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Randell, Autumn, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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Perinatal depression occurs in about 10-12% of pregnant women. Perinatal depression may be related to preterm delivery, decrease in mother-infant bonding, stress, and other negative health outcomes for both the mother and child. Minority and lower SES populations tend to have higher rates of perinatal depression. In addition, research has shown that minorities are less likely to seek medical treatment for depression. Diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular problems, inflammation,...
Show morePerinatal depression occurs in about 10-12% of pregnant women. Perinatal depression may be related to preterm delivery, decrease in mother-infant bonding, stress, and other negative health outcomes for both the mother and child. Minority and lower SES populations tend to have higher rates of perinatal depression. In addition, research has shown that minorities are less likely to seek medical treatment for depression. Diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular problems, inflammation, and migraines have shown to be related to perinatal depression. This honors thesis aimed to discover whether chronic medical comorbidities with perinatal depression have a relationship to negative birth outcomes. This project also endeavored to examine demographic disparities in birth outcomes and comorbidity.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2014
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0359
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- The Relation between Parental Involvement, Children's Symptoms of Inattention and Hyperactivity, and Academic Achievement.
- Creator
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Ferretti, Nicole, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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Parental involvement in school is a key factor in addressing issues faced by children with ADHD and their families. This study expanded upon previous research by considering relationships between multiple aspects of parental involvement (including parental sense of competence and parent-teacher relationship quality) and academic achievement across a spectrum of inattention and hyperactivity symptoms. The participants were parents of children aged 8 to 12 years old (n = 348) who completed an...
Show moreParental involvement in school is a key factor in addressing issues faced by children with ADHD and their families. This study expanded upon previous research by considering relationships between multiple aspects of parental involvement (including parental sense of competence and parent-teacher relationship quality) and academic achievement across a spectrum of inattention and hyperactivity symptoms. The participants were parents of children aged 8 to 12 years old (n = 348) who completed an online survey measuring their children's symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity, parental involvement, and their children's academic achievement. Results showed that parental sense of competence was a significant predictor of academic achievement, especially for children with higher symptoms of inattention. The conclusions drawn from this project may have implications for parents, educators, and clinicians. Future interventions could target parental sense of competence, especially for children who are high on inattentive symptoms.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2015
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0499
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Social and Parental Experience Affects Histone H3 Acetylation in the Prairie Vole Brain.
- Creator
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Eastham, Patrick, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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The present study investigated the possible relationship between parental experience and expression of acetylated histone H3 in various brain regions associated with parental behavior in male and female prairie voles (Michrotus Ochrogaster). Acetylated histone H3 immunoreactive (acH3-ir) neurons were visualized by immunocytochemical procedure and DAB stain. I found that females had higher acH3-ir expression than males in the ventral part of the lateral septum and ventral tegmental area (VTA),...
Show moreThe present study investigated the possible relationship between parental experience and expression of acetylated histone H3 in various brain regions associated with parental behavior in male and female prairie voles (Michrotus Ochrogaster). Acetylated histone H3 immunoreactive (acH3-ir) neurons were visualized by immunocytochemical procedure and DAB stain. I found that females had higher acH3-ir expression than males in the ventral part of the lateral septum and ventral tegmental area (VTA), parental voles had decreased and increased expression compared to sexually naïve voles in the cortical amygdala (CoA) and VTA, respectively, and there was only a single region that showed interaction effects, the VTA, where female parents had increased expression compared to all other groups. The present findings, when observed in the context of the approach-avoidance behavioral model, suggest that the decrease in DNA accessibility from lower acetylation of H3 in the CoA leads to the expression of parental behavior through a decrease in avoidance tendencies while the increase in DNA accessibility from higher acetylation of H3 in the VTA leads to the expression of maternal behavior through an increase in approach tendencies. To control for total histone expression, histone H1 was also measured and non-significance differences in H1 levels support the conclusions drawn from the acH3-ir data. Future experiments should include neuronal phenotyping via double labeling, anterograde axonal tracing, and HDAC pharmacological manipulation in order to establish any causal relationship from the preliminary correlational relationships seen in this thesis.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2015
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0516
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- Activity-Dependent Regulation of Calcium and Ribosomes in the Chick Cochlear Nucleus.
- Creator
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Call, Cody, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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Cochlea removal results in the death of 20-30% of neurons in nucleus magnocellularis (NM), a cochlear nucleus of the chick auditory system involved in the precise time-coding of acoustic signals. Within 1 hr of deafferentation, intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) rises by up to 400% while the integrity of ribosomes begins to decline—two potentially cytotoxic events. Glutamatergic axons of the auditory nerve have been shown to maintain NM neuron health by activating group I and II...
Show moreCochlea removal results in the death of 20-30% of neurons in nucleus magnocellularis (NM), a cochlear nucleus of the chick auditory system involved in the precise time-coding of acoustic signals. Within 1 hr of deafferentation, intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) rises by up to 400% while the integrity of ribosomes begins to decline—two potentially cytotoxic events. Glutamatergic axons of the auditory nerve have been shown to maintain NM neuron health by activating group I and II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), maintaining normal [Ca2+]i and ribosomal integrity. This study aimed to determine how [Ca2+]i and ribosomal integrity are maintained by auditory nerve stimulation by selectively blocking group I mGluRs with AIDA and group II mGluRs with LY 341495 during unilateral auditory nerve stimulation. The abundance of Ca2+ in NM neurons was quantified using in vitro fura-2 ratiometric calcium imaging, while ribosomal integrity was assayed in a subset of the same tissue slices using Y10B immunolabeling (Y10B-ir). It was expected that AIDA and LY 341495 would increase [Ca2+]i and these increases would occur in parallel with an elimination in stimulation-induced differences in Y10B-ir between stimulated and unstimulated neurons of a slice. AIDA caused large increases in [Ca2+]i and eliminated differences in Y10B-ir between sides. Surprisingly, LY 341495 failed to cause reliable increases in [Ca2+]i compared to stimulated controls, but still eliminated differences in Y10B-ir between sides. These results suggest dissociation in how calcium and ribosomes are regulated in NM neurons.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2015
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0509
- Format
- Thesis
- Title
- When Forgiveness Matters: Correlating Forgiveness with Achievement Motivation and Willingness to Disclose in the Workplace.
- Creator
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Belluccia, Anthony, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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A large body of literature demonstrates the effects of a forgiving employer. This study was the first to provide information about forgiveness in the workplace as it relates to achievement motivation. Specifically, the objective was to determine whether a supervisor's forgiveness for issues related to employee tasks can affect achievement motivation on those tasks; and additionally, forgiveness' predictive effect on willingness to disclose information in the workplace. Given the role of...
Show moreA large body of literature demonstrates the effects of a forgiving employer. This study was the first to provide information about forgiveness in the workplace as it relates to achievement motivation. Specifically, the objective was to determine whether a supervisor's forgiveness for issues related to employee tasks can affect achievement motivation on those tasks; and additionally, forgiveness' predictive effect on willingness to disclose information in the workplace. Given the role of operant conditioning in business relationships and the tendency for an offender to keep offending if forgiven consistently, this 220 participant correlative study tested the prediction that forgiveness and achievement motivation would be negatively correlated, and that forgiveness and willingness to disclose would be positively correlated. Two bivariate correlations conveyed a moderate positive correlation between forgiveness and achievement motivation, disproving my first hypothesis, but a stronger positive correlation between forgiveness and willingness to disclose information in the workplace, confirming my second hypothesis. These findings join others in displaying the potency of a forgiving culture on the honesty of employees, and contributes to the understanding of forgiveness as it relates to achievement motivation, which establishes an unprecedented correlation.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2015
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0561
- Format
- Set of related objects
- Title
- The Effects of Paternal Deprivation on the Social and Anxiety-like Behavior in Male and Female Prairie Voles.
- Creator
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Phelan, Shana, Department of Psychology
- Abstract/Description
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Varies studies done on humans and animal models alike show the importance of healthy social relationships. Parental care (especially bi-parental care) is shown to be an important factor for the proper development and overall outcome of an individual. In this study, the prairie vole will be used to examine the effects of paternal deprivation on the social and anxiety-like behaviors of the F1 generation. Four behavioral tests were conducted to determine the effects of father deprivation on...
Show moreVaries studies done on humans and animal models alike show the importance of healthy social relationships. Parental care (especially bi-parental care) is shown to be an important factor for the proper development and overall outcome of an individual. In this study, the prairie vole will be used to examine the effects of paternal deprivation on the social and anxiety-like behaviors of the F1 generation. Four behavioral tests were conducted to determine the effects of father deprivation on parental behaviors, anxiety-like behaviors, social affiliation, and social recognition.
Show less - Date Issued
- 2015
- Identifier
- FSU_migr_uhm-0486
- Format
- Thesis