Search results

Title: Audience in gymnasium.
Abstract/Description: Audience members sit in the gymnasium stands at a game.
Identifier: FSUspcn1045
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Women's athletics.
Abstract/Description: Four female athletes posing.
Identifier: FSUspcn1046
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Florida State University cheerleaders.
Creator: Richards, Ken
Abstract/Description: This photograph contains FSU cheerleaders Elbert Lambert, Joyce Howser, Toni Beals, Peggy Thompson, and Dave Deutsch.
Identifier: FSUspcn568
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Florida State University cheerleaders smiling.
Creator: Richards, Ken
Abstract/Description: This photograph contains six FSU cheerleaders smiling. Relates to spcn 8145.
Identifier: FSUspcn8146
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Women's tennis team.
Abstract/Description: Front row: Frances Merrill, Sally Taylor, Sue Houck, Adriana Celorio, Kathy Johnson, Susan Carson. Back row: Diane Aramo, Jodi Appelbaum, Caren Trott, Ann Hampton.
Identifier: FSUspcn1052
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Women's tennis team.
Abstract/Description: Photograph of six members of the tennis team posing on the court with their rackets.
Identifier: FSUspcn1051
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Women's tennis team.
Abstract/Description: Photograph of women's tennis team standing together on the court and holding rackets.
Identifier: FSUspcn1049
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Men's tennis team.
Abstract/Description: Photograph of men's tennis team posing.
Identifier: FSUspcn1048
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Playing tennis on the court.
Abstract/Description: Photograph of people playing tennis.
Identifier: FSUspcn1047a
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Women playing softball.
Abstract/Description: Three women playing softball.
Identifier: FSUspcn1053
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Golf.
Abstract/Description: Photograph of the golf team.
Identifier: FSUspcn1037
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Women's soccer team.
Abstract/Description: Photograph of women's soccer team playing.
Identifier: FSUspcn1042
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Members of football team.
Abstract/Description: W.S. McLin, E.R. Smith, W.M. Hughes, Harry Wells, W.M. Mullen, Guyte McCord, President Campbell at FSU - Stetson game.
Identifier: FSUspcn1038
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Sailing Association.
Abstract/Description: FSU's inland sailors at Lake Bradford. Man sits on a sailboat.
Identifier: FSUspcn1040
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Sailing Association.
Abstract/Description: FSU's inland sailors at Lake Bradford.
Identifier: FSUspcn1039
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Women's swim team.
Abstract/Description: Photograph of women's swim team.
Identifier: FSUspcn1044
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Tennis.
Abstract/Description: Photograph from outside the tennis court fence of two men playing tennis.
Identifier: FSUspcn1047
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Men's swim team.
Abstract/Description: Photograph of men's swim team.
Identifier: FSUspcn1043
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Soccer team.
Abstract/Description: Photograph of Men's Soccer Team posing.
Identifier: FSUspcn1041
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Tully Gym. 1956.
Abstract/Description: Front of Tully Gym, with construction in foreground
Identifier: FSUUntitled-5
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Florida State University cheerleading stunts.
Abstract/Description: This photograph contains an image of four FSU cheerleaders doing tricks.
Identifier: FSUspcn8149
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Front of Tully Gymnasium. 1956.
Abstract/Description: Construction in foreground.
Identifier: FSUTully_Gym_1956
Format: Image (JPEG)

Title: Florida State University cheerleading squad.
Abstract/Description: Photograph of Florida State University cheerleaders.
Identifier: FSUspcn8141
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Rounding the bases.
Abstract/Description: A member of FSU's baseball team is running the bases.
Identifier: FSUspcn850
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Woody Woodward batting.
Abstract/Description: This is a photograph of FSU baseball player, Woody Woodward.
Identifier: FSUspcn848
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Seminole baseball pitcher.
Abstract/Description: Seminole baseball pitcher preparing to throw.
Identifier: FSUspcn836
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: The Circuit of Legacy Discourse: Mega-Events, Political Economy and the Beijing Olympic Games.
Creator: Pu, Haozhou, Giardina, Michael D., Proffitt, Jennifer M., Newman, Joshua I., James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Florida State University, College of Education, Department of...
Show morePu, Haozhou, Giardina, Michael D., Proffitt, Jennifer M., Newman, Joshua I., James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport Management
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Abstract/Description: The mega-event, or large-scale mass event, has held an enduring level of popular and political support in modern society since their creation in the late 19th century. In the current period of intense globalization, the importance placed on mega-events by national governments and global corporations has increased considerably—with hundreds of millions of dollars spent on both the bid process and the marketing, advertising, and branding of a given event. Mega-events also provide people with...
Show moreThe mega-event, or large-scale mass event, has held an enduring level of popular and political support in modern society since their creation in the late 19th century. In the current period of intense globalization, the importance placed on mega-events by national governments and global corporations has increased considerably—with hundreds of millions of dollars spent on both the bid process and the marketing, advertising, and branding of a given event. Mega-events also provide people with unique opportunities to participate in collective projects of urban regeneration, identity formation, and conspicuous consumption. This dissertation is situated within a focal area on the global phenomenon of sport mega-event. Here I draw from an interdisciplinary perspective to demystify the popular discourse on the even legacy and its related political economy implications associated with the two Olympic Games in Beijing. So far, legacy has been gaining wider currency vis-à-vis the hosting of mega-events, and there has been increased scholarly focus on related topics such as the governance, evaluation, and leveraging of legacy. In this dissertation, I examine legacy as both substantive element (e.g., urban renewal project & facility construction) and discursive discourse (e.g., the public pedagogy underpinning the circulation of certain ideological values and meanings). Being the first city ever to host both the Summer and Winter Olympics, the idea of fully capitalizing on the legacy of the previous 2008 Olympics for the future 2022 Winter Olympics has been repeatedly addressed by Beijing throughout the bidding and planning process thus far. A comprehensive evaluation of the legacy of the 2008 Olympics is beyond the remit of this project; however, by attending to the primary, publicly-promised legacies of the 2008 Olympics, an important context for post-2008 mega-events can be revealed. Thus, in this study, I consider numerous features of legacy discourse of the Olympic Games as sensitive indicators of shifting interests, power relations and ideologies at micro, meso, and macro levels in contemporary China. To do this, I structure my project within a modified “circuit of culture” model, which focuses on the articulations of interrelated moments of production, representation, and consumption (Hall, 1980; Johnson, 1986; du Gay et al., 1997). Such a framework thus provides a heuristic model to stress the situational particularities inscribing and deriving meanings and values in and through legacy discourse. As such, the analysis of each moment will be situated within a broader context of the post-2008 Olympics era and the correlative political economic landscape. In this project, I find legacy discourse as an evolving and dynamic concept that is both context-specific and influenced by multiple social actors. It is simultaneously ascribed with a variety of explicit or implicit political and economic interests. Grounded on qualitative analysis at the three moments of the circuit—representation, production and consumption—both commonalities and contradictions of the legacy discourse encountered and understood by different social groups (e.g., residents, government, and corporate) are identified. With regard to the popular legacy discourse of the 2022 Winter Olympics, an emerging neoliberal paradigm is further unveiled, which provides a viable arena to examine the political economy of sport mega-events in a post-2008 era and the associated interplays of market capitalism and state socialism in contemporary China, which have been in a state of transition. Based on the findings of this study, the appeal of mega-events to the state of China is not only underpinned by the pursuit of symbolic politics, it further entails a form of shock of spectacle that relies on the “dramatological” and “exceptional” features of modern mega-events to legitimate and further a broad spectrum of state agendas and policies (e.g., urban regeneration, economic growth, & environmental governance). Compared to the identity-politics-driven 2008 Summer Games, the legacy discourse surrounding the 2022 Winter Games is also found to be embodied with more complicated while explicit economic interests. And such economic interests are situated within an intimate interaction with consumerism, developmentalism, commercialism, with an emphasis on the rule of market. This marks a significant transition, as the previous nation-building function of the Olympic Games, appears to be complemented by, if not replaced by, a new market-building goal in the case of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics. This study therefore contributes to an indigenous and more comprehensive understanding of sport mega-events in China, particularly the interactions between the global capitalism and local politics as manifest in the dynamic legacy discourse.
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Date Issued: 2017
Identifier: FSU_SUMMER2017_Pu_fsu_0071E_14041
Format: Thesis

Title: The Internalization of a Sport Team Through Sport Video Gaming.
Creator: Kim, Min Soo, James, Jeffrey D., Losh, Susan, Mondello, Michael J., Raney, Arthur A., Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purposes of the study are to propose a conceptual model for the internalization of a sport team through sport video gaming, to examine the relationship between motives to play sport video games and a sport identity, to examine the relationship between a sense of presence and a sport identity, and to examine the moderating effect of a sense of presence on the relationship between motives and a sport identity. The results showed that motives and a sense of presence influence a sport...
Show moreThe purposes of the study are to propose a conceptual model for the internalization of a sport team through sport video gaming, to examine the relationship between motives to play sport video games and a sport identity, to examine the relationship between a sense of presence and a sport identity, and to examine the moderating effect of a sense of presence on the relationship between motives and a sport identity. The results showed that motives and a sense of presence influence a sport identity but the interaction effect between motives and a sense of presence on a sport identity was not significant. In order to determine whether a sport identity pertains to a sport object or it is related to winning, two grouping variables including the level of winning needs and the frequency of selecting one's favorite team when playing a sport video game, multiple-sample structural equation modeling (MSEM) was conducted. The results of the study showed that a sport identity pertains to a sport team rather than winning needs. The findings contribute to the understanding of what drives sport video gamers to facilitate personal connections with their favorite teams and guide implications for marketing communication practice. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3091
Format: Thesis

Title: Leadership Behaviors of Athletic Coaches in the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities.
Creator: Schouten, Jeff, Lynn, Susan, Jakubowski, Elizabeth, Ratliffe, Thomas, Turner, Jeannine, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to examine the leadership behaviors of coaches within the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities using the Revised Leadership Scale for Sport. A secondary purpose was to gain greater insight into the democratic and positive feedback leadership behaviors of male and female coaches in the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities (CCCU). Three hundred and ninety-six head coaches in the CCCU participated in the study; 320 (80.5%) males and 76 (19.5%)...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to examine the leadership behaviors of coaches within the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities using the Revised Leadership Scale for Sport. A secondary purpose was to gain greater insight into the democratic and positive feedback leadership behaviors of male and female coaches in the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities (CCCU). Three hundred and ninety-six head coaches in the CCCU participated in the study; 320 (80.5%) males and 76 (19.5%) females. The participants completed the Revised Leadership Scale for Sport (Zhang, J., Jensen, B.E., & Mann, B.L., 1997). The results of the study showed that there is a significant difference in the coaching behaviors (training and instruction, situational consideration, autocratic, democratic, social support, and positive feedback) of head coaches in the CCCU when comparing the sports coached. Results of the RLSS indicated that the softball and track and field coaches perceived themselves as exhibiting the highest rates of positive feedback to their athletes. Track and field and volleyball coaches exhibited the highest rates of democratic behavior in their coaching. It was also discovered that there were no significant difference between male and female coaches in the coaching dimension when evaluating the different coaching leadership behaviors by gender. Coaches that scored high and low in the positive feedback and democratic behavior categories were asked to participate in a follow up interview. Two themes emerged from the interviews with coaches when questioned about their democratic behavior: gender differences and communication with players. Two themes also emerged related to the coaches use of positive feedback: correcting mistakes and team-building. Additional information emerged from the interviews relating to how coaches in the CCCU prioritize different aspects of their job and their relationship with God.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-1997
Format: Thesis

Title: Masculine Hegemony in March Madness?: A Textual Analysis of the Gendered Language Used by Newspaper and Online Sportswriters Covering NCAA Women's and Men's Basketball Tournaments.
Creator: Kian, Edward M., Mondello, Michael, Raney, Arthur, Kent, Aubrey, Vincent, John, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The primary goal of this textual analysis was to examine narratives and descriptors sportswriters used when covering the NCAA Division I women's and men's basketball tournaments (March Madness). Drawing principally from a masculine hegemonic framework, this research examined articles published with bylines over a 26-day period in 2006 coinciding with March Madness. Articles came from The New York Times, USA Today, ESPN Internet, and CBS SportsLine. There were two parts of this methodology: a...
Show moreThe primary goal of this textual analysis was to examine narratives and descriptors sportswriters used when covering the NCAA Division I women's and men's basketball tournaments (March Madness). Drawing principally from a masculine hegemonic framework, this research examined articles published with bylines over a 26-day period in 2006 coinciding with March Madness. Articles came from The New York Times, USA Today, ESPN Internet, and CBS SportsLine. There were two parts of this methodology: a priori coding and a qualitative data analysis. First, two individuals each coded 508 articles for descriptors from nine specific categories derived from an extensive literature review. The author later wrote theoretical memos and employed the constant comparative method to search for dominant themes. Coding results contradicted the gender-specific stereotypes found in previous research and did not support the presence of masculine hegemony. Most of the articles (76.4%) focused on men's basketball. However, sportswriters used a higher average number of descriptors on physical appearances, personal relationships, and emotional weaknesses in articles about men's basketball than women's basketball. Males authored 86% of all articles. Females wrote 65% of their articles on women's basketball, but males still wrote 61% of all articles on women's basketball. Results based on the gender of sportswriters showed notions of masculine hegemony were present in the quality of writing amongst male sportswriters. Males who covered men's basketball were more likely to use descriptors on athletic prowess than females who covered either women or men. Females covering women's basketball did not uphold masculine hegemony, as they used three times as many descriptors for athletic prowess than females who covered men's basketball. Masculine hegemony was prevalent in the five themes emerging from the qualitative analysis: (1) He was always on my mind; (2) She must have been a tomboy; (3) Women still don't have next; (4) The real hegemonic order in media coverage of college sports: football, men's basketball, and then everything else; (5) Parents are newsworthy, especially athletic fathers. References to male athletes were commonplace in stories on women's basketball, but no male athlete in any men's basketball article was compared to a female athlete.
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Date Issued: 2006
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3138
Format: Thesis

Title: Effects of Pacing Contingencies in a PSI-Taught College-Level Golf Course.
Creator: Leech, James R., Ratliffe, Thomas, Reiser, Robert, Mondello, Michael, James, Jeffrey, School of Teacher Education, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: College-level physical education programs address the demand for physical activities through the use of Instructional Physical Activity Programs (IPAPs) which are still sometimes referred to as Basic Instructional Programs (BIPs). Currently, physical education is in an emerging new stage of instruction focused on model-based instruction (Metzler, 2005). One model, Personalized System of Instruction (Keller, 1968), also known as PSI, is centered on several key features: an emphasis on the...
Show moreCollege-level physical education programs address the demand for physical activities through the use of Instructional Physical Activity Programs (IPAPs) which are still sometimes referred to as Basic Instructional Programs (BIPs). Currently, physical education is in an emerging new stage of instruction focused on model-based instruction (Metzler, 2005). One model, Personalized System of Instruction (Keller, 1968), also known as PSI, is centered on several key features: an emphasis on the written word, the teacher acting as a motivator, the use of student self-pacing, mastery-based learning, and the use of student proctors. Within physical education settings, the use of proctors is not emphasized however the remaining key features are emphasized. Fox (2004) suggests that several key features of PSI need to be redefined for the 21st century since they are not as necessary as once perceived. The most widely mentioned key feature seen as being problematic and recommended for change is an emphasis on self-pacing since students have been shown to struggle and procrastinate when no pacing contingencies have been set for students to use (Eyre, 2007). Using a quasi-experimental mixed-method design, the purpose of this study was to investigate the use of flexible-pacing vs. self-pacing by incorporating classroom-based pacing contingencies such as instructor-recommended deadlines and student-set deadlines on students' pacing rate, course completion rate, withdrawal rate, student achievement measures (golf-skills & golf-knowledge), and attitudes. Three PSI-taught, IPAP golf course sections consisting of 22 days of a PSI unit were used. Each course section represented a different pacing condition group. The three pacing condition groups used in this study included: SP = Self-pacing only group (n = 23); IRD = Instructor-recommended deadlines group (n = 24); SSD = Student-set deadlines group (n = 24). Within each of these pacing condition groups, a sub-group based on golf-skill ability-level was created from golf-skill pre-test results to determine lower-skilled, moderate-skilled, and higher-skilled golf students. Preliminary measures taken for each pacing condition group included PSI model fidelity being met along with other preliminary measures indicating no differences among the three pacing condition groups on students' initial golf-skill and golf-knowledge, students' outside-of-class golf participation and instructor's teaching behaviors. These preliminary measures were used to conclude that any differences based on pacing rate, course completion rate, withdrawal rate, attitudes, and achievement were a result of the pacing contingencies groups and not due to other extraneous variables such as prior golf-skill or golf-knowledge, outside-of-class golf participation, instructor's teaching behaviors or due to the PSI model not being faithfully implemented. The quantitative results from this study indicated that flexible-pacing is advantageous for increasing lower- and moderate-skilled pacing rates as well as increasing students' overall perception of a PSI-taught IPAP golf course. Flexible-pacing is particularly advantageous for increasing course completion rates for lower-skilled students. However, for higher-skilled students, flexible-pacing provides little advantages. Additionally, while differences were significantly different within each pacing condition group from pre- to post-test for both golf-skill and golf-knowledge achievement measures, no differences were found among the pacing condition groups for the post-test measurement. A student attitudes survey revealed that while all three pacing condition groups rated aspects of the course very highly, the two flexible-pacing contingency groups (IRD and SSD) rated aspects of the course significantly greater than the SP group on several measures such as effectiveness of the course at increasing students' golf-skill ability and overall rating of the course. Since no students withdrew from the course, this was not tested. The qualitative results indicated several key differences between students who were able to complete all course workbook tasks versus students who were unable to complete all course workbook tasks. Themes present among students who were able to complete all tasks included: able to successfully pace themselves; learned specific skills/concepts; increased preference for course workbook; used the instructor-recommended deadlines and found them helpful; and had a motivation to learn. Themes present among students were unable to complete all course workbook tasks included: decreased ability to pace themselves; misperception of golf & no mention of learning specific golf skills/concepts; decreased preference for course workbook; thought that pacing contingencies could have helped if used; and indicated no mention of motivation or determinism. These results support the use of flexible-pacing over self-pacing in PSI-taught courses in physical education settings due to significant improvements on several key measurements especially for lower- and moderate-skilled students. However, caution should be used if pacing contingencies are to be used for higher-skilled students. Future research should continue to examine flexible-pacing with different physical education content and different age levels.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3142
Format: Thesis

Title: Internal and External Group Identities of a Sports Team: The Development of a Multi-Dimensional Team Identity Scale.
Creator: Heere, Bob, James, Jeffrey Dalton, Kent, Robert Aubrey, Milton, Sande, Mondello, Michael, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Within the realm of sport management, team identification has been examined as single dimensional construct (Wann & Branscombe, 1993). However, research in social psychology has examined group identity as a multi-dimensional concept. To accurately measure and to more fully understand the implications of team identification, the construct should be studied as a multi-dimensional construct. This study is a first attempt to examine team identity as a multi-dimensional construct. The TEAM*ID...
Show moreWithin the realm of sport management, team identification has been examined as single dimensional construct (Wann & Branscombe, 1993). However, research in social psychology has examined group identity as a multi-dimensional concept. To accurately measure and to more fully understand the implications of team identification, the construct should be studied as a multi-dimensional construct. This study is a first attempt to examine team identity as a multi-dimensional construct. The TEAM*ID scale was developed based on the literature review of Ashmore, Deaux, and McLaughlin-Volpe (2004), who proposed nine constructs of group identity: 1) Self categorization, 2) Public evaluation, 3) Private evaluation, 4) Importance, 5) Attachment – Interconnection of self with group, 6) Attachment – Sense of interdependence, 7) Social embeddedness, 8) Behavioral involvement, and 9) Content and meaning. The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure team identity as a multi-dimensional construct. Data were collected from the fan base of a large SE college football team (N=311); confirmatory factor analysis was performed on a split sample (Sample 1=155, Sample 2=156) to examine the nine constructs of group identity. Six factors (Public evaluation, Private evaluation, Interconnection of self, Sense of interdependence, Behavioral involvement, and Awareness and knowledge) emerged from the analysis and showed a good fit of the model. A review of the scale by a panel of experts provided initial evidence of content validity; Comparing the TEAM*ID scale with a portion of the Collective Self-Esteem Scale (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992) and a revised version of the Psychological Commitment to Team (Mahony, Madrigal, & Howard, 2000) scale provided initial evidence of nomological validity. Several factors in the model did not, however, demonstrate discriminant validity. The two attachment factors lacked discrimination, suggesting the need for further development. There were also a lack of discrimination between private evaluation, behavioral involvement and the factor awareness and knowledge of the content and meaning. The concerns with discriminant validity may be sample related, however, future refinement of the model is desirable.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4160
Format: Thesis

Title: Responses to Professional Sports Teams CSR Initiatives Following Natural Disaster.
Creator: Okoshi, Kosuke, James, Jeffrey, Newman, Joshua, Kim, Yu Kyoum, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: On March 11, 2011, the Northeastern Area (Tohoku) of Japan experienced the largest earthquake and tsunami ever recorded in this area. Following the disasters, professional sports organizations conducted disaster relief efforts by hosting charity matches, visiting temporary housing areas (mentoring and listening to victims), creating awareness using different logos in/around the public areas, etc. These activities are considered corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. CSR has been a...
Show moreOn March 11, 2011, the Northeastern Area (Tohoku) of Japan experienced the largest earthquake and tsunami ever recorded in this area. Following the disasters, professional sports organizations conducted disaster relief efforts by hosting charity matches, visiting temporary housing areas (mentoring and listening to victims), creating awareness using different logos in/around the public areas, etc. These activities are considered corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. CSR has been a popular topic in the sports world, but little attention has been paid to CSR activities following natural disasters. The purpose of this research was to assess the community members' responses to sport organizations based on CSR initiatives after a natural disaster. The nature of this research was exploratory; interviews were conducted with individuals living in the geographic area directly impacted by the Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan in 2011. The interviewees were also involved with the relief efforts to some extent. Through this research I explored the degree to which the recipients were aware of the relief efforts, the effects, and their attitudes toward the sports organizations/players. Based on the interview responses, the relief efforts by the professional sports organizations were well known, and the activities not only enhanced the image and reputations of the organizations and players, but also improved the recipients' psychological connections (i.e. familiarity, interest, and attachment) with the organizations and/or the players.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-9063
Format: Thesis

Title: Factors Influencing Collegiate Volleyball Shoe Selection: An Institutionalized Perspective.
Creator: Robinson, Amanda L., Wells, Janelle E., James, Jeffrey D., Newman, Joshua I., Reynaud, B. Cecile, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: It is not uncommon for a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I school to have an athletic apparel contract (AAC) with an established athletic apparel company. These relationships have evolved over time to the point that the AACs seem to have become institutionalized in collegiate athletics. Institutionalization refers to the repetition of organizational arrangements (Washington & Patterson, 2009) to the point that it exists as a 'norm' within a culture. While there are...
Show moreIt is not uncommon for a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I school to have an athletic apparel contract (AAC) with an established athletic apparel company. These relationships have evolved over time to the point that the AACs seem to have become institutionalized in collegiate athletics. Institutionalization refers to the repetition of organizational arrangements (Washington & Patterson, 2009) to the point that it exists as a 'norm' within a culture. While there are certain benefits to these contracts, there are also associated risks. AACs often include clauses requiring every student-athlete at the school to wear brand name apparel for practice and competition, regardless of satisfaction with the product. Considering volleyball is typically a non-revenue generating sport at many NCAA Division I schools, student-athletes are often required to wear a certain type of shoe due to contract restrictions. Problems may arise if the sponsored shoes do not meet the needs, specifically the health and safety needs, of the student-athlete. Coaches are often involved in the selection of the teams' shoes, while athletic trainers must manage any medical consequences resulting from ill-fitting shoes. Given the notion that AACs have been institutionalized in the collegiate athletic setting, including restricted shoe selection, this study was conducted to gain insight into the factors influencing volleyball shoe selection. The study was qualitative and involved semi-structured interviews with 11 volleyball coaches and athletic trainers in the Southeastern and Atlantic Coast athletic conferences. For purposes of data analysis, the researcher utilized the four dialogic moments as described by Markula and Silk (2011): recalling, listening around, close reading, and representing self and others. Results were presented according to coaches and athletic trainers, separately. Factors identified by coaches were the evidence of dissatisfaction, general benefits of a school's AAC, insufficient volleyball shoe options from sponsors, and medical concerns. Factors identified by athletic trainers included medical concerns, general benefits of a school's AAC, and insufficient volleyball shoe options from the sponsor. In general, results of this study supported the notion that AACs have become institutionalized in select NCAA Division I volleyball programs through the development of volleyball teams being a dependent beneficiary from their school's AAC. While the sponsored brands met participants' expectations in regard to the quantity of volleyball shoes provided, the sponsored brands did not meet participants' expectations regarding quality. Overall, participants were willing to overlook these negative concerns for the benefit of their athletic department as a whole. The subject matter adds value to the sport management profession by providing sport managers, Division I schools, and athletic apparel sponsors a perspective on the sponsor-school relationship as it pertains to athletic apparel contracts, but further research into other sports' shoe selection processes, as well as the student-athletes' and sponsored brands' perception of the effect of an AAC is needed.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-9080
Format: Thesis

Title: Single versus Multiple Team Sponsorship: A Study of Consumer Inferences.
Creator: Kim, Young-Tae, James, Jeffrey D., Turner, Jeannine, Mondello, Michael, Kim, Yu Kyoum, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Attribution theory helps explain how people infer an actor's characteristics or dispositions from his or her behavior. In the context of advertising, the theory has been used to explain how consumers infer the motives, intent, or disposition of a persuasive communicator such as an advertiser or a celebrity endorser. Only recently has there been some effort to explain corporate sponsorship in light of attribution theory (Rifon, Choi, Trimble, & Li, 2004). However, none of these recent studies...
Show moreAttribution theory helps explain how people infer an actor's characteristics or dispositions from his or her behavior. In the context of advertising, the theory has been used to explain how consumers infer the motives, intent, or disposition of a persuasive communicator such as an advertiser or a celebrity endorser. Only recently has there been some effort to explain corporate sponsorship in light of attribution theory (Rifon, Choi, Trimble, & Li, 2004). However, none of these recent studies have investigated attribution in the commercial sport sponsorship context. The main thrust of the current study was to examine whether attribution theory is applicable to the context of sport sponsorship. Based on Kelley's (1967) co-variation principle, predictions were made concerning consumer response to single versus multiple team sponsorship. Further, the relationships between attribution, attitudes toward the sponsor, and purchase intent were investigated. The results from four pilot studies (n = 45; 31; 150; 170) demonstrated that experimental stimulus materials for the main study were properly manipulated and that the measurement tools for the current study, including two newly developed attribution scales, were psychometrically sound. The main study (n = 204) employed a posttest-only control group design in which consumer responses to multiple versus single team sponsorship were compared. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) demonstrated that a single team sponsor was perceived to be more team-serving whereas a multiple team sponsor was perceived to be more firm-serving. This supported the proposition that attribution theory is predictive of consumer response to a sport sponsor's actions and behavior. MANOVA also showed that sponsor favorability was significantly different across the treatment groups. No statistical difference was found in terms of purchase intent. Based on hedonic relevance theory, treatment (single-team versus multiple-team sponsorship) and covariate (team identification) interactions were hypothesized. The results were mixed. Attribute-Treatment Interaction (ATI) analysis revealed that the higher the level of team identification, the greater the magnitude of team-serving intent attribution. The level of firm-serving intent, however, did not differ across the levels of team identification. This non-significant finding might have resulted from a positivity bias toward the sponsor among the highly identified sport fans participating in the study. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) revealed that the hypothesized relationships between perception of team-serving intent, sponsor favorability, and purchase likelihood were significant. The effect of perception of team-serving intent on purchase intent was found to be indirect. Perception of firm-serving intent was found to be significantly associated neither with sponsor favorability nor with purchase intent. These results suggested that consumers are likely to respond positively to a sponsor perceived to be team-serving. They are, however, neutral about a sponsor perceived to be firm-serving. This study is believed to be the first to examine attribution in the context of commercial sport sponsorship. It expands the applicability of attribution theory to a new setting. This study also contributes to sponsorship research by providing a theoretical framework that explains the process of goodwill generation and identifies the determinants and consequences of goodwill.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3094
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of the National Basketball Association Schedule on Team Productivity.
Creator: Sung, Yoon Tae, James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Rodenberg, Ryan M., Kim, Daekwan, Newman, Joshua I., Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport...
Show moreSung, Yoon Tae, James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Rodenberg, Ryan M., Kim, Daekwan, Newman, Joshua I., Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport Management
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Abstract/Description: Given that sports teams follow the schedules provided by their respective league offices, there has been much debate in terms of a potential impact of differential rest intervals on a team's productivity. In general, workers of an organization need rest in order to optimally perform. Rest can also reduce workers' fatigue and stress, which can have a positive impact on worker performance and ultimately be a benefit to an organization. The same notion of rest is applicable to professional sport...
Show moreGiven that sports teams follow the schedules provided by their respective league offices, there has been much debate in terms of a potential impact of differential rest intervals on a team's productivity. In general, workers of an organization need rest in order to optimally perform. Rest can also reduce workers' fatigue and stress, which can have a positive impact on worker performance and ultimately be a benefit to an organization. The same notion of rest is applicable to professional sport teams, as their abilities and performance are key to team productivity. Because a team's schedule is controlled by a sport league or association that organizes sporting events, it is common for team managers and coaches to complain about insufficient rest periods for their teams. Teams in the National Basketball Association (NBA) follow an unbalanced game schedule in terms of rest days and the length of a home stand/road trip. The league does not prioritize each team's rest days when scheduling games. As a result, teams frequently play back-to-back games with little or no rest days, and when traveling play multiple games in a row during a regular season. A potential problem with an unbalanced league schedule is that zero or a small number of rest days increase players' fatigue, which could subsequently impair overall team productivity. It was unclear to what degree differential rest intervals impact team productivity in the NBA. This issue is important, because team productivity is associated with the competitiveness within the league, which can influence team revenue derived from attendance, television rights deals, and other sources. Based on this notion, I examined whether differential rest intervals and the length of a home stand/road trip impacted team productivity in the NBA. I tested three statistical models with three dependent variables, in order to approach team productivity from diverse perspectives. The three dependent variables were team performance measures, win/loss, and margin of victory. To operationalize the concept of rest in the NBA, I employed rest periods of each team. Two other measures of the concept of rest were also chosen: the length of a road trip and a home stand. As indirect measures of the concept of rest intervals, these two factors are also important assuming that a long stay at home (on the road) may advantage (disadvantage) teams, because travel is believed to increases players' fatigue. The NBA prioritizes a venue's availability when scheduling games, so some teams stay at home for multiple games whereas other teams have to travel to play multiple games on the road. Thus, I attempted to gain insight as to how team productivity may have changed depending on a team's rest interval, length of a road trip, and length of a home stand scheduled by the NBA. Rest intervals were only significant in relation to two performance metrics, field-goal percentage and steals, while a team's margin of victory and probability of winning did not change with rest days. The non-significant impact of rest intervals on a team's productivity in relation to its game outcomes demonstrate that rest intervals were not a key determinant of game outcomes in the NBA. The improvement in field-goal percentage and steals was too low to change game outcomes. In addition, the impact of the length of a home stand and a road trip on team productivity were negligible, regardless of their statistical significance. These results indicate that the NBA's priority for building a schedule—venue availability—has not been flawed in that no team was advantaged or disadvantaged by playing successive games at home or on the road. The empirical results of the current study are supportive of NBA teams' and players' efforts to reduce the negative impact of no or short rest days on team productivity. I also found that travel factors such as the length of a home stand and a road trip (elements thought to impact a home advantage) were not greatly influential to a team's wins. Based on the results of the current study, I provide directions for future research with diverse approaches to the concepts of rest, fatigue, and productivity in sports.
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Date Issued: 2015
Identifier: FSU_2015fall_Sung_fsu_0071E_12743
Format: Thesis

Title: Determinants of Volunteer Motives and Future Behavior in Community Sporting Events.
Creator: Lee, Myungwoo, James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Newman, Joshua I., Kim, Amy Chan Hyung, Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport Management
Abstract/Description: The motives of volunteers provide an important key to understanding an individual's decision to become involved in volunteering (Kim, Zhang, & Connaughton, 2010). One challenge sporting event managers face is that community sport organizations in particular have suffered from a lack of volunteers (Cuskelly, 2004). To date, scholars have focused their research efforts to study the motivation and retention of volunteers for mega-sporting events. Previous researchers, however, suggested that...
Show moreThe motives of volunteers provide an important key to understanding an individual's decision to become involved in volunteering (Kim, Zhang, & Connaughton, 2010). One challenge sporting event managers face is that community sport organizations in particular have suffered from a lack of volunteers (Cuskelly, 2004). To date, scholars have focused their research efforts to study the motivation and retention of volunteers for mega-sporting events. Previous researchers, however, suggested that individuals volunteering with mega sporting events may demonstrate different motivations and behaviors compared to those volunteering in other settings such as community sport. Therefore, attention should be given to assess whether the motives of those volunteering to work at community sporting events differ from motives to volunteer at mega sporting events. In spite of the observed differences between community and mega sporting events, there has been little effort to compare volunteer motivations for the different types of sporting events. Kim et al. (2010) started their research based on the perspective that different motives may drive volunteers to work in different sport settings, an approach that is similar to the proposed research. Even though Kim et al. (2010) studied volunteers working with community sport events, (e.g., youth community sports), a majority of participants in their study were parents who had children participating in sport programs. While youth sports are considered a facet of community sports, the proposed research focused on volunteers at community sporting events that were primarily adult oriented other than youth sports oriented. The purpose of this study was to: (a) identify the motives that are most and least important to those who volunteer with community sporting events, and (b) assess whether the particular motives influence intention to continue volunteering in the future. The results from this study provide community sport organizers with information as to why people volunteer to work with community sporting events, and how to retain them. The results from this study may be used by administrators in community sport organizations to develop policies to aid recruitment and retention of volunteers. To achieve the goals of proposed study, participants who were currently involved in volunteering activities, or had volunteer experiences with community sporting events (e.g., community tennis tournaments, road races, and soccer leagues, etc.) were recruited. I collected data via both e-mail and face-to-face. To analyze the data, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using Mplus was used to assess the hypothesized relationships between volunteer motivation and intention to continue volunteering. I concluded from the results that Value was the most important motive for volunteering. The remaining factors, in order of importance for volunteering were Social, Career, Enhancement, and Protective. In terms of intention to continue volunteering in general, Protective and Career had significant and negative relationships, while Social and Enhancement had significant and positive influences on overall intention to continue volunteering. Protective had a significant and negative relationship on intention to continue volunteering relative to the influence by family or friends. Enhancement had a significant and positive influence on intention to continue volunteering relative to the influence by family or friends. Social and Career did not have a significant influence on intention to continue volunteering relative to the influence by family or friends.
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Date Issued: 2016
Identifier: FSU_2016SP_Lee_fsu_0071N_13272
Format: Thesis

Title: The Use of Pedometers for Promoting Increased Physical Activity Levels and Positive Attitudes Towards Physical Activity in Children.
Creator: Hill, Kory, Imwold, Charles, Tenenbaum, Gershon, Ratliffe, Thomas, Walsdorf, Kristi, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This study sought to examine the influence of wearing pedometers on activity levels, attitudes towards activity, and knowledge of physical activity. The participants were members of three intact 4th-grade Physical Education classes from three elementary schools in the Calhoun County School District, Calhoun County, Alabama. A simplified and modified version of the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT; McKenzie, Sallis, & Nader, 1991) was used to gather information regarding...
Show moreThis study sought to examine the influence of wearing pedometers on activity levels, attitudes towards activity, and knowledge of physical activity. The participants were members of three intact 4th-grade Physical Education classes from three elementary schools in the Calhoun County School District, Calhoun County, Alabama. A simplified and modified version of the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT; McKenzie, Sallis, & Nader, 1991) was used to gather information regarding the student's physical activity levels during physical education classes. A questionnaire assessed affective traits and knowledge of physical activity. The TPB Questionnaire was designed to elicit information on: intentions, attitude, and perceived behavioral control as they relate to physical activity. The added knowledge variable consisted of two questions that related the ideas of physical activity levels and health benefits. The treatment consisted of wearing pedometers either during physical education class only or all day long. There was also a Control Group that did not wear any pedometers at all. The four week treatment period was preceded by two weeks of gathering baseline data and two weeks of post treatment observation. There were no significant differences in the physical activity levels of students wearing pedometers when compared to students without pedometers. A MANOVA revealed main effects indicating that the group wearing the pedometers all day had a significant change in perceived behavioral control scores and knowledge scores. The results are noteworthy because perceptions of behavioral control and fitness knowledge are associated with higher levels of physical activity.
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Date Issued: 2006
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4047
Format: Thesis

Title: Toward an Understanding of the Needs of Sport Spectators with Disabilities.
Creator: Grady, John M., James, Jeffrey, Cronin, Joseph, Fletcher, Donna, Schrader, Linda, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to assess the needs of sport consumers with disabilities attending live sporting events. Three research questions guided this exploratory study. The first research question sought to identify the physical and service needs of sport consumers with mobility impairments attending a live sporting event. The second research question investigated whether the needs of sport consumers with mobility impairments attending a live sporting event were being met. The third...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to assess the needs of sport consumers with disabilities attending live sporting events. Three research questions guided this exploratory study. The first research question sought to identify the physical and service needs of sport consumers with mobility impairments attending a live sporting event. The second research question investigated whether the needs of sport consumers with mobility impairments attending a live sporting event were being met. The third research question examined what could be done differently by a service provider in order to enhance the experience of a consumer with a mobility impairment. A grounded theory methodology was used in order to develop an understanding of the needs of people with disabilities in stadia. Through the use of focus group and in-depth interviews with six male sport consumers with mobility impairments, as well as observations at sports venues and in-depth interviews with facility personnel, an understanding of the needs of people with disabilities attending live sporting events emerged. The findings from the study suggest that it is the interaction of the physical and service needs which combine to produce a service experience that meets the needs of patrons with mobility impairments. Furthermore, the set of needs can be conceptualized as a hierarchy whereby certain needs become salient at different stages of the service delivery. The findings also indicate that a particular need may become salient when it is not met. Based on the findings of this study, venue managers should focus their efforts on identifying the salience of certain needs at different stages of the service experience in order to meet the physical and service needs of patrons with mobility impairments attending live sporting events.
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Date Issued: 2006
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4078
Format: Thesis

Title: Development and Validation of a Measure of Sports Team Reputation.
Creator: Brandon-Lai, Simon Alexander, James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Ferris, Gerald R., Kim, Amy Chan Hyung, Rodenberg, Ryan M., Florida State University, College of Education,...
Show moreBrandon-Lai, Simon Alexander, James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Ferris, Gerald R., Kim, Amy Chan Hyung, Rodenberg, Ryan M., Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport Management
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Abstract/Description: In this dissertation, I developed a measure of sports team reputation. The reputation construct is one that has been the subject of decades of scholarly focus in the broader management field, but has been comparatively neglected by sport management scholars. Consumers use the reputations held by organizations to predict future behavior, and decide the ways in which they will engage (or not engage) with those organizations; thus, it is intuitively important for sports teams to cultivate and...
Show moreIn this dissertation, I developed a measure of sports team reputation. The reputation construct is one that has been the subject of decades of scholarly focus in the broader management field, but has been comparatively neglected by sport management scholars. Consumers use the reputations held by organizations to predict future behavior, and decide the ways in which they will engage (or not engage) with those organizations; thus, it is intuitively important for sports teams to cultivate and manage their reputations in order to receive positive benefits from external stakeholders (e.g., fans, spectators, general sport consumers). The development of the measure provides scholars a tool with which to empirically investigate the relationship between sports team reputation and consumer outcomes. As such, this research should be viewed as a first—and necessary—step toward increasing our understanding how reputation affects sport consumer behavior. Herein, reputation is treated as a multidimensional construct comprising consumers’ collective beliefs and attitudes about a focal unit—in this case, a sports team. Beliefs pertain to reputations for actions pertaining to performance- or character-related attributes, while attitudes are related to favorable or unfavorable overall assessments of reputation. The measure is based upon this conceptualization. To develop this measure, I followed the six-step scale development process detailed by Hinkin (1998): (1) item generation; (2) questionnaire administration; (3) initial item reduction; (4) confirmatory factor analysis; (5) construct validity; and (6) replication. In the project, I completed the first five of these steps, through which I was able to provide evidence of the validity and reliability of the measure. Using two independent samples (n = 300; n =181), I demonstrated internal validity of a three-factor measure comprising subscales for performance, character, and organizational prominence. A fourth subscale for favorability was removed. Further analysis provided evidene of acceptable model fit in the three-factor models for both samples (Sample 1: RMSEA = .078, SRMR = .049; Sample 2: RMSEA = .075, SRMR = .039). Based on the results, a significant strong positive relationship was found between organizational performance and organizational prominence (Sample 1: β = .92, p < .001; Sample 2: β = .96, p < .001); while a weaker significant negative relationship was observed between organizational character and organizational prominence (Sample 1: β = -.28, p < .001; Sample 2: β = -.24, p < .001). One conclusion from the results is that sports teams become known primarily for good high performance, and to a lesser extent, their misdeeds. Reasons for these trends are discussed, in addition to managerial implications, and limitations of the study. Ultimately, the development and validation of the present measure enables future empirical study of the reputation construct within the context of sports teams, and other organizations within the sport industry.
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Date Issued: 2016
Identifier: FSU_2016SU_BrandonLai_fsu_0071E_13296
Format: Thesis

Title: If We Build It, We Will Play: Collaborative Governance and the Development of Disc Golf in the United States.
Creator: Didonato, Mark, Newman, Joshua I., Coutts, Christopher, Kim, Amy Chan Hyung, Giardina, Michael D., Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport Management
Abstract/Description: In this dissertation, I compare three case study-based analyses of collaborative governance arrangements between municipal government parks and recreation departments and civil-sector disc golf associations. I utilize theories of collaborative governance, an arrangement between two or more organizations sharing responsibility for decision making, problem solving, and/or the provision of a good or service (Ansell & Gash, 2007; Bradley, 2012), to examine the extent to which free-market economic...
Show moreIn this dissertation, I compare three case study-based analyses of collaborative governance arrangements between municipal government parks and recreation departments and civil-sector disc golf associations. I utilize theories of collaborative governance, an arrangement between two or more organizations sharing responsibility for decision making, problem solving, and/or the provision of a good or service (Ansell & Gash, 2007; Bradley, 2012), to examine the extent to which free-market economic approaches to public sector sport and recreation administration (and namely practices associated with the implementation of devolution) influence the structurations within which disc golf courses are developed, administered, and resourced (Ansell & Gash, 2007; Elwood and Leitner, 2003; Ghose, 2005; Roy, 2015). Although some scholars have examined the use of collaborative governance in sport and recreation (e.g. Brownlow, 2006; Joassart-Marcelli et al., 2011; Perkins, 2009; Perkins, 2010; Pincetl, 2003), there has been little research on sport specific models of collaborative governance at the municipal level and the perceptions of those involved in this model. I look specifically at how the restructuring of government agencies to partner with civil sector organizations for the provision of parks and recreation affect the quality and fluency of those services/facilities (Joassart-Marcelli, Wolch, & Salim, 2010; Holifield & Williams, 2014; Pincetl, 2003; Wolch, 1990). For this analysis, I conducted three inductive, qualitative case studies using interviews, observation, and document analysis of disc golf course development and administration in three differentially scaled cities. Overall, I examined participant perceptions of: 1) the management of disc golf space; 2) responsibilities of the organizations involved in collaborative governance; 3) benefits and challenges of the collaborative partnership; and 4) anticipated outcomes of disc golf related to economic development, social inclusion, and public health for policy. The results indicate a variety of collaborative governance models by public administrators and members of local disc golf associations who work together to plan and maintain courses, provide funding, and enhance the local disc golf scene.
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Date Issued: 2016
Identifier: FSU_2016SU_DiDonato_fsu_0071E_13411
Format: Thesis

Title: Analysis of Risk Management Practices and Litigation Status in Aquatic Centers.
Creator: Hsiao, Richard, Clement, Annie, Panton, Lynn, Kent, Aubrey, Reynaud, B. Cecile, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Water-related events are the most popular all year around activities in Taiwan. Aquatic facilities deliver value to users and the community when they are well planned and designed, and meet the public's expectations for health and safety. Approximately two people die from drowning or swimming-related accidents every day; the average age range of victims is between 15 to 24 years. An average of 961 people has died in accidental drownings each year over the past ten years in Taiwan. The...
Show moreWater-related events are the most popular all year around activities in Taiwan. Aquatic facilities deliver value to users and the community when they are well planned and designed, and meet the public's expectations for health and safety. Approximately two people die from drowning or swimming-related accidents every day; the average age range of victims is between 15 to 24 years. An average of 961 people has died in accidental drownings each year over the past ten years in Taiwan. The Taiwanese accident rate of drowning increased by 11% between the years 1999 and 2000. Because of the high rate of accidents in water-related activities, the focus of this research was to investigate the management status of aquatic centers (schools, YMCAs, public/private communities, fitness centers, hotels, theme parks); the risk management practices employed by these institutions; and associated legal concerns. The purpose of this study was to establish the management status of aquatic centers, the risk management practices employed by organizations, and the associated legal concerns in Taiwan. The significance of this study was to provide first-hand information about risk management in general aquatic center settings in Taiwan. This study provided an in-depth understanding of risk management implementation, the relationship of demographic elements, risk management practices and considerations of aquatic directors at swimming/aquatic facilities in Taiwan. The results drew a prospective picture, revealed a lack of risk management practices in aquatic centers in Taiwan and provided a clear direction for future study. This study used a self-developed survey questionnaire and tried to get a better understanding of the risk management practices among aquatic directors in Taiwan. The findings of this study represent 937 aquatic directors at swimming facilities across Taiwan. There were no attempts to reach inferences or generalize the findings. It would be a worthwhile study to track all settled cases related to accidents/incidents and to compare the case facts with demographic elements related to risk management practices in Taiwan. Results of the study suggest that Taiwan's aquatic directors should have a fundamental concept and knowledge of risk management and sports law in order to provide safer and better aquatic environments for all participants.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3702
Format: Thesis

Title: The Impact of Brand Equity Drivers on Consumer-Based Brand Resonance in Multiple Product Settings.
Creator: Gordon, Brian S. (Brian Scott), James, Jeffrey D., Cronin, J. Joseph, McClung, Steven, Mondello, Michael J., Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The importance of brand equity to a firm has been well-documented by previous literature. Brands with high equity allow a firm to charge a premium price as well as garner a larger market share in relation to competitors (Simon & Sullivan, 1993). From the consumer's perspective, previous research has failed to explain precisely how consumers perceive and become loyal to specific brands. Most of the scholarly work in this area has been conceptual in nature. Therefore, this study established a...
Show moreThe importance of brand equity to a firm has been well-documented by previous literature. Brands with high equity allow a firm to charge a premium price as well as garner a larger market share in relation to competitors (Simon & Sullivan, 1993). From the consumer's perspective, previous research has failed to explain precisely how consumers perceive and become loyal to specific brands. Most of the scholarly work in this area has been conceptual in nature. Therefore, this study established a consumer-based brand equity model based on Keller's (2003) brand equity pyramid that explains how consumer perceptions influence brand resonance. The consumer-based brand equity scale was comprised of five constructs related to brand equity: brand awareness, brand associations, brand superiority, brand affect, and brand resonance. This dissertation represents one of the first attempts to operationalize Keller's pyramid. The measurement items were established based upon an extensive review of the literature and in the case of brand associations, by examining data collected from consumers by means of a qualitative elicitation. A pilot test in both the goods and services context (n = 288; n = 231) provided initial validation of the measurement items constructed in the item generation stage. More specifically, results from an exploratory factor analysis showed that brand associations was comprised of two dimensions in the goods context (attributes and benefits) and three dimensions in the services context (attributes, benefits, and service personnel). In both contexts, brand resonance was found to be comprised of two dimensions: sense of community and active engagement. Furthermore, minor item modifications were made to the other constructs of interest (brand awareness, brand superiority, brand affect) to ensure the reliability and validity of the measures. The main study included data collected from a general consumer sample (n = 787) in a mid-sized southeastern community in order to validate the consumer-based brand equity model. A two-step confirmatory factor analysis approach confirmed the adequate fit of the measurement model to the observed data in both the goods and services context. Furthermore, the results from an examination of the structural model via structural equation modeling confirmed a significant relationship between brand awareness and brand associations as posited by previous research. Brand associations were found to have a significant impact on a consumer's cognitive evaluation (brand superiority) and affective response (brand affect) to focal brands in both the goods and services context. Interestingly, brand associations were found to have an indirect relationship with consumers' behavioral intentions (brand resonance) via brand superiority and brand affect. This finding revealed that two attitudinal constructs (brand superiority and brand affect) played a crucial role in the brand association-brand resonance relationship. The results of the current study represent one of the initial steps in operationalizing Keller's (2003) consumer-based brand equity model. Managers can utilize the consumer-based brand equity model as a "measuring stick" to track the progress of their brand-building efforts. It illustrates the importance of not only brand associations but also accounting for consumers' cognitive evaluations and affective responses to the thoughts they hold on behalf of the brand. Ultimately, these two attitudinal constructs play an important role in influencing consumers' behavioral intentions toward a brand. Future research needs to test the consumer-based brand equity model with different brands in different settings to further advance our knowledge of how brands resonate with consumers.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4121
Format: Thesis

Title: Influence of National Sport Team Identity on National Identity.
Creator: Bogdanov, Dusko, James, Jeffrey D., Knight, Gary A., Schwartz, Robert A., Mondello, Michael J., Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of the research was to elaborate on the relationship between sport national team identity and national identity. The relationship has been documented anecdotally and in other areas of study, most notably in sport sociology (Bairner, 2001). There has been no research in sport management, however, addressing how national sport team identity may influence or contribute to the formation of national identity. One of the researcher's goals was to advance our understanding of group...
Show moreThe purpose of the research was to elaborate on the relationship between sport national team identity and national identity. The relationship has been documented anecdotally and in other areas of study, most notably in sport sociology (Bairner, 2001). There has been no research in sport management, however, addressing how national sport team identity may influence or contribute to the formation of national identity. One of the researcher's goals was to advance our understanding of group identities by examining the influence of national sport team identity on national identity. An additional goal was to assess the relative importance of national sport team identity in relation to regional and religious identities as a component of one's national identity. A supplemental outcome of the current research was to extend the GROUP* ID scale developed by Heere and James (2007) by measuring different group identities in international settings. The four group identities examined were: 1) 'national' team, 2) regional, 3) religious, and 4) national. The current study also included an examination of whether there were differences in the respective identities (team, national, regional, and religious) due to demographic characteristics (age, gender, education, and income). Finally, the current study included an examination of whether there were differences in indirect sport consumption (media and merchandise) based on demographic characteristics (age, gender, education, and income) among individuals that identified with a national sport team. Participants were selected from the countries of Serbia (n = 800) and Ireland (n =218). The Serbian sample was a random sample of participants from the country of Serbia. The Irish sample was a convenience online sample from residents in Ireland. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the two datasets to provide evidence of reliability and validity of the GROUP*ID scale. The samples were then reduced to reflect 'only' those individuals that chose to identify with the nations of Serbia (n = 691) and Ireland (n = 194). Multiple regression and One-Way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The Serbian sample (n = 691) was composed of males (52%) and females (48%) and their average age was 43.71. The Irish sample (n = 194) was composed of males (57%) and females (43%) and their average age was 36.59. Descriptive results revealed that Serbians identified with the national soccer team the most (44%). The Irish identified with the national soccer team (37%) and rugby team (37%). The results from a series of multiple regressions revealed that the influence of national sport team identity on national identity was significant in both Serbia and Ireland. The proposed models explained 49% of variance in national identity in Serbia (n = 691), and 55% of variance of national identity in Ireland (n = 194). Further analysis revealed national sport team identity was not as important as regional and religious identity in assessing a Serbian's national identity. With the Irish sample, national sport team identity accounted for more variance than religious identity in Irish national identity, but not more than was accounted for by regional identity. Findings from the current research also included significant differences in team identity relative to gender, age, and education within the Serbian sample (n = 691). A significant difference was also found in national identity relative to gender in Serbia. There were no significant differences in national sport team or national identity within the Irish sample (n = 194). Other findings of the current research included significant differences on indirect sport consumption (media and merchandise) based on demographic characteristics amongst individuals that identified with a Serbian and Irish national sport team respectively. Based on the findings, key research and practical implications are presented.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3624
Format: Thesis

Title: Measuring Nationalism as a Sport Fan Motive.
Creator: Bogdanov, Dusko, James, Jeffrey Dalton, Kent, Robert Aubrey, Reynaud, Cecile, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Numerous variables have been found to influence sport consumption; however, research examining nationalism as a construct has yet to be fully examined. The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to measure nationalism as a motive for sport fan consumption. The proposed scale included 16 items and measured the nationalism as multidimensional construct (connection to countryman, national belonging and national pride). The number of items per dimension ranged from three to nine (connection...
Show moreNumerous variables have been found to influence sport consumption; however, research examining nationalism as a construct has yet to be fully examined. The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to measure nationalism as a motive for sport fan consumption. The proposed scale included 16 items and measured the nationalism as multidimensional construct (connection to countryman, national belonging and national pride). The number of items per dimension ranged from three to nine (connection to countryman three items, national belonging four items and national pride nine items). Data was collected at the 2004 European Championships in Portugal to assess the validity and reliability of the proposed scale. The sample included Dutch, English and Portuguese fans (N=481). The sample was split so the scale could be purified. The results of an exploratory factor analysis with Split 1 (n=240) revealed that the 16 items held together to represent one construct, nationalism. Assessment of the item-to-item correlations and the squared multiple correlations led the researcher to delete items that were highly correlated and did not contribute more than chance to the variance accounted for. The number of items in the scale was reduced to seven. The Cronbach's alpha score computed using Split two was 0.92. The seven items were reasonably concluded to capture the essence of nationalism as a sport fan motive. Implications and future research will assist sport marketing practitioners in gaining an enhanced understanding of today's sport fan at an international sporting event (e.g., Olympics, World Cup).
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3625
Format: Thesis

Title: Cardiac Fatigue Following Successive Bouts of Prolonged Endurance Exercise.
Creator: Bograd, Benjamin A., Moffatt, Robert J., Grubbs, Laurie, Haymes, Emily, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to examine cardiac function during three consecutive bouts of prolonged endurance exercise (PEE) in healthy collegeaged males for the determination of cardiac myocyte damage indicative of cardiac fatigue. Additionally, multiple bouts were performed in order to examine the cardioprotective effect of exercise and ascertain whether preconditioning was induced. In order to avoid the limitations of previous studies, the exercise sessions were completed in a controlled...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to examine cardiac function during three consecutive bouts of prolonged endurance exercise (PEE) in healthy collegeaged males for the determination of cardiac myocyte damage indicative of cardiac fatigue. Additionally, multiple bouts were performed in order to examine the cardioprotective effect of exercise and ascertain whether preconditioning was induced. In order to avoid the limitations of previous studies, the exercise sessions were completed in a controlled laboratory setting at a predetermined intensity. Likewise the 3rd generation cTnT ELISA was used in order to validate previous positive results. The present study involved ten male, untrained runners (VO2 max 50.7 ± 3.8 ml/kg/min). During the experimental phase, subjects completed three consecutive treadmill runs to exhaustion separated by twenty-four hours. The average total exercise time for the three bouts combined was 204.5 ± 71.49 minutes and the individual exercise bout times were 70.6 ± 31.44, 70.0 ± 25.39, and 63.90 ± 23.95 minutes respectively. The mean peak VO2 achieved during the exercise bouts was 41.9 ± 4.8 ml/kg-1/min-1 (3.4 ± 0.4 L/min-1) which is 81.92 ± 4.4% of estimated VO2 max. Evaluation of cardiac markers and electrocardiographic data revealed no signs of cardiac fatigue. Electrocardiographic examination focused primarily on signs of myocardial damage and ischemia (ST segment, Q wave, and T wave). Data from the present study suggests that prolonged endurance exercise does not induce myocardial damage in healthy, untrained male subjects. The chosen intensity of 81.92 ± 4.4% of estimated VO2 max may have inhibited the completion of a duration sufficient to induce cardiac fatigue. Additionally, it can be hypothesized that repetitive bouts of exercise did not result in a compounding effect as cardiac fatigue was not noted during any of the exercise bouts. While no significance was found in the current study, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp 70) values increased following exercise possibly providing enhanced myocardial protection and future resistance to the damage of ischemia or infarction.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3619
Format: Thesis

Title: The Moderating Effects of Involvement on the Relationships Among Perceived Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, and Customer Citizenship Behavior.
Creator: Chung, Tae-Wook, Quarterman, Jerome, Panton, Lynn, Kwon, Hyungil Harry, Kent, Aubrey, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The role of customers in service production has been increased in our society. Sport participants also play a significant role in service delivery (Chelladurai & Chang, 2000; Ko & Pastore, 2005). Groth (2005) introduced customer citizenship behavior (CCB) indicating the extra-role behaviors of customers which are not required for service production. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between perceived service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer citizenship...
Show moreThe role of customers in service production has been increased in our society. Sport participants also play a significant role in service delivery (Chelladurai & Chang, 2000; Ko & Pastore, 2005). Groth (2005) introduced customer citizenship behavior (CCB) indicating the extra-role behaviors of customers which are not required for service production. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between perceived service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer citizenship behavior (CCB) moderated by customer involvement among campus recreational sport participants. In addition, the relationship between encounter service quality and global service quality was examined. Based on the literature, a theoretical model was developed and tested, using a structural equation modeling (SEM). Data were collected from 228 college students at a large south-eastern university. The results indicated that program quality, client-employee interaction, valence, sociability, ambience condition, and equipment predicted the perception of global service quality. In addition, both perceived service quality and customer satisfaction in the global levels predicted CCB. While perceived service quality influenced customer satisfaction positively, customer satisfaction had a negative effect on perceived service quality simultaneously. The moderating effect of involvement was found in the relationship from the perception of the global service quality to global customer satisfaction. The findings are discussed with managerial implications and directions for future research.
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Date Issued: 2006
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3613
Format: Thesis

Title: Factors Influencing Job Satisfaction of Student Employees in a Collegiate Recreational Sports Settings.
Creator: Kellison, Timothy B., James, Jeffrey D., Mondello, Michael J., Reynaud, B. Cecile, Rudd, Andy, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Job satisfaction is among the most researched concepts in the study of organizational behavior, particularly because of managers' interests in the favorable consequences associated with high job satisfaction. However, job satisfaction research has largely overlooked part-time employees. This insufficiency is particularly problematic in the sport industry, which often relies heavily on part-time employees to fill specialized roles. Specifically, the university recreational sports department is...
Show moreJob satisfaction is among the most researched concepts in the study of organizational behavior, particularly because of managers' interests in the favorable consequences associated with high job satisfaction. However, job satisfaction research has largely overlooked part-time employees. This insufficiency is particularly problematic in the sport industry, which often relies heavily on part-time employees to fill specialized roles. Specifically, the university recreational sports department is primarily staffed by part-time student employees who are entrusted to fulfill a variety of responsibilities within the department's programs. The unique characteristics of student employees lead to unique challenges for administrators seeking to maximize program quality though personnel training, retention, and improvement. For managers with limited time and resources to improve staff performance, a better understanding of the factors that enhance job satisfaction is essential. This research study was developed to assess the determinants of job satisfaction among part-time student employees of a university recreational sports department. The Collegiate Recreational Sports Student Employee-Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (CRSSE-JSQ), derived from two preexisting instruments, was provided to student employees of a recreational sports department at a large, public research university located in the southeastern United States (n=135). Following an internal reliability assessment, I performed data analyses to identify: the influence of external factors such as personal characteristics on job satisfaction; variations of job satisfaction among program areas; and overall predictors of job satisfaction. Examination of this data revealed several significant associations, including those between: gender and satisfaction with pay rate; supervisory job responsibilities and good feelings about the organization; supervisory responsibilities and satisfaction with pay rate; and program area and satisfaction with pay rate (p The results of this study have significant implications for the recreational sports field. A comprehensive understanding of the factors contributing to job satisfaction provides recreational sports administrators with the necessary tools to enhance satisfaction in the student workplace. Finally, I conclude the study by offering suggestions for further research designed to overcome the particular limitations of this study as well as to address new questions raised by its results., This study looked at the job satisfaction among part-time students who worked at a recreational sports department at a large, public research university. Using the Collegiate Recreational Sports Student Employee-Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (CRSSE-JSQ), the researchers surveyed 135, and found significant relationships between gender and satisfaction with pay rate, supervisor job responsibilities and satisfaction with the organization, and program area and satisfaction with pay rate. Statistical analyses showed that program area, the type of work, good feelings about organization, effective supervisor, relationships with coworkers, and presence of core values are all significant predictors of job satisfaction among student workers. The authors also discussed how satisfaction in the workplace might contribute to overall students’ well-being., This is a dissertation thesis, where significant predictors of job satisfaction among students who worked in a recreational sports department at a large, public research university were identified. An article based on this work can be found in: Kellison, T. & James, J. D. (2011). Factors influencing job satisfaction of student employees of a recreational sports department at a large, four-year public institution: A case study. Recreational Sports Journal, 35, 35-44 (http://journals.humankinetics.com/doi/pdf/10.1123/rsj.35.1.35).
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3236
Format: Thesis

Title: The Risk and Safety Practices in Youth Baseball and Softball.
Creator: Lachapelle, Christopher Francis, Kent, Aubrey, Milton, Sande, Clement, Annie, Imwold, Charles, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Risk is the inevitable consequence of being human. Risk management is a term used by experts to encompass all the strategies that may be employed to deal with risk. From a bottom line financial point of view, the objective of risk management is to efficiently conserve the assets and financial resources of an organization and to maintain financial stability by reducing the potential for financial loss. This study investigated risk and safety practices and methods utilized by youth baseball and...
Show moreRisk is the inevitable consequence of being human. Risk management is a term used by experts to encompass all the strategies that may be employed to deal with risk. From a bottom line financial point of view, the objective of risk management is to efficiently conserve the assets and financial resources of an organization and to maintain financial stability by reducing the potential for financial loss. This study investigated risk and safety practices and methods utilized by youth baseball and softball organizations and their coaches. Research included a literature review examining the differences and similarities of the leading risk management models, risk related legal liability cases and results, injury statistics from youth baseball and softball (ages 5-17) participants, and the different actions and motivating factors for risk and safety management for both sport organizations and individual volunteers. A survey was used to collect the data on safety and risk management practices. The survey was designed to answer eight research questions. ANOVA techniques such as MANOVA, one- and two-way ANOVA and post hoc testing were used to analyze the data. In summary, coaches were willing to improve their level of risk and safety knowledge if it was required as a prerequisite to coaching. Second, organizations were not providing adequate risk and safety material or programs for their coaches and the implementation of risk and safety procedures varied between regions. Third, as player age increased, less risk and safety practices were conducted. Fourth, coaches who were under thirty years of age conducted the most risk and safety practices. Fifth, coaches' motivation to volunteer significantly influenced their risk and safety practices. Finally, being certified in general safety techniques (First Aid and CPR) should be accompanied with specific baseball and softball risk and safety education to improve overall safety
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3326
Format: Thesis

Title: The Identification of Collective Bargaining Issues for the Korea Baseball Organization.
Creator: Joo, Jongmi, Clement, Annie, Pargman, David, Stauber, Alvin, Ratliffe, Tom, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to identify current collective bargaining issues facing the Korea Baseball Organization (KBO) and, further, to examine these same issues in Major League Baseball (MLB). In order to help the KBO plan for the future, this study was designed to forecast future collective bargaining issues for the KBO, particularly those that may prove important during the next decade. In addition, this study was intended to explore what differences and similarities exist between the...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to identify current collective bargaining issues facing the Korea Baseball Organization (KBO) and, further, to examine these same issues in Major League Baseball (MLB). In order to help the KBO plan for the future, this study was designed to forecast future collective bargaining issues for the KBO, particularly those that may prove important during the next decade. In addition, this study was intended to explore what differences and similarities exist between the forecasts of experts toward bargaining issues of the KBO and the current content of the bargaining agreement of MLB. An understanding of what issues have been addressed by MLB would help the KBO resolve disputes and establish strategies for collective bargaining in the near future. In order to accomplish the purpose of this study, five research questions were formulated: (a) What do the experts think about the current collective bargaining issues of the Korea Baseball Organization? (b) What do the experts think about the collective bargaining issues of Major League Baseball? (c) What do the experts anticipate about the collective bargaining issues of the Korea Baseball Organization during the next decade? (d) What is the content of the most recent collective bargaining agreements of Major League Baseball? and (e) What differences and similarities exist between the forecast of experts toward bargaining issues of the Korea Baseball Organization and the current content of the bargaining agreement of Major League Baseball? These five research questions were tested by both the Delphi technique and document analysis. The Delphi technique was used to forecast future collective bargaining issues of the Korea Baseball Organization through the opinions of experts. In conducting the Delphi technique, a survey questionnaire was used as the instrument. Thirty-seven experts, selected by a nominating procedure, responded to the questions. Over the two rounds, the collected data were analyzed by both median and interquartile range to determine the consensus of expert opinion. Document analysis was used to identify the kinds of issues important in the MLB collective bargaining agreement by analyzing the contents of two recent MLB collective bargaining agreements. The survey results obtained from the Delphi technique were compared with the results of document analysis. This study found that Korean experts perceived the period of free agency, players' equipment, and both medical and rehabilitation service as the most important labor-management issues. Most of the experts expected that the various collective bargaining issues of MLB will eventually appear in the bargaining agenda between players and owners of the KBO. It was found that the issues believed most important for the near future were annual salary, pensions, minimum salary, and arbitration. Given that these issues were dealt with by the MLB in the 1970's, this finding was considered evidence that the labor-management relations of the KBO are about thirty years behind those of the MLB. More recent issues appearing in the MLB agreement of 1997, such as luxury tax, payroll tax, industry growth fund, antitrust, and revenue-sharing plans, were not perceived by Korean experts as important issues, either currently or for the near future. This finding suggests, therefore, that even though both the KBO and MLB had different collective bargaining foci at the time of the study, the forecasts of the experts related primarily to issues that were important at an earlier period for MLB. This finding provided supporting evidence for the importance of this study, in which the collective bargaining process of MLB can be exemplified as a guideline for the collective bargaining process of KBO. If the path of the collective bargaining process of the KBO more-or-less follows the path of that of MLB, one can reasonably predict the next set of bargaining issues of the KBO by examining the history and strategies of bargaining issues that appeared in MLB.
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Date Issued: 2003
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3468
Format: Thesis

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