Search results

Title: Audience in gymnasium.
Abstract/Description: Audience members sit in the gymnasium stands at a game.
Identifier: FSUspcn1045
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Women's athletics.
Abstract/Description: Four female athletes posing.
Identifier: FSUspcn1046
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Florida State University cheerleaders.
Creator: Richards, Ken
Abstract/Description: This photograph contains FSU cheerleaders Elbert Lambert, Joyce Howser, Toni Beals, Peggy Thompson, and Dave Deutsch.
Identifier: FSUspcn568
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Florida State University cheerleaders smiling.
Creator: Richards, Ken
Abstract/Description: This photograph contains six FSU cheerleaders smiling. Relates to spcn 8145.
Identifier: FSUspcn8146
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Women's tennis team.
Abstract/Description: Front row: Frances Merrill, Sally Taylor, Sue Houck, Adriana Celorio, Kathy Johnson, Susan Carson. Back row: Diane Aramo, Jodi Appelbaum, Caren Trott, Ann Hampton.
Identifier: FSUspcn1052
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Women's tennis team.
Abstract/Description: Photograph of six members of the tennis team posing on the court with their rackets.
Identifier: FSUspcn1051
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Women's tennis team.
Abstract/Description: Photograph of women's tennis team standing together on the court and holding rackets.
Identifier: FSUspcn1049
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Men's tennis team.
Abstract/Description: Photograph of men's tennis team posing.
Identifier: FSUspcn1048
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Playing tennis on the court.
Abstract/Description: Photograph of people playing tennis.
Identifier: FSUspcn1047a
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Women playing softball.
Abstract/Description: Three women playing softball.
Identifier: FSUspcn1053
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Golf.
Abstract/Description: Photograph of the golf team.
Identifier: FSUspcn1037
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Women's soccer team.
Abstract/Description: Photograph of women's soccer team playing.
Identifier: FSUspcn1042
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Members of football team.
Abstract/Description: W.S. McLin, E.R. Smith, W.M. Hughes, Harry Wells, W.M. Mullen, Guyte McCord, President Campbell at FSU - Stetson game.
Identifier: FSUspcn1038
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Sailing Association.
Abstract/Description: FSU's inland sailors at Lake Bradford. Man sits on a sailboat.
Identifier: FSUspcn1040
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Sailing Association.
Abstract/Description: FSU's inland sailors at Lake Bradford.
Identifier: FSUspcn1039
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Women's swim team.
Abstract/Description: Photograph of women's swim team.
Identifier: FSUspcn1044
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Tennis.
Abstract/Description: Photograph from outside the tennis court fence of two men playing tennis.
Identifier: FSUspcn1047
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Men's swim team.
Abstract/Description: Photograph of men's swim team.
Identifier: FSUspcn1043
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Soccer team.
Abstract/Description: Photograph of Men's Soccer Team posing.
Identifier: FSUspcn1041
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Tully Gym. 1956.
Abstract/Description: Front of Tully Gym, with construction in foreground
Identifier: FSUUntitled-5
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Florida State University cheerleading stunts.
Abstract/Description: This photograph contains an image of four FSU cheerleaders doing tricks.
Identifier: FSUspcn8149
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Front of Tully Gymnasium. 1956.
Abstract/Description: Construction in foreground.
Identifier: FSUTully_Gym_1956
Format: Image (JPEG)

Title: Florida State University cheerleading squad.
Abstract/Description: Photograph of Florida State University cheerleaders.
Identifier: FSUspcn8141
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Rounding the bases.
Abstract/Description: A member of FSU's baseball team is running the bases.
Identifier: FSUspcn850
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Woody Woodward batting.
Abstract/Description: This is a photograph of FSU baseball player, Woody Woodward.
Identifier: FSUspcn848
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Seminole baseball pitcher.
Abstract/Description: Seminole baseball pitcher preparing to throw.
Identifier: FSUspcn836
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Pre-Service Teachers' Experiences in Planning, Implementing and Assessing the Tactical (TGFU) Model.
Creator: Kuehl-Kitchen, Julie M., Imwold, Charles, Milton, Sande, Lynn, Susan, Ratliffe, Thomas, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The need for more extensive research examining the tactical TGFU instructional model was necessary to provide teachers with adequate information to make informed decision about their selection of games instruction models. The pre-service teachers were one male and three female undergraduate students, at California State University, Sacramento. The public school students were 102 fifth grade students (55 boys and 47 girls) from four coeducational, public school classes in an urban school...
Show moreThe need for more extensive research examining the tactical TGFU instructional model was necessary to provide teachers with adequate information to make informed decision about their selection of games instruction models. The pre-service teachers were one male and three female undergraduate students, at California State University, Sacramento. The public school students were 102 fifth grade students (55 boys and 47 girls) from four coeducational, public school classes in an urban school located in northern California. The pre-service teacher's implemented eight TGFU field hockey lessons within a two-week period to the same set of students; four developed by the primary researcher and four developed by each of the pre-service teachers. Verifying that the lesson plans represented the TGFU model required an evaluation of skill feedback, content related questions, and use of time for each lesson implemented. The pre-service teachers utilized the Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI) twice during the study; one was developed by the primary researcher and one by each of the pre-service teachers. Daily questionnaires and a post-study, semi-structured interview were used to collect the qualitative data. The planning phase results indicated that the tactical content was the most challenging aspect, as well as difficulties developing the tactical questions and the heightened frequency of student arguing. The implementation experiences included challenges with tactical questioning and content, as well as an increase in instructional and management time. The pre-service teachers reacted positively to the GPAI, but reported being challenged with the instrument, as well as not knowing how to use results. Ennis and Chen's Value Orientation Inventory – 2 (1993) provided information needed to analyze the relationship between the orientations and the implementation of the TGFU model. This evidence supported the fact that pre-service teachers who value the discipline mastery and learning process orientations have beliefs that are aligned with the goals of TGFU and therefore, may be better equipped to implement the model. Implications of TGFU as it related to value orientation are complex and need further study.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-2943
Format: Thesis

Title: Perceived Price Fairness of Sport Consumers.
Creator: Jo, Ara, Kim, Yukyoum, James, Jeffrey, Wells, Janelle, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Price fairness is defined as the psychological judgment of the price as reasonable, just, and acceptable (Bolton, Warlop, & Alba, 2003; Maxwell, 2002; Xia, Monroe, & Cox, 2004). Although it has been investigated in various service business areas, there has been little research of price fairness in the sports business (Darke & Dahl, 2003; Kimes, 1994; Kahneman, Knetch, & Thaler, 1986a, 1986b; Radzi, Zahari, Muhammad, Aziz, & Ahmad, 2011). As sports consumers show unique consumption patterns,...
Show morePrice fairness is defined as the psychological judgment of the price as reasonable, just, and acceptable (Bolton, Warlop, & Alba, 2003; Maxwell, 2002; Xia, Monroe, & Cox, 2004). Although it has been investigated in various service business areas, there has been little research of price fairness in the sports business (Darke & Dahl, 2003; Kimes, 1994; Kahneman, Knetch, & Thaler, 1986a, 1986b; Radzi, Zahari, Muhammad, Aziz, & Ahmad, 2011). As sports consumers show unique consumption patterns, it is necessary to examine price fairness forsports consumers. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to examine price fairness of the college football ticket price for sports consumers based on level of trust. To test the hypothesis, a quantitative method was employed. Two scenario type questions were created, and an independent t-test was performed to test the hypothesis. The hypothesis failed to be rejected, as shown by the inferential statistical results (n=100). It was indicated that perceptions of price fairness of the college football ticket were not significantly different based on levels of trust. These findings contributed to an extension of existing research of price fairness into sports management areas.
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Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-7436
Format: Thesis

Title: Performing Kiwi Cultural Identity in/Through American Rugby.
Creator: McLeod, Christopher, Newman, Joshua, James, Jeffery, Giardina, Michael, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This is a study of the of Kiwi cultural identity as performed in and through American rugby. Drawing on the theories of Stuart Hall, Judith Butler and Sara Ahmed I look at how my New Zealand cultural identity and rugby playing body was (re)produced by myself and my teammates and coaches at the South City "Raiders" Rugby Football Club (SCRFC). The data for this study comes from my participant observation in SCRFC as a player for six months, during which I kept autoethnograpic field notes and...
Show moreThis is a study of the of Kiwi cultural identity as performed in and through American rugby. Drawing on the theories of Stuart Hall, Judith Butler and Sara Ahmed I look at how my New Zealand cultural identity and rugby playing body was (re)produced by myself and my teammates and coaches at the South City "Raiders" Rugby Football Club (SCRFC). The data for this study comes from my participant observation in SCRFC as a player for six months, during which I kept autoethnograpic field notes and conducted semi-structured conversational interviews. I discuss how my cultural identity project in this rugby space was primarily embodied and performed and that this resulted in pain playing a central part in my experiences. In this respect, what began as a study of cultural identity became a study of pain in the service of cultural identity. This leads me to theoretically explore pain as an empirical construct, arguing that pain must be considered both as a product and producer of cultural identities. As such I move to question Hall's predominantly discursive understanding of identity arguing that we need to move beyond textual reductionism to study cultural identities as subject to biological, affective and material (re)production, (re)constitution, and negotiation.
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Date Issued: 2013
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-7503
Format: Thesis

Title: The Perception of Risk in Sport Activities.
Creator: Mun, Sunho, Jackson, E. Newton, Toole, Tonya, Quarterman, Jerome, Mondello, Michael, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Sporting events are among the most popular leisure activities; however, there are inherent risks of serious injury or death associated with these activities. Prior to developing a risk management plan, it is important to clearly understand the perception of risk among laypeople. Such understanding will substantially improve communication between professionals and participants, resulting in the emergence of a better risk management plan. Despite the evident benefits of such communication,...
Show moreSporting events are among the most popular leisure activities; however, there are inherent risks of serious injury or death associated with these activities. Prior to developing a risk management plan, it is important to clearly understand the perception of risk among laypeople. Such understanding will substantially improve communication between professionals and participants, resulting in the emergence of a better risk management plan. Despite the evident benefits of such communication, there are few studies directly addressing the perception of risk in the field of sport management. The purpose of this study is to identify how people perceive risk in sport activities, by applying the psychometric paradigm and then, more specifically, identifying the factors affecting perception of risk in football. The sample for this study consisted of 256 collegiate students and a convenient, non-probability sampling method was used. To achieve the purpose of this study, two appropriate statistical methods were employed, SPSS for the psychometric paradigm and AMOS (SEM) for factors affecting perception of risk in football. The results of this bifurcated study indicate that rock climbing and motorcycling were perceived as the most risky among the selected sports, followed by snow skiing, jet skiing, and skin/scuba diving. Aerobics and jogging/running were perceived as the least risky among the selected sports. In applying the psychometric paradigm, six risk characteristics were used, divided by the two factors of "fatality" and "known." The "fatality" factor was associated with the characteristics of chronic/catastrophic, common/dread, severity of consequences and control over risk; the "known" factor was associated with the characteristics of voluntariness and knowledge about risk. The "fatality" factor appeared in relation to high-risk sport activities, such as rock climbing, snow skiing, jet skiing, motorcycling, and skin/scuba diving. Sport activities perceived as less risky, including jogging/running, swimming, aerobics, tennis, racquetball and weight training, appear in relation to the "known" factor. Structure Equation Modeling (SEM) was used in that part of the study devoted to identifying factors affecting perception of risk in football, revealing both exogenous (knowledge, experience, perceived risk characteristic, and trust) and endogenous (perceived benefit and perception of risk in football) variables. The structure model illustrated that the paths of knowledge and experience to risk perception in football were not statistically significant. The paths of risk characteristic, trust and perceived benefit to perception of risk were statistically significant. The path of trust to perceived benefit was also significant and a new path, experience to perceived benefit, was identified as statistically significant.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-2194
Format: Thesis

Title: Neurophysiological and Psychometric Assessment of Spectator Emotion: An Interdisciplinary Approach.
Creator: Lee, Hyun-Woo, Kim, Yu Kyoum, Ferris, Gerald R., James, Jeffrey D., Guerette, Amy R., LaPointe, Leonard L., Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The author of this dissertation establishes an overarching framework of spectator emotion, proposes a research design, and provides initial evidence of the framework by multiple studies. In building the spectator emotion framework, an interdisciplinary perspective is applied to scrutinize the epistemological and ontological groundings of emotion; synthesize extant literature from various disciplines; establish the taxonomy of spectator emotion elements; and identify imperative variables for...
Show moreThe author of this dissertation establishes an overarching framework of spectator emotion, proposes a research design, and provides initial evidence of the framework by multiple studies. In building the spectator emotion framework, an interdisciplinary perspective is applied to scrutinize the epistemological and ontological groundings of emotion; synthesize extant literature from various disciplines; establish the taxonomy of spectator emotion elements; and identify imperative variables for the initial research design. In this, the author highlights the role of emotion by taking viewpoints of positive psychology and experiential marketing. In regards to the empirical examination, (1) both psychometric and neurophysiological measures were assessed as a cross-referenced multiple measure of emotion; (2) main effect and interaction effect of lateralization and social facilitation is evidenced by utilizing EEG ERP measures; and (3) structural equation modeling of the spectator emotion framework is supported through a cross-sectional survey. Specifically, the experimental research of lateralization and social facilitation was designed to examine the mere presence effect in a spectator sport setting. Results indicated that (1) psychometric and neurophysiological measures of positive emotion showed convergent-related validity; (2) main effect of lateralization and interaction with social facilitation was significant; and (3) mediating effect of emotion between personal internal states (extraversion; team identification) and outcomes (subjective happiness; spectator behavioral intentions) was significant. Predictors explained 35.1% of variance in subjective happiness, 56.9% in emotion, and 66.5% in spectator behavioral intentions. Deconstruction of the correlational structure showed complementary mediation for the path from extraversion to subjective happiness which implies that there is a likelihood of omitted variables in the framework. Indirect effect via emotion contributed 66.93% of the total effect from team identity to happiness, 68.91% of the total effect from extraversion to spectator intentions, and 76.63% of the total effect from team identification to spectator intentions. Indirect effect from extraversion to happiness indicated only weak partial mediation by explaining 8.48% of the total effect. Overall, the author proposes the spectator emotion framework and provides supporting evidences through a multiple studies. Together, such elaboration is expected to serve as a stepping stone research in fostering the study of emotion in a sporting context.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-9026
Format: Thesis

Title: Measuring the Effectiveness of Mediated and Non-Mediated Communication Among Heisman Trophy Voters.
Creator: Haptonstall, Clark D., Mondello, Michael, Houck, Davis, Kent, R. Aubrey, Dunn, Julia, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The Heisman Memorial Trophy is awarded each year to the best college football player in the United States. In 2003, voters chose Jason White from the University of Oklahoma as the winner. The eligible voters consisted of 870 members of the media (divided evenly in six geographic regions) and 51 former living Heisman Trophy winners. Throughout the last several decades, colleges and universities have promoted its players in hopes of garnering the prestigious award. There is much speculation as...
Show moreThe Heisman Memorial Trophy is awarded each year to the best college football player in the United States. In 2003, voters chose Jason White from the University of Oklahoma as the winner. The eligible voters consisted of 870 members of the media (divided evenly in six geographic regions) and 51 former living Heisman Trophy winners. Throughout the last several decades, colleges and universities have promoted its players in hopes of garnering the prestigious award. There is much speculation as to what positively influences voters as they decide the Heisman Trophy winner. This dissertation examines what information is important to voters as they determine their Heisman Trophy vote. The results of this study show non-mediated communication has a stronger influence on voters than does mediated communication. Observations and personal influences are more important to voters than receiving propaganda from a university promoting a player. In addition, there was a regional voting bias as each of the top four finalists received considerably more than one-sixth of their first-place votes from the voters in their geographic region. Generally, voters believe they have an open mind and will cast their ballot for the nation's top candidate. However, the voters perceive their fellow voters are much more likely to choose a candidate from their geographic region as their top choice. Finally, it was hypothesized the less a voter watched their candidate during the season, the more they would rely on mediated communication for information gathering. However, it was determined there was no relationship between the number of times a voter saw their top choice play and their reliance on mediated communication.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4276
Format: Thesis

Title: Measuring Nationalism as a Sport Fan Motive.
Creator: Bogdanov, Dusko, James, Jeffrey Dalton, Kent, Robert Aubrey, Reynaud, Cecile, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Numerous variables have been found to influence sport consumption; however, research examining nationalism as a construct has yet to be fully examined. The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to measure nationalism as a motive for sport fan consumption. The proposed scale included 16 items and measured the nationalism as multidimensional construct (connection to countryman, national belonging and national pride). The number of items per dimension ranged from three to nine (connection...
Show moreNumerous variables have been found to influence sport consumption; however, research examining nationalism as a construct has yet to be fully examined. The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to measure nationalism as a motive for sport fan consumption. The proposed scale included 16 items and measured the nationalism as multidimensional construct (connection to countryman, national belonging and national pride). The number of items per dimension ranged from three to nine (connection to countryman three items, national belonging four items and national pride nine items). Data was collected at the 2004 European Championships in Portugal to assess the validity and reliability of the proposed scale. The sample included Dutch, English and Portuguese fans (N=481). The sample was split so the scale could be purified. The results of an exploratory factor analysis with Split 1 (n=240) revealed that the 16 items held together to represent one construct, nationalism. Assessment of the item-to-item correlations and the squared multiple correlations led the researcher to delete items that were highly correlated and did not contribute more than chance to the variance accounted for. The number of items in the scale was reduced to seven. The Cronbach's alpha score computed using Split two was 0.92. The seven items were reasonably concluded to capture the essence of nationalism as a sport fan motive. Implications and future research will assist sport marketing practitioners in gaining an enhanced understanding of today's sport fan at an international sporting event (e.g., Olympics, World Cup).
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3625
Format: Thesis

Title: The Moderating Effects of Involvement on the Relationships Among Perceived Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, and Customer Citizenship Behavior.
Creator: Chung, Tae-Wook, Quarterman, Jerome, Panton, Lynn, Kwon, Hyungil Harry, Kent, Aubrey, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The role of customers in service production has been increased in our society. Sport participants also play a significant role in service delivery (Chelladurai & Chang, 2000; Ko & Pastore, 2005). Groth (2005) introduced customer citizenship behavior (CCB) indicating the extra-role behaviors of customers which are not required for service production. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between perceived service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer citizenship...
Show moreThe role of customers in service production has been increased in our society. Sport participants also play a significant role in service delivery (Chelladurai & Chang, 2000; Ko & Pastore, 2005). Groth (2005) introduced customer citizenship behavior (CCB) indicating the extra-role behaviors of customers which are not required for service production. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between perceived service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer citizenship behavior (CCB) moderated by customer involvement among campus recreational sport participants. In addition, the relationship between encounter service quality and global service quality was examined. Based on the literature, a theoretical model was developed and tested, using a structural equation modeling (SEM). Data were collected from 228 college students at a large south-eastern university. The results indicated that program quality, client-employee interaction, valence, sociability, ambience condition, and equipment predicted the perception of global service quality. In addition, both perceived service quality and customer satisfaction in the global levels predicted CCB. While perceived service quality influenced customer satisfaction positively, customer satisfaction had a negative effect on perceived service quality simultaneously. The moderating effect of involvement was found in the relationship from the perception of the global service quality to global customer satisfaction. The findings are discussed with managerial implications and directions for future research.
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Date Issued: 2006
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3613
Format: Thesis

Title: Assessing Sport Brand Equity Through Use of the Contingent Valuation Method.
Creator: Lee, Jiesun Lucy, James, Jeffrey D., Schwartz, Robert A., Kim, Yu Kyoum, Wells, Janelle E., Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The concept of brand equity has been widely recognized as both an academic construct and an important business consideration (Aaker, 1991; 1996; Farquhar, 1989; Kamakura & Russell, 1993; Keller, 1993; Gladden et al., 1998; Ross, 2006). The concept has been defined as the added value associated with a particular product that is accrued by a brand beyond the utilitarian or functional value of the product (Ambler, 2003; Simon & Sullivan, 1993; Keller, 1993). Despite general agreement about the...
Show moreThe concept of brand equity has been widely recognized as both an academic construct and an important business consideration (Aaker, 1991; 1996; Farquhar, 1989; Kamakura & Russell, 1993; Keller, 1993; Gladden et al., 1998; Ross, 2006). The concept has been defined as the added value associated with a particular product that is accrued by a brand beyond the utilitarian or functional value of the product (Ambler, 2003; Simon & Sullivan, 1993; Keller, 1993). Despite general agreement about the definition of brand equity, the measurement of it is not well established (Christodoulides & de Chernatony, 2010; Keller & Lehmann, 2006). A critical challenge in this regard is developing the means necessary to assess the intangible elements that comprise a consumer's determination of brand equity. By using the CVM--a stated preference technique for estimating and assigning non-pecuniary values that are contingent on a specific hypothetical scenario or description of the products-- to measure an individual's willingness to pay for tangible and intangible elements from sports products, the brand equity of both spectator sports and participant sports can be estimated. A primary goal of the current study was to examine the willingness to pay Price Premiums for a sporting event, and estimate the brand equity of the sport product based on the Price Premiums by utilizing the CVM. Three research questions were examined: (1) Whether there is a difference between customers' willingness to pay for a branded event (i.e., IRONMAN triathlon event) compared to corresponding unbranded events (i.e., hypothetical non-IRONMAN triathlon event), (2) What the customer-based brand equity of a branded sporting event is, and (3) What factors significantly influence the Price Premium of a sporting event. To examine the equity of the IRONMAN brand and a consumer's determination of brand equity, data were collected at two triathlon events. The sample size was 349 combining responses from the Half and Full distance events. I asked two sets of questions for a consumer's willingness to pay a Price Premium: one for the branded sporting event (i.e., IRONMAN triathlon event) and the other for the unbranded hypothetical sporting event (i.e., non-IRONMAN triathlon event). The difference between a branded and an unbranded sporting event represents a Price Premium. I concluded from the results of an analysis of variance assessment indicated there was a statistically significant difference in willingness to pay for IRONMAN branded events compared to non-IRONMAN branded events. That is, triathletes were willing to pay additional Price Premiums for IRONMAN branded events. The aggregated Price Premiums for the target population were calculated to estimate the brand equity values based on the sport consumer perceptions. The equity of brand IRONMAN was approximately $102 million (Half distance) and $123 million (Full distance). To identify determinants that influence sport consumers' willingness to pay for one brand over the other, I proposed three potential regression models and tested them with through multiple regression analysis. Among ten Price Premium Determinants, Price-quality Inference, Brand Uniqueness, and Gender significantly influenced an individual consumer's willingness to pay a Price Premium. As the brand stands out, consumers were willing to pay a higher Price Premium. Also, as the degree that consumers believe an association between price and quality increases, their willingness to pay a Price Premium increases. Males tend to pay a higher Price Premium than Females. A significant contribution of the study is that this is a first attempt to estimate customer-based brand equity with the CVM, and an initial attempt to identify Price Premium determinants in the service-oriented product context. The dollar value of actual brand equity that is based on consumers' perceptions and evaluations may provide marketers and practitioners with several benefits such as a selling point for developing relationships with business partners, a starting point for business negotiations, and for leveraging partnerships (e.g., sponsors, media).
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-9024
Format: Thesis

Title: Determinants of Spectator Attendance at Historically Black Colleges' and Universities' Football Games.
Creator: Stringfellow, Donnie, Mondello, Michael, Iatarola, Patrice, Rudd, Andy, Ratliffe, Tom, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Spectator attendance is a popular topic in the sport management literature. However, the primary focus of work done in this area has been examining professional sports, with collegiate sports lagging far behind. The impetus behind the focus on spectator attendance in collegiate sports is the potential impact it can have on increasing revenue in athletic programs. However, there still is a lack of research in the area of sport management with regards to Historically Black Colleges and...
Show moreSpectator attendance is a popular topic in the sport management literature. However, the primary focus of work done in this area has been examining professional sports, with collegiate sports lagging far behind. The impetus behind the focus on spectator attendance in collegiate sports is the potential impact it can have on increasing revenue in athletic programs. However, there still is a lack of research in the area of sport management with regards to Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine selected determinants in explaining the variation in spectator attendance at selected NCAA HBCU's football games. Forty-seven NCAA Division I-AA and Division II institutions participated in this study. The data was collected using the Spectator Attendance Survey (DeSchriver, 1996) and the home institution's individual football game boxscores. An economic demand model served as the basis for the study. The data were analyzed using regression and correlation analyses. The most interesting finding in this study was that 30.6% of the variance (F(4,216) = 23.82, p <.05) in spectator attendance at HBCUs football games was accounted for by the following determinants: over six home games, homecoming games, promotional activities, and general admission prices. Winning percentage did not appear to be an important factor. The results of this study imply that special promotions are a significant factor in spectator attendance, yet few special promotions were found. Athletic administrators of these institutions should re-evaluate their marketing practices in order to attract spectators and to incorporate timely promotions to draw more spectators from the general public
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0398
Format: Thesis

Title: A Descriptive Study of Florida Virtual School's Physical Education Students: An Initial Exploration.
Creator: Mosier, Brian Allen, Lynn, Susan, Jakubowski, Elizabeth, Ratliffe, Thomas, Rutledge, Stacey, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The Shape of the Nation Report (2010) concluded that at least 22 states allow required physical education credits to be earned through online physical education courses. Moreover, Florida Virtual School's (FLVS) Personal Fitness course is now used in over 25 states and at least14 countries. While there are incredible growth rates and projected increased enrollments, there is a healthy skepticism among the physical education profession about virtual physical education (VPE). Current literature...
Show moreThe Shape of the Nation Report (2010) concluded that at least 22 states allow required physical education credits to be earned through online physical education courses. Moreover, Florida Virtual School's (FLVS) Personal Fitness course is now used in over 25 states and at least14 countries. While there are incredible growth rates and projected increased enrollments, there is a healthy skepticism among the physical education profession about virtual physical education (VPE). Current literature does not shed much light into VPE, and until more is known the skeptics will continue to have reason to doubt this method of learning. If designed and implemented appropriately, VPE may serve as an alternative appropriate method of instruction. It may promote relevance and positive attitudes for students. This method could match one's learning style that prefers independent and self-paced curriculum combined with the flexibility to achieve appropriate physical education learning tasks (NAPSE, 2007). This study explored the characteristics of VPE students (n=19,994) enrolled in FLVS physical education for the school year 2008-2009. Archived student records and surveys provided for a description of characteristics, demographics, learning preferences, learning experiences, and achievement levels of bo 05 for each test. Results for this study provided initial findings with regard to the students of VPE at FLVS and revealed significant differences between completers and noncompleters. This research continued to build the groundwork for this understudied area. Areas of interest were illuminated and directions for future studies are given for empirical design-based research. Moreover, administrators and practitioners of VPE will be more equipped with data driven information for guidance in programmatic decisions.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-7201
Format: Thesis

Title: A Conceptual Model of Psychological Commitment Based on the Concept of Attitude Strength.
Creator: Ha, Jae-Hyun, James, Jeffrey, Flynn, Leisa, Quarterman, Jerome, Kwon, Harry, Lee, Joohyun, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This study is introduced with a review of Funk and James (2001), Funk, Haugtvedt, and Howard (2000), and Krosnick and Petty (1995), which provide the basis for measuring psychological commitment. It is proposed that a better understanding of the concept of attitude strength may provide insight into the antecedents and the primary evidence (resistance to change) of psychological commitment. More specifically, Funk et al. (2000) suggest that various attitudinal properties (e.g., knowledge,...
Show moreThis study is introduced with a review of Funk and James (2001), Funk, Haugtvedt, and Howard (2000), and Krosnick and Petty (1995), which provide the basis for measuring psychological commitment. It is proposed that a better understanding of the concept of attitude strength may provide insight into the antecedents and the primary evidence (resistance to change) of psychological commitment. More specifically, Funk et al. (2000) suggest that various attitudinal properties (e.g., knowledge, extremity, importance) may function as antecedents of psychological commitment. This understanding provides a direction for conceptualizing and measuring the factors comprising psychological commitment to a sports team. The conceptual model of psychological commitment to a sports team proposed that the antecedents of psychological commitment are represented by nine attitude properties, categorized into three strength-related dimensions: (1) cognitive structure - affective reaction, cognitive reaction, amount of knowledge, direct experience, and accessibility, (2) subjective beliefs - personal relevance, certainty, and importance of the attitude object, and (3) attitude valence - extremity attributes. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the antecedents of psychological commitment to a sports team through a conceptual model based on the concept of attitude strength, and the causal relationship between psychological commitment to a sports team and resistance to changing team allegiance. Based upon the results of the pilot study and preliminary analysis of the main study, accessibility, direct experience, and personal relevance were dropped. In doing so, the proposed model of psychological commitment was revised. The measurement models and the structural model were analyzed. The results of the measurement models indicated that the proposed model of psychological commitment to a sports team was confirmed as well as the results of structural model indicated that resistance to changing team allegiance was directly influenced by psychological commitment to a sports team. The findings of this study will contribute not only to an extension of the knowledge base of psychological commitment to a sports team in the area of sport marketing, but also to practical applications for sport-team marketers and managers. The findings of this study suggest several directions for future study.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4348
Format: Thesis

Title: An Assessment of Social and Academic Integration Among Track and Field Student-Athletes of the Atlantic Coast Conference.
Creator: Lyons, Aundrea L., Quarterman, Jerome, Gayles, Joy Gaston, Losh, Susan, Mondello, Michael, Reynaud, B. Cecile, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Investigations on retention and graduation often focus on the overall issue of student persistence. Research has identified two variables that consistently predict persistence: the student's ability to integrate academically and socially, and the student's commitment to degree attainment. There has not been an abundance of supporting research on the subject dealing solely with student-athlete's integration and institutional and degree commitment. Therefore, there were two major purposes of...
Show moreInvestigations on retention and graduation often focus on the overall issue of student persistence. Research has identified two variables that consistently predict persistence: the student's ability to integrate academically and socially, and the student's commitment to degree attainment. There has not been an abundance of supporting research on the subject dealing solely with student-athlete's integration and institutional and degree commitment. Therefore, there were two major purposes of this research. The first purpose was to examine the social and academic integration experiences of track and field student-athletes. The second purpose was to determine whether social and academic integration experiences will influence student-athlete's institutional and goal commitment to member institutions of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Atlantic Coast Conference. A survey instrument developed by Pascarella and Terenzini (1980), originally designed to measure the integration and institutional and goal commitment constructs of Tinto's model of student departure, was administered to track and field student-athletes enrolled in member institutions of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). Three-way Analysis of variance tests revealed significant mean differences in social integration and academic integration when measured by race. However, no significant mean differences emerged in social integration and academic integration experiences when measured by gender and classification. Additionally, no significant differences emerged in institutional and goal commitment when measured by gender, race, and classification. Finally, hierarchical multiple regression revealed social integration and academic integration significantly influenced institutional and goal commitment when controlling for background characteristics. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that persistence efforts are applicable to student-athletes. Although student-athletes have a unique academic structure and face the intense athletic demands of competing at a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division IA level, it is important to foster social and academic integration experiences. Moreover, the benefits of positive student-athlete integration experiences will result in a positive interaction between institutional and goal commitment among student-athletes.
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Date Issued: 2007
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0967
Format: Thesis

Title: An Integrated Model of Value Equity in Spectator Sports: Conceptual Framework and Empirical Results.
Creator: Sweeney, Daniel Robert, James, Jeffrey D., Cronin, J. Joseph, Kent, R. Aubrey, McClung, Steven, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The current research was undertaken to propose a model of the components of customer equity in a spectator team sport setting and to identify and empirically test measures to assess one part of the model, namely: value equity. Value equity refers to the portion of a firm's customer equity derived from customers' perceived value or worth of that firm's product offerings. The measurement of customer perceived value is essential in assessing current services and for the development of further...
Show moreThe current research was undertaken to propose a model of the components of customer equity in a spectator team sport setting and to identify and empirically test measures to assess one part of the model, namely: value equity. Value equity refers to the portion of a firm's customer equity derived from customers' perceived value or worth of that firm's product offerings. The measurement of customer perceived value is essential in assessing current services and for the development of further ones, because customer segments may have different motives to use services and thus perceive different value in them (Pura, 2005). This study, which is a first attempt to measure Value Equity within a spectator sport context, presents a conceptualization of Value Equity derived from a combination of the frameworks proposed by Sheth, Newman, and Gross (1991), Rust, Zeithaml, and Lemon (2000), and Sweeney and Soutar (2001), and includes six dimensions: 1) entertainment value; 2) social value; 3) service quality; 4) perceived price; 5) epistemic value; and 6) Satisfaction. A pilot study involving a sample (n = 254) of consumers at a NCAA Division I baseball game was conducted to provide an initial test of the items in the measurement scales to establish preliminary validity and reliability. Descriptive statistics, internal consistency reliability, and exploratory factor analysis were utilized in the data analysis. The first-order factor structure of Value Equity comprised of five dimensions, 16 first-order latent variables, and 75 indicator variables was tested in five separate exploratory factor analyses, one for each of the dimensions of Value Equity, to explain the variance in the observed variables in terms of underlying latent factors. The results of the pilot study indicated that the data fit the model reasonably well, though room for improvement remained. Modifications to the model resulted in a first-order model of Value Equity comprised of 16 dimensions and 75 items, which was tested in the next phase of the study. The main phase of the study was comprised of two separate data collections. The first data collection involved a convenience sample (n = 376) of spectators in attendance at a 'Double A' minor league baseball game. Based on the analysis of the results of the pilot study, a 16-factor model was tested using all 75 items, and internal tests and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed. The results indicated the 16-factor model of Value Equity in Spectator Sports Scale did not adequately fit the data. The 16-factor model with 75 indicators needed to be modified to provide the best fit to the data based on suggestions from the tests of model estimations and fit of the internal structure. Based on Bollen's (1989) criteria for model respecification, the model was modified accordingly. The modifications resulted in the testing of a 14-factor, 64-item model. The psychometric properties of the respecified measurement model were acceptable, as were the assessment of the global and internal fit indices. Given the favorable results, the researcher proceeded to a second data collection, which was used to validate the results of the respecified model. The second data collection of the main study comprised a sample (n = 285) of undergraduate and graduate students at a large Southeastern university. The analysis of the results of the second data collection served to confirm the revised model from the analysis of the results from the first data collection. Finally, a second order HCFA was conducted to test the relationship between the proposed higher order factors on the first order latent variables. While the results of the first-order CFA provided support for discrimination among the first-order factors, the results of the HCFA presented in this chapter indicate the predicted higher-model may not be appropriate for the current population from which the sample was drawn. The final chapter presents a discussion of the findings and reported results, as well as content discussing the implications and limitations of the current research project. Suggestions for future research are also provided.
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Date Issued: 2008
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-1481
Format: Thesis

Title: The Impact of Brand Equity Drivers on Consumer-Based Brand Resonance in Multiple Product Settings.
Creator: Gordon, Brian S. (Brian Scott), James, Jeffrey D., Cronin, J. Joseph, McClung, Steven, Mondello, Michael J., Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The importance of brand equity to a firm has been well-documented by previous literature. Brands with high equity allow a firm to charge a premium price as well as garner a larger market share in relation to competitors (Simon & Sullivan, 1993). From the consumer's perspective, previous research has failed to explain precisely how consumers perceive and become loyal to specific brands. Most of the scholarly work in this area has been conceptual in nature. Therefore, this study established a...
Show moreThe importance of brand equity to a firm has been well-documented by previous literature. Brands with high equity allow a firm to charge a premium price as well as garner a larger market share in relation to competitors (Simon & Sullivan, 1993). From the consumer's perspective, previous research has failed to explain precisely how consumers perceive and become loyal to specific brands. Most of the scholarly work in this area has been conceptual in nature. Therefore, this study established a consumer-based brand equity model based on Keller's (2003) brand equity pyramid that explains how consumer perceptions influence brand resonance. The consumer-based brand equity scale was comprised of five constructs related to brand equity: brand awareness, brand associations, brand superiority, brand affect, and brand resonance. This dissertation represents one of the first attempts to operationalize Keller's pyramid. The measurement items were established based upon an extensive review of the literature and in the case of brand associations, by examining data collected from consumers by means of a qualitative elicitation. A pilot test in both the goods and services context (n = 288; n = 231) provided initial validation of the measurement items constructed in the item generation stage. More specifically, results from an exploratory factor analysis showed that brand associations was comprised of two dimensions in the goods context (attributes and benefits) and three dimensions in the services context (attributes, benefits, and service personnel). In both contexts, brand resonance was found to be comprised of two dimensions: sense of community and active engagement. Furthermore, minor item modifications were made to the other constructs of interest (brand awareness, brand superiority, brand affect) to ensure the reliability and validity of the measures. The main study included data collected from a general consumer sample (n = 787) in a mid-sized southeastern community in order to validate the consumer-based brand equity model. A two-step confirmatory factor analysis approach confirmed the adequate fit of the measurement model to the observed data in both the goods and services context. Furthermore, the results from an examination of the structural model via structural equation modeling confirmed a significant relationship between brand awareness and brand associations as posited by previous research. Brand associations were found to have a significant impact on a consumer's cognitive evaluation (brand superiority) and affective response (brand affect) to focal brands in both the goods and services context. Interestingly, brand associations were found to have an indirect relationship with consumers' behavioral intentions (brand resonance) via brand superiority and brand affect. This finding revealed that two attitudinal constructs (brand superiority and brand affect) played a crucial role in the brand association-brand resonance relationship. The results of the current study represent one of the initial steps in operationalizing Keller's (2003) consumer-based brand equity model. Managers can utilize the consumer-based brand equity model as a "measuring stick" to track the progress of their brand-building efforts. It illustrates the importance of not only brand associations but also accounting for consumers' cognitive evaluations and affective responses to the thoughts they hold on behalf of the brand. Ultimately, these two attitudinal constructs play an important role in influencing consumers' behavioral intentions toward a brand. Future research needs to test the consumer-based brand equity model with different brands in different settings to further advance our knowledge of how brands resonate with consumers.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4121
Format: Thesis

Title: Innovation Diffusion in Major League Baseball: An Event History Analysis of Stadium Adoption.
Creator: Hong, Sung Il, Mondello, Michael, Berry, Frances Stokes, Kim, Yu Kyoum, Perrewé, Pamela, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Despite the popularity of innovation adoption and diffusion research in a variety of disciplines, there has been little knowledge of innovation adoption and diffusion in the area of sport management. This study attempted to link the Diffusion of Innovation Theory to a boom in the MLB stadium construction observed since Baltimore's Oriole Park at Camden Yards. This stadium was constructed in 1992 and represents the start of the current era of baseball stadium construction. The proposed study...
Show moreDespite the popularity of innovation adoption and diffusion research in a variety of disciplines, there has been little knowledge of innovation adoption and diffusion in the area of sport management. This study attempted to link the Diffusion of Innovation Theory to a boom in the MLB stadium construction observed since Baltimore's Oriole Park at Camden Yards. This stadium was constructed in 1992 and represents the start of the current era of baseball stadium construction. The proposed study attempted to identify and empirically test the determinants influencing the construction of MLB stadiums from both teams' and city governments' perspectives. In other words, what factors drive both a team and city government to adopt stadium construction? It was intended to justify the idea of a diffusion effect; that is, to show that MLB teams and city governments emulate other teams' and cities' construction of new stadiums to achieve some of the advantages observed from others' constructions. Given the longitudinal nature of the stadium construction process, event history analysis (EHA) was performed to test the significance of the determinant factors influencing the adoption of stadium construction from both teams' and city governments' perspectives. Overall, considering the observed time period (22 years) and the number of MLB teams and their cities adopting construction of a new stadium, the proposed model supported most hypotheses with a high Pseudo R² value of 0.48. The empirical results provided practical implications to both sport franchise owners and city officials considering the construction of a new stadium by providing useful information about several ways to increase the likelihood of stadium construction adoption. The current study contributed to the sport management literature by providing an initial effort to conceptually develop and then empirically test a model of innovation adoption and diffusion in the context of sport. Furthermore, the proposed model also provided numerous opportunities for sport scholars to continue advancing our knowledge of innovation adoption and diffusion in sport.
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4883
Format: Thesis

Title: The Identification of Collective Bargaining Issues for the Korea Baseball Organization.
Creator: Joo, Jongmi, Clement, Annie, Pargman, David, Stauber, Alvin, Ratliffe, Tom, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to identify current collective bargaining issues facing the Korea Baseball Organization (KBO) and, further, to examine these same issues in Major League Baseball (MLB). In order to help the KBO plan for the future, this study was designed to forecast future collective bargaining issues for the KBO, particularly those that may prove important during the next decade. In addition, this study was intended to explore what differences and similarities exist between the...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to identify current collective bargaining issues facing the Korea Baseball Organization (KBO) and, further, to examine these same issues in Major League Baseball (MLB). In order to help the KBO plan for the future, this study was designed to forecast future collective bargaining issues for the KBO, particularly those that may prove important during the next decade. In addition, this study was intended to explore what differences and similarities exist between the forecasts of experts toward bargaining issues of the KBO and the current content of the bargaining agreement of MLB. An understanding of what issues have been addressed by MLB would help the KBO resolve disputes and establish strategies for collective bargaining in the near future. In order to accomplish the purpose of this study, five research questions were formulated: (a) What do the experts think about the current collective bargaining issues of the Korea Baseball Organization? (b) What do the experts think about the collective bargaining issues of Major League Baseball? (c) What do the experts anticipate about the collective bargaining issues of the Korea Baseball Organization during the next decade? (d) What is the content of the most recent collective bargaining agreements of Major League Baseball? and (e) What differences and similarities exist between the forecast of experts toward bargaining issues of the Korea Baseball Organization and the current content of the bargaining agreement of Major League Baseball? These five research questions were tested by both the Delphi technique and document analysis. The Delphi technique was used to forecast future collective bargaining issues of the Korea Baseball Organization through the opinions of experts. In conducting the Delphi technique, a survey questionnaire was used as the instrument. Thirty-seven experts, selected by a nominating procedure, responded to the questions. Over the two rounds, the collected data were analyzed by both median and interquartile range to determine the consensus of expert opinion. Document analysis was used to identify the kinds of issues important in the MLB collective bargaining agreement by analyzing the contents of two recent MLB collective bargaining agreements. The survey results obtained from the Delphi technique were compared with the results of document analysis. This study found that Korean experts perceived the period of free agency, players' equipment, and both medical and rehabilitation service as the most important labor-management issues. Most of the experts expected that the various collective bargaining issues of MLB will eventually appear in the bargaining agenda between players and owners of the KBO. It was found that the issues believed most important for the near future were annual salary, pensions, minimum salary, and arbitration. Given that these issues were dealt with by the MLB in the 1970's, this finding was considered evidence that the labor-management relations of the KBO are about thirty years behind those of the MLB. More recent issues appearing in the MLB agreement of 1997, such as luxury tax, payroll tax, industry growth fund, antitrust, and revenue-sharing plans, were not perceived by Korean experts as important issues, either currently or for the near future. This finding suggests, therefore, that even though both the KBO and MLB had different collective bargaining foci at the time of the study, the forecasts of the experts related primarily to issues that were important at an earlier period for MLB. This finding provided supporting evidence for the importance of this study, in which the collective bargaining process of MLB can be exemplified as a guideline for the collective bargaining process of KBO. If the path of the collective bargaining process of the KBO more-or-less follows the path of that of MLB, one can reasonably predict the next set of bargaining issues of the KBO by examining the history and strategies of bargaining issues that appeared in MLB.
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Date Issued: 2003
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3468
Format: Thesis

Title: The Internalization of a Sport Team Through Sport Video Gaming.
Creator: Kim, Min Soo, James, Jeffrey D., Losh, Susan, Mondello, Michael J., Raney, Arthur A., Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purposes of the study are to propose a conceptual model for the internalization of a sport team through sport video gaming, to examine the relationship between motives to play sport video games and a sport identity, to examine the relationship between a sense of presence and a sport identity, and to examine the moderating effect of a sense of presence on the relationship between motives and a sport identity. The results showed that motives and a sense of presence influence a sport...
Show moreThe purposes of the study are to propose a conceptual model for the internalization of a sport team through sport video gaming, to examine the relationship between motives to play sport video games and a sport identity, to examine the relationship between a sense of presence and a sport identity, and to examine the moderating effect of a sense of presence on the relationship between motives and a sport identity. The results showed that motives and a sense of presence influence a sport identity but the interaction effect between motives and a sense of presence on a sport identity was not significant. In order to determine whether a sport identity pertains to a sport object or it is related to winning, two grouping variables including the level of winning needs and the frequency of selecting one's favorite team when playing a sport video game, multiple-sample structural equation modeling (MSEM) was conducted. The results of the study showed that a sport identity pertains to a sport team rather than winning needs. The findings contribute to the understanding of what drives sport video gamers to facilitate personal connections with their favorite teams and guide implications for marketing communication practice. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3091
Format: Thesis

Title: Internal and External Group Identities of a Sports Team: The Development of a Multi-Dimensional Team Identity Scale.
Creator: Heere, Bob, James, Jeffrey Dalton, Kent, Robert Aubrey, Milton, Sande, Mondello, Michael, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Within the realm of sport management, team identification has been examined as single dimensional construct (Wann & Branscombe, 1993). However, research in social psychology has examined group identity as a multi-dimensional concept. To accurately measure and to more fully understand the implications of team identification, the construct should be studied as a multi-dimensional construct. This study is a first attempt to examine team identity as a multi-dimensional construct. The TEAM*ID...
Show moreWithin the realm of sport management, team identification has been examined as single dimensional construct (Wann & Branscombe, 1993). However, research in social psychology has examined group identity as a multi-dimensional concept. To accurately measure and to more fully understand the implications of team identification, the construct should be studied as a multi-dimensional construct. This study is a first attempt to examine team identity as a multi-dimensional construct. The TEAM*ID scale was developed based on the literature review of Ashmore, Deaux, and McLaughlin-Volpe (2004), who proposed nine constructs of group identity: 1) Self categorization, 2) Public evaluation, 3) Private evaluation, 4) Importance, 5) Attachment – Interconnection of self with group, 6) Attachment – Sense of interdependence, 7) Social embeddedness, 8) Behavioral involvement, and 9) Content and meaning. The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure team identity as a multi-dimensional construct. Data were collected from the fan base of a large SE college football team (N=311); confirmatory factor analysis was performed on a split sample (Sample 1=155, Sample 2=156) to examine the nine constructs of group identity. Six factors (Public evaluation, Private evaluation, Interconnection of self, Sense of interdependence, Behavioral involvement, and Awareness and knowledge) emerged from the analysis and showed a good fit of the model. A review of the scale by a panel of experts provided initial evidence of content validity; Comparing the TEAM*ID scale with a portion of the Collective Self-Esteem Scale (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992) and a revised version of the Psychological Commitment to Team (Mahony, Madrigal, & Howard, 2000) scale provided initial evidence of nomological validity. Several factors in the model did not, however, demonstrate discriminant validity. The two attachment factors lacked discrimination, suggesting the need for further development. There were also a lack of discrimination between private evaluation, behavioral involvement and the factor awareness and knowledge of the content and meaning. The concerns with discriminant validity may be sample related, however, future refinement of the model is desirable.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4160
Format: Thesis

Title: The Impact of the Gender of Celebrity Athlete Endorser on Consumers of Athletic Shoes.
Creator: Sawatari, Yuko, James, Jeffrey, Kent, Aubrey, Reynaud, Cecile, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Celebrity endorsement is a popular strategy in advertising. Marketers have spent millions of dollars on contracts with celebrity endorsers. To evaluate the effects of celebrity endorsement, researchers have examined consumers' perceptions toward source credibility and the interaction between consumers' perceptions and their attitudes toward advertisements, products, and purchase intentions. The impact of gender has also been studied. The research of celebrity athlete endorsement in the realm...
Show moreCelebrity endorsement is a popular strategy in advertising. Marketers have spent millions of dollars on contracts with celebrity endorsers. To evaluate the effects of celebrity endorsement, researchers have examined consumers' perceptions toward source credibility and the interaction between consumers' perceptions and their attitudes toward advertisements, products, and purchase intentions. The impact of gender has also been studied. The research of celebrity athlete endorsement in the realm of sport management, however, has received little attention despite its high risk and high cost. The current study examined the possibility of cross-over endorsements based on the idea that male athletes may credibly endorse women's sports products. The purposes of this study included: 1) examining the influence of a celebrity athlete endorser's gender on consumers' perceptions of the endorser's credibility (expertise, trustworthiness and attractiveness); 2) examining the impact of a celebrity athlete endorser's gender on consumers' attitudes toward advertisement and attitudes toward a product; and 3) assessing the impact of a celebrity athlete endorser's gender on consumers' purchase intentions. Data was collected from 413 students at the large SE state university during the summer semester in 2006. The data revealed three primary findings. First, male subjects perceived a male tennis endorser as having more expertise than a female tennis endorser, and both male and female subjects perceived a female soccer athlete as having more trustworthiness than a male athlete. Second, male subjects rated female soccer and tennis athletes as more attractive than male soccer and tennis athletes. The male basketball athlete was rated as more attractive than the female basketball athlete by male respondents. Females, on the other hand, rated the male soccer athlete as more attractive than the female soccer athlete. Third, only female subjects showed their intention to purchase the tennis shoes endorsed by the male (opposite sex) athlete more than shoes endorsed by the female (same sex) athlete. As for the rest, endorser's gender did not influence male and female subjects' attitudes toward advertisements and products and subjects' purchase intentions
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-2067
Format: Thesis

Title: The Impact of Formal Structure on the Recruitment of NCAA Division I Athletic Directors.
Creator: Hairston, C. Todd, Jackson, E. Newton, Losh, Susan, Quarterman, Jerome, Yerg, Beverly, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purposes of this study were: (1) to identify the delineation of organizational centrality among NCAA Division I athletic departments, to determine the extent to which centrality as defined by Grusky Theory of Formal Structure (1963) impacts the selection of NCAA Division I collegiate athletic directors; (2) to identify a pattern of racial or gender stacking among central positions within intercollegiate athletic administration. The sample consisted of 838 athletic administrators from 170...
Show moreThe purposes of this study were: (1) to identify the delineation of organizational centrality among NCAA Division I athletic departments, to determine the extent to which centrality as defined by Grusky Theory of Formal Structure (1963) impacts the selection of NCAA Division I collegiate athletic directors; (2) to identify a pattern of racial or gender stacking among central positions within intercollegiate athletic administration. The sample consisted of 838 athletic administrators from 170 NCAA Division I member institutions. The survey was comprised of items pertaining to the rates of professional interaction between athletic administrators, position title, the title of the individual to whom they report, and other demographic data. A Social Distance Scale was constructed in order to determine the formal structure and a model of centrality for a typical athletic department. Career paths of current athletic directors were analyzed and the relationships between centrality and leadership selection were assessed. The results of the data revealed that while significant differences were found between the proportions of ADs with at least one and three years of experience in a central position, there were no differences in the proportion of ADs with five or more years in central positions. The inconclusiveness of these results led to the consideration of an alternate definition of centrality based not on interaction as in Grusky's Theory of Formal Structure, but rather on the three following factors: 1) Job Descriptors 2) Previous Experience, and 3) Job Title. Potential differences across racial and gender lines were also assessed with regard to the occupancy of central positions. While there were no significant differences between male and female administrators under the Grusky model of centrality, minorities were found to be underrepresented in central administrative areas. Chi-square tests for goodness of fit and proportionality and ANOVA were used to analyze all data. From these data, it was concluded that less emphasis is placed on the traditional elements of the career trajectory for ADs (e.g. coaching, athletic participation) with a greater emphasis on business acumen. Further it was concluded that based on the background analysis of current ADs as well as present job descriptions, that experience in administrative areas that incorporate business principles (e.g. business/finance, marketing, sport oversight, fundraising/development) appear to be most critical (i.e. central) in this process. Finally, the study also revealed some evidence of racial and gender stacking among intercollegiate athletic institutions.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4328
Format: Thesis

Title: Motivation and Commitment of Volunteers in a Marathon Running Event.
Creator: Han, Keunsu, Quarterman, Jerome, Kamata, Akihito, Ratliffe, Thomas, Rudd, Andy, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Volunteer service is a valuable product of our society. Increasingly, at recent sporting events, volunteers are a critical part of the overall success of the events (Williams, Dossa, & Tompkins, 1995). Today, an expectation of most sport event administrators is recruiting and retaining enough volunteers to fulfill the wide range of roles which are needed for a sport event to achieve its goals. In order to recruit and retain enough volunteers in sport events, it is important to clearly...
Show moreVolunteer service is a valuable product of our society. Increasingly, at recent sporting events, volunteers are a critical part of the overall success of the events (Williams, Dossa, & Tompkins, 1995). Today, an expectation of most sport event administrators is recruiting and retaining enough volunteers to fulfill the wide range of roles which are needed for a sport event to achieve its goals. In order to recruit and retain enough volunteers in sport events, it is important to clearly understand the demographic characteristics of volunteers, volunteer motivation and commitment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among selected demographic characteristics (income, education and age), motivation and commitment of volunteers at a marathon running event. The specific aims of this investigation were to : (a) describe the type of individuals who participated as volunteers for a marathon running event, (b) examine the motives that were most and least important to those who participated as volunteers for a marathon running event, (c) confirm the multidimensionality of commitment (i.e., four bases of volunteer commitment) and motivation (i.e., five-factor model of volunteer motivation) among volunteers in a marathon running event, and (d) explore the relationships among the selected demographic characteristics (income, education and age), motivation and commitment among volunteers in a marathon running event. For the main purpose of the study, the measurement models for volunteer motivation and commitment and the structural model to investigate the relationships among the selected demographic characteristics (income, education and age), motivation and commitment were analyzed. The results of the measurement models showed that the proposed models of volunteer motivation and commitment were confirmed. The structural model illustrated that the paths of selected demographic characteristics (income, education and age) and volunteer commitment were statistically significant. The path of volunteer motivation and commitment was also statistically significant. In other words, the sample data clearly showed that selected demographics (income, education and age) and volunteer motivation influence volunteer commitment. The outcomes of this study will contribute not only to an extension of the knowledge base of volunteerism in the field of sport management, but also to practical applications for volunteer coordinators, administrators and event marketers. The directions for future research are presented.
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Date Issued: 2007
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4297
Format: Thesis

Title: One for the (Sports) Books: A Case Study on Scandal in College Athletics.
Creator: Marshall, Erin, Rodenberg, Ryan, Giardina, Michael, Houck, Davis, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Florida State University was thrust into the spotlight after quarterback Adrian McPherson was dismissed from the football team following allegations that included sports gambling. In the era of big-time college athletics, it is vital for institutions to respond effectively when issues arise that could negatively affect the school's image. The increase of sports-related scandals plaguing universities in recent years has led to the application of crisis communication theories to many athletic...
Show moreFlorida State University was thrust into the spotlight after quarterback Adrian McPherson was dismissed from the football team following allegations that included sports gambling. In the era of big-time college athletics, it is vital for institutions to respond effectively when issues arise that could negatively affect the school's image. The increase of sports-related scandals plaguing universities in recent years has led to the application of crisis communication theories to many athletic department crises. The purpose of this thesis is to utilize archived primary source documents, newspaper articles, and Foucauldian discourse analysis of crisis communications strategies to summarize and analyze the comparative discourses of those involved in the McPherson case. By studying the variations in individual accounts of the events in this case, it is possible to gain insight into the complex relationship between athletic departments, the NCAA, student-athletes, and the media.
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Date Issued: 2014
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-8839
Format: Thesis

Title: Masculine Hegemony in March Madness?: A Textual Analysis of the Gendered Language Used by Newspaper and Online Sportswriters Covering NCAA Women's and Men's Basketball Tournaments.
Creator: Kian, Edward M., Mondello, Michael, Raney, Arthur, Kent, Aubrey, Vincent, John, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The primary goal of this textual analysis was to examine narratives and descriptors sportswriters used when covering the NCAA Division I women's and men's basketball tournaments (March Madness). Drawing principally from a masculine hegemonic framework, this research examined articles published with bylines over a 26-day period in 2006 coinciding with March Madness. Articles came from The New York Times, USA Today, ESPN Internet, and CBS SportsLine. There were two parts of this methodology: a...
Show moreThe primary goal of this textual analysis was to examine narratives and descriptors sportswriters used when covering the NCAA Division I women's and men's basketball tournaments (March Madness). Drawing principally from a masculine hegemonic framework, this research examined articles published with bylines over a 26-day period in 2006 coinciding with March Madness. Articles came from The New York Times, USA Today, ESPN Internet, and CBS SportsLine. There were two parts of this methodology: a priori coding and a qualitative data analysis. First, two individuals each coded 508 articles for descriptors from nine specific categories derived from an extensive literature review. The author later wrote theoretical memos and employed the constant comparative method to search for dominant themes. Coding results contradicted the gender-specific stereotypes found in previous research and did not support the presence of masculine hegemony. Most of the articles (76.4%) focused on men's basketball. However, sportswriters used a higher average number of descriptors on physical appearances, personal relationships, and emotional weaknesses in articles about men's basketball than women's basketball. Males authored 86% of all articles. Females wrote 65% of their articles on women's basketball, but males still wrote 61% of all articles on women's basketball. Results based on the gender of sportswriters showed notions of masculine hegemony were present in the quality of writing amongst male sportswriters. Males who covered men's basketball were more likely to use descriptors on athletic prowess than females who covered either women or men. Females covering women's basketball did not uphold masculine hegemony, as they used three times as many descriptors for athletic prowess than females who covered men's basketball. Masculine hegemony was prevalent in the five themes emerging from the qualitative analysis: (1) He was always on my mind; (2) She must have been a tomboy; (3) Women still don't have next; (4) The real hegemonic order in media coverage of college sports: football, men's basketball, and then everything else; (5) Parents are newsworthy, especially athletic fathers. References to male athletes were commonplace in stories on women's basketball, but no male athlete in any men's basketball article was compared to a female athlete.
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Date Issued: 2006
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3138
Format: Thesis

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