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Title: Women's athletics.
Abstract/Description: Four female athletes posing.
Identifier: FSUspcn1046
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: Audience in gymnasium.
Abstract/Description: Audience members sit in the gymnasium stands at a game.
Identifier: FSUspcn1045
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

Title: The Effect of Game Day Promotions on Consumer Behavior in the East Coast Hockey League (ECHL).
Creator: Pruegger, Brian Edmund, Pitts, Brenda, Kamata, Akihito, Clement, Annie., Kent, Aubrey, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Factors associated with attendance at sporting events has been well documented in recent literature. Numerous studies have been conducted in college and professional sports, yet little work to date has examined factors associated with attendance in the minor leagues. Very few studies have specifically investigated special game day promotions at the minor league level. Based on the absence of some of the potential drawing factors associated with college and professional sports, these...
Show moreFactors associated with attendance at sporting events has been well documented in recent literature. Numerous studies have been conducted in college and professional sports, yet little work to date has examined factors associated with attendance in the minor leagues. Very few studies have specifically investigated special game day promotions at the minor league level. Based on the absence of some of the potential drawing factors associated with college and professional sports, these promotional activities at the minor league level become of greater interest. Specifically, game day promotions utilized in minor league hockey were of interest in the current study. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with attendance in the East Coast Hockey League (ECHL) in the 2001-2002 season and specifically the game day promotions and their affect on attendance. Data was collected using the feedback from a survey of fourteen marketing personnel of ECHL franchises during the summer of 2002. The survey was adapted from a previous questionnaire (Branvold & Bowers, 1992) utilized to assess factors related to attendance. Other questions were added to the Branvold and Bowers tool in order to address other factors of interest. Results indicated that several factors including promotions were correlated with attendance. Those factors contributed more than 45% of the variance in predicting attendance. Specific promotions such as "Puck Night", "Scouts Night" and "Fan Appreciation Night" were identified as the most successful in increasing attendance. Weekend promotions were more related to an increase in attendance than weekday promotions and children were the most popular target group. Attendance based on promotional games versus non-promotional games varied greatly among the fourteen teams of interest. The findings are similar to previous research on promotions and attendance. Promotions have been associated with a discernible increase in attendance for most markets.
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Date Issued: 2003
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0464
Format: Thesis

Title: Slugger or Slacker: A Sabermetric Assessment of Free Agency on Major League Baseball Player Performance.
Creator: Estes, Brent Cullen, James, Jeff, Travis, Joseph, Imwold, Charles, Mondello, Michael, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This study analyzed Major League Baseball player performance using sabermetric measurements of offensive productivity in order to determine how player production was impacted as a result of free agency. The theoretical framework for this research is based on two competing theories of social and organizational behavior: J. S. Adams' Equity Theory and Victor Vroom's Expectancy Theory. Both equity theory and expectancy theory were developed to predict worker performance under conditions of...
Show moreThis study analyzed Major League Baseball player performance using sabermetric measurements of offensive productivity in order to determine how player production was impacted as a result of free agency. The theoretical framework for this research is based on two competing theories of social and organizational behavior: J. S. Adams' Equity Theory and Victor Vroom's Expectancy Theory. Both equity theory and expectancy theory were developed to predict worker performance under conditions of inequity in terms of under-reward and over-reward. In conjunction with both theories, this study assumed the following: (1) that players in the final year of their contracts, just prior to becoming eligible for free agency, perceived inequitable conditions of under-reward, and (2) that players who signed a new multi-year free agent contract perceived inequitable conditions of over-reward in the first year of a new contract. Sabermetric measurements, OPS, Runs Created, and Win Shares, were utilized to assess performance improvements or decrements for players in each of the following three years: (1) pre-option year- the year prior to a player becoming a free agent, (2) option year- the last year of a player's contract, and (3) post-option year- the first year of a player's new contract. Subjects consisted of Major League Baseball free-agents who signed multi-year contracts of at least two years or more with a their current team or another major league franchise between the years of 1976 and 2003 (n = 234). In order to qualify for inclusion, players must have had a minimum of 250 at-bats in each of the three individual years being examined: pre-option year, option year, and post-option year. Covariates, age and team winning percentage, were incorporated into this study in an attempt to control for specific factors thought to impact individual player performance. Results of multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) revealed that free agency had a significant impact on each of the three performance measures. Follow-up univariate analyses of variance (ANOVA) indicated that player performance significantly declined for each of the dependent variables following free agency. When controlling for age, multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVA) revealed no significant effects with regards to the impact of free agency on player performance. When controlling for team winning percentage, however, multivariate and univariate analyses indicated that post-option year team winning percentage significantly affected the impact of free agency on player productivity. For each of the dependent variables, significant findings were consistent with expectancy theory predictions.
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Date Issued: 2006
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0501
Format: Thesis

Title: The Proposed Model of Attitude Toward Advertising Through Sport.
Creator: Pyun, Do Young, James, Jeffrey D., Hofacker, Charles F., Kent, R. Aubrey W., Mondello, Michael J., Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: When attending or watching sporting events, amateur or professional, people are exposed to a variety of advertising. People form attitudes toward advertising that influence their decision making processes to purchase a particular advertiser's product. The current study examines a new construct, attitude toward advertising through sport, derived from Pollay and Mittal's (1993) model of attitude toward advertising in general. Through an exploratory investigation a scale to measure attitude...
Show moreWhen attending or watching sporting events, amateur or professional, people are exposed to a variety of advertising. People form attitudes toward advertising that influence their decision making processes to purchase a particular advertiser's product. The current study examines a new construct, attitude toward advertising through sport, derived from Pollay and Mittal's (1993) model of attitude toward advertising in general. Through an exploratory investigation a scale to measure attitude toward advertising through sport is tested. The preliminary results from several stages provide support for the conceptualization and measurement of the belief dimensions proposed to influence attitudes toward advertising through sport. The assessments of the structural equation model reveal that respondents' perceived beliefs of product information and hedonism/pleasure about advertising through sport play significant roles in accounting for their overall attitude toward advertising through sport.
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Date Issued: 2006
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0637
Format: Thesis

Title: Sport Sponsorship as an Internal Marketing Tool: Employees' Sponsorship Assessments and Their Effect on Job Attitudes.
Creator: Zepf, Birgit, Kent, Aubrey, Cronin, Joe, James, Jeffrey, Mondello, Michael, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: While much of the sponsorship literature has focused on analyzing the effects of sponsorship on consumers (e.g., Gwinner, 1997; Madrigal, 2001; Rajaretnam, 1994), research on the internal effects of sponsorship on a sponsor company's workforce has been rare (Grimes & Meenaghan, 1998; Hickman, Lawrence, & Ward, 2005). At the same time, both, sponsorship and internal marketing researchers have recommended further investigation of the use of external marketing tools such as sponsorship for...
Show moreWhile much of the sponsorship literature has focused on analyzing the effects of sponsorship on consumers (e.g., Gwinner, 1997; Madrigal, 2001; Rajaretnam, 1994), research on the internal effects of sponsorship on a sponsor company's workforce has been rare (Grimes & Meenaghan, 1998; Hickman, Lawrence, & Ward, 2005). At the same time, both, sponsorship and internal marketing researchers have recommended further investigation of the use of external marketing tools such as sponsorship for internal marketing purposes (Cornwell & Maignan, 1995; Dolphin, 2003; Lings & Greenley, 2005). The purpose of this study was to assess how sponsorship as a marketing communications tool affects employees' perceptions of an organization's corporate image, their person-organization fit, and organizational identification. Data were collected from employees of a quick service restaurant chain (N=231). After establishing the reliability and validity of the measurement instrument, multiple regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between four different sponsorship factors and the outcome variables. Sponsor-property fit perceptions as well as the perceived sponsor goodwill were most influential on all the outcome factors, while a personal interest in the sport by employees appeared to foster organizational identification. Overall, the study results suggested that attitudes towards sponsorship activities rub off on employees in a similar way as they do on consumers, and supported its use as a potential internal marketing tool.
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Date Issued: 2008
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0547
Format: Thesis

Title: Organizational Commitment of Senior Woman Administrators.
Creator: Andrews-Little, Donya, Quarterman, Jerome, Jones, Maxine D., Kent, Aubrey, Evans, Virden, Jackson, E. Newton, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to examine Senior Woman Administrators (SWAs) perception of organizational commitment. Three types of organizational commitment were surveyed: affective, normative, and continuance commitment. This study was delimited to Senior Woman Administrators (n=66) at National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division IAA member institutions across the country. This study used the Organizational Commitment Scale(s) to examine Senior Woman Administrators (SWAs)...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to examine Senior Woman Administrators (SWAs) perception of organizational commitment. Three types of organizational commitment were surveyed: affective, normative, and continuance commitment. This study was delimited to Senior Woman Administrators (n=66) at National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division IAA member institutions across the country. This study used the Organizational Commitment Scale(s) to examine Senior Woman Administrators (SWAs) perceptions of organizational commitment. The study examined the relationship between the demographic variables of ethnicity, marital status, current annual salary, age, years in present position, highest degree earned, and alumni status and organizational commitment. The study also examined the significant differences between the demographic variables and organizational commitment. The results of this study revealed the demographic variables of current annual salary, age, and alumni status were significantly related to affective organizational commitment, ethnicity was significantly related to normative organizational commitment and alumni status was significantly related to continuance organizational commitment. The results also revealed that there were significant differences in mean scores for SWAs perception of affective organizational commitment according to age and alumni status and there was a significant difference in mean scores for SWAs perception of normative organizational commitment according to alumni status.
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Date Issued: 2007
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0215
Format: Thesis

Title: The Creation and Development of an International Sport Federation: A Case Study of the International Triathlon Union from 1989-2000.
Creator: Phelps, Sean, Kent, Aubrey, Milligan, Jeff, Beach, King, James, Jeffrey, Reynaud, Cecile, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Creating and developing an international sport federation is an early step before govern-ing a sport on a global scale. Then the organization must seek International Olympic Committee recognition to become the legitimate international federation rather than being self-proclaimed. Next the international federation lobbies to have its sport placed on the Olympic Games competi-tion program. In just two years, the International Triathlon Union went from being a self-proclaimed world governing...
Show moreCreating and developing an international sport federation is an early step before govern-ing a sport on a global scale. Then the organization must seek International Olympic Committee recognition to become the legitimate international federation rather than being self-proclaimed. Next the international federation lobbies to have its sport placed on the Olympic Games competi-tion program. In just two years, the International Triathlon Union went from being a self-proclaimed world governing body for the sport in 1989 to being recognized officially as such from the IOC. Three years later the sport was placed on the competition program for the 2000 Sydney Summer Olympic Games. No sport has accomplished so much in such a short period of time. Using Institutional Theory as the framework, this study looked at identifying the various isomorphic influences exerted upon the International Triathlon Union as the organization moved towards its Olympic goal. While institutional theory describes why organizations move towards homogeneity, typically by three traditional isomorphisms, this study also looked at the variables of leadership and culture to see if they might also influence the direction of this international fed-eration. Additionally, interaction between all the isomorphic influences and variables was also considered. Using a qualitative methodology incorporating heuristic inquiry and a construction-ist philosophy, a variety of pressures, both internal and external, were exerted on the newly formed international federation. Coercive isomorphism, provided by International Olympic Committee, was the strongest influence on the organization's creation and development. However, mimetic and normative isomorphic influences were also present indicating that a hierarchy and interaction exists among and between the three isomorphisms in this case study. Additionally, leadership and cultural in-fluences also guided how ITU was created and developed. While Institutional Theory has fo-cused on macro elements regarding an organization's move towards homogeneity, there is also evidence that micro elements provide similar sway.
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Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0290
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effects of Coaches' Behaviors and Burnout on the Satisfaction and Burnout of Athletes.
Creator: Altahayneh, Ziad L., Kent, Aubrey, Tenenbaum, Gershon, Jackson, E. Newton, Quarterman, Jerome, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between coaches' burnout, coaches' behaviors, and levels of burnout and satisfaction experienced by college athletes. The secondary purposes were to examine how coaches' levels of burnout were related to perceived coaching behavior, and to examine the link between athletes' levels of burnout and satisfaction. Forty two male and female coaches employed at the 8 public universities in Jordan, and 413 male and female college...
Show moreThe main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between coaches' burnout, coaches' behaviors, and levels of burnout and satisfaction experienced by college athletes. The secondary purposes were to examine how coaches' levels of burnout were related to perceived coaching behavior, and to examine the link between athletes' levels of burnout and satisfaction. Forty two male and female coaches employed at the 8 public universities in Jordan, and 413 male and female college athletes participated in this study. The participants completed translated version of the Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS; Chelladurai & Saleh, 1980), Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ; Raedeke & Smith, 2001), Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ; Riemer & Chelladurai, 1998), and Maslach Burnout Inventory-Educators Survey (Maslach, Jackson, & Leiter, 1996). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, and stepwise regression. The results of this study suggest that there is a significant relationship between coaches' leadership behaviors and burnout. It was discovered that personal accomplishment and emotional exhaustion to be significant predictors of the coaches' leadership behaviors. Significant relationships were found between perceived coaching behaviors and athletes' outcomes. Athletes who perceived their coaches as providing more training and instruction, social support, feedback, and exhibiting more democratic behavior and less autocratic behavior were more satisfied and less burned out. In addition, significant negative relationships were found between athletes' satisfaction and athletes' burnout.
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Date Issued: 2003
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0005
Format: Thesis

Title: A Scale Development for Sport Fan Motivation.
Creator: Al-Thibiti, Yousof, Jackson, E. Newton, Kamata, Akihito, Quarterman, Jerome, Ragheb, Mounir, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The primary purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument to assess sport fan motivation. Also, the new measure was employed to examine the relationship between sport fan motivation and ethnic identity. One hundred sixty nine college students from two southeastern institutions participated in this study. Data were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Bivariate correlation, t test, ANOVA, and descriptive statistics. The Fan Motivation Scale (FMS),...
Show moreThe primary purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument to assess sport fan motivation. Also, the new measure was employed to examine the relationship between sport fan motivation and ethnic identity. One hundred sixty nine college students from two southeastern institutions participated in this study. Data were analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Bivariate correlation, t test, ANOVA, and descriptive statistics. The Fan Motivation Scale (FMS), developed in this study, consisted of six components with 22 items. The number of items under every component range from 5 to 2 items (quality of the game 4 items, escape 5 items, boredom avoidance 5 items, social 3 items, entertainment 3 items, and sport atmosphere 2 items). In addition, two hypotheses were tested in the current study. The first hypothesis was that ethnic identity is positively related to sport fan motivation. The second hypothesis assumed that there was a difference between African Americans and European Americans in their ethnic identity. The results revealed the FMS is a reliable measure with an overall alpha score of 0.90. Significant differences were found between participants in the total FMS and some of the subscales based on gender and ethnicity. However, the outcomes of the samples examined in this study do not support the first hypothesis. Therefore, no significant relationship was found between sport fan motivation and ethnic identity. Regarding the second hypothesis, a significant difference was found between African Americans and European Americans in their ethnic identity.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0023
Format: Thesis

Title: Factors Affecting the Performance Levels of Risk Management Behaviors of Florida High School Athletic Directors.
Creator: Aaron, Thomas C., Clement, Annie, Toole, Tonya, Jackson, E. Newton, Reynaud, B. Cecile, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to measure the degree to which Florida High School athletic directors utilize risk management within their athletic program and (2) to determine whether selected demographic factors (i. e. undergraduate major, years of experience as Athletic Director, level of education, etc.) have an effect on the performance levels of these risk management behaviors. A 42-item survey was used to collect data related to specific risk management behaviors and 12...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to measure the degree to which Florida High School athletic directors utilize risk management within their athletic program and (2) to determine whether selected demographic factors (i. e. undergraduate major, years of experience as Athletic Director, level of education, etc.) have an effect on the performance levels of these risk management behaviors. A 42-item survey was used to collect data related to specific risk management behaviors and 12 demographic items. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each factor on the demographic section of the survey, the composite scores for each of the individual items on the survey, for all of the items combined (grand mean), and for the composite scores of each conceptual area (i.e. medical concerns, facilities, etc.). A one-way ANOVA was then used to test for significance among the independent variables (selected demographic factors) and dependent variables (risk management behavior scores of the (1) grand mean, (2) conceptual area means, and (3) individual item means). Results of the study suggest that (1) the risk management behaviors being performed within Florida High School athletic departments are being performed on a rather consistent basis and that (2) the two primary factors that influenced FHSAA athletic director's performance of risk management behaviors were current employment status and current coaching status.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0013
Format: Thesis

Title: Examining the Values Associated with Spectator Sports and the Relationships Between the Values and Sport Spectator Behavior.
Creator: Gau, Li-Shiue, James, Jeffrey, Grindal, Bruce T., Korzenny, Felipe, Flynn, Leisa R., Kent, Aubrey, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The dissertation had two major research purposes. The first purpose was to explore what values may be associated with spectator sports. This purpose was completed by using qualitative inquiry and conducting a review of literature. The second purpose was to examine the relationships between personal values and sport spectator behavior. Sport spectator behavior included spectator sport consumption and sport spectator experiences. This purpose was completed by administering a questionnaire and...
Show moreThe dissertation had two major research purposes. The first purpose was to explore what values may be associated with spectator sports. This purpose was completed by using qualitative inquiry and conducting a review of literature. The second purpose was to examine the relationships between personal values and sport spectator behavior. Sport spectator behavior included spectator sport consumption and sport spectator experiences. This purpose was completed by administering a questionnaire and conducting statistical analyses (for example, descriptive analyses, MANOVA, cluster analyses, stepwise multiple regression, and confirmatory regression analyses). In general, this dissertation adopted a mixed research method design including qualitative and quantitative methods. A qualitative study was conducted to examine values individuals associate with spectator sports. Prior studies of values in sport settings have been primarily conceptual discussions (e.g., Duncan, 1983; Wann, Melnick, Russell, & Pease, 2001) and have focused on participation rather than spectatorship (e.g., Lee, Whitehead, & Balchin, 2000; Simmons & Dickinson, 1986; Wankel & Berger, 1990). Research with spectator sports has investigated fan motivations for attending sports rather than general values associated with spectator sports (e.g., Milne, & McDonald, 1999; Trail, & James, 2001). The current study is an initial step examining the values individuals associate with spectator sports. The study utilized interviews and focus groups and had four progressive phases for triangulation, transferability and constant comparative assessment. The finding suggested ten value types associated with spectator sports: Enjoyment, Sociability, Identity, Status, Moral, Spirituality, Epistemic, Aesthetics, Ritual, No or negative values. Using existing value measures (Kahle, 1983; Maslow, 1970; Rokeach, 1973; Schwartz, 1992, 1996), a pilot survey was conducted to specify 28 individual values which were considered more relevant to spectator sports. A main study was then conducted by using a questionnaire with 28 value measures, 6 modes of spectator sport consumption and 10 experience items. The first group of hypotheses examined whether personal values predicted spectator sport consumption. The results showed significant results, but the direction of associations varied. Sixteen personal values had positive associations with spectator sport consumption; 7 had negative associations with spectator sport consumption; 5 had mixed results. The second group of hypotheses examined whether personal values predicted expected sport spectator experiences. Twenty personal values supported the hypotheses; five values had the results opposite to the hypotheses; two values had mixed results; the value, DEVOUT did not have significant result. The results suggested directions for revision of the ten-value type framework derived from the qualitative inquiry. The results also indicated that the corresponding relationships between some of the individual values and value types associated with spectator sports require further clarification. Different from the results of prior research in fan motivations, the results of this dissertation show that it is likely that people might experience something relevant to some values through spectator sport consumption but did not actively associate the values with spectator sports. In other words, people might be motivated to consume spectator sports in some occasions, but this did not mean that the motivation is a constant value associated with spectator sports. Future research is required to provide more evidence to support this conjecture. The results provide implications for theory in sport consumer behavior to explain spectator sport behavior more thoroughly. The results also provide useful information for sport marketers, sponsors, and policy makers to design their promotion activities, proposals, and policies by using the values as themes. Future research should examine how different sports and cultures influence the associations between personal values and spectator sports. Value-based attitudes might be developed for each value type to help clarify the relationships among values, motives, and attitudes toward spectator sports. The development of attitudes can also enhance the prediction effects of values on spectator sport consumption. By conducting spectator sport value research, it is hoped that attributes of spectator sports can be identified or created to help sport marketers design sporting events to meet the desires of broad potential consumers.
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Date Issued: 2007
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0135
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of Congruence of Leadership Behaviors on Motivation, Commitment, and Satisfaction of College Tennis Players.
Creator: Andrew, Damon Patrick Sermons, Kent, Aubrey, Perrewe, Pamela, James, Jeffrey, Mondello, Michael, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of congruence of leadership behaviors on motivation, commitment, and satisfaction of college tennis players. Respondents (n = 245) included collegiate tennis players from all NCAA division levels (I, II, and III). The athletes were asked to complete a demographic questionnaire, the preferred and perceived versions of the Revised Leadership Scale for Sports, Sport Motivation Scale, Sport Commitment Model Scale, and Athlete Satisfaction...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of congruence of leadership behaviors on motivation, commitment, and satisfaction of college tennis players. Respondents (n = 245) included collegiate tennis players from all NCAA division levels (I, II, and III). The athletes were asked to complete a demographic questionnaire, the preferred and perceived versions of the Revised Leadership Scale for Sports, Sport Motivation Scale, Sport Commitment Model Scale, and Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire. The responses were collected in an online format. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each of the demographic variables. Alpha (Cronbach) coefficients were calculated for the components of each measurement scale to verify internal consistency. Multivariate multiple regression analyses were utilized to determine the effect of demographic variables on leadership behavior preferences. In order to avoid the potential problems associated with the use of difference scores (Peter, Churchill, & Brown, 1993), a regression technique was applied to evaluate the leadership congruence hypothesis. The base scores (i.e. preferences and perceptions) were entered first followed by their interactional term (preferred x perceived). Two sets of multiple regression equations were calculated. In the first set, preference scores were entered first followed by the perceptions and the interaction term, and the second set followed a similar format but reversed the order of the preference and perception terms. The congruence hypothesis was accepted if the interaction significantly increased the amount of variance explained. The results of this study indicated that neither gender nor ability level were predictive of preferred leadership behavior. Furthermore, the congruency of certain preferred and perceived leadership behaviors predicted intrinsic motivation to know, intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation, extrinsic motivation identified, amotivation, sport commitment, sport enjoyment, individual performance satisfaction, personal treatment satisfaction, team performance satisfaction, and training and instruction satisfaction. The findings are discussed in the context of Chelladurai's (1999) Multidimensional Model of Leadership. Future research suggestions are forwarded.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0029
Format: Thesis

Title: Engaging Consumers Through Innovation: Measuring Event Innovativeness in Spectator Sports.
Creator: Yoshida, Masayuki, James, Jeffrey D., Kamata, Akihito, Jr., J. Joseph Cronin, Mondello, Michael J., Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Marketing researchers have primarily studied radical and incremental product innovations based on technological development from the firm's perspective. The inescapable observation is that product innovation research has developed with an emphasis on tangible products (i.e., goods) and little empirical effort to investigate the innovativeness of intangible products (i.e., services, experiences, and events) from the customer's perspective. Although recent discussions in the marketing...
Show moreMarketing researchers have primarily studied radical and incremental product innovations based on technological development from the firm's perspective. The inescapable observation is that product innovation research has developed with an emphasis on tangible products (i.e., goods) and little empirical effort to investigate the innovativeness of intangible products (i.e., services, experiences, and events) from the customer's perspective. Although recent discussions in the marketing literature highlight the importance of studying service and experience innovations, most existing models are still conceptual. This dissertation is one of the first attempts to develop a model of intangible event innovativeness from the consumer's perspective and for relating event innovativeness to customer retention. From a pragmatic perspective, the conceptual model of event innovativeness is developed based on a review of the relevant literature and an examination of data collected from two focus groups. Two quantitative research studies (n = 297, n = 333) validate the proposed conceptualization of event innovativeness and examine the hypothesized relationships impacting consumer behavioral intentions through innovative event experiences. In the early stages of the study, an exploratory maximum likelihood factor analysis with an oblique rotation was employed. From the factor analysis, six dimensions emerged and were interpreted as (1) player performance, (2) respectful access, (3) self-service technology, (4) aesthetic environment, (5) brand community, and (6) loyalty program. The number of dimensions in the original model was reduced from eight to six; consumers did not seem to distinguish between skill performance and thrill performance and between social environment and brand community. The second data set was collected from spectators at a college football game in order to validate the idea of event innovativeness. A confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis found that two dimensions (player performance and aesthetic environment) had positive effects on overall innovativeness in the context of spectator sports. Furthermore, this study extended previous research by examining the link between event innovativeness and customer retention. Including two attitudinal constructs (consumer satisfaction and brand equity) as mediators, the results indicate that innovative event experiences lead not only to increased consumer satisfaction in the affective domain, but also to enhanced brand equity in the cognitive domain, and eventually to increased behavioral intentions (i.e., repeat purchase, word-of-mouth, and share of wallet). The current study represents an initial effort to provide managers with more holistic information pertaining to the factors engaging consumers through innovative event experiences. The ideas merit further research with respect to formulating an explanation of what factors contribute most to engaging consumers through innovative event experiences. The proposed model and recommendations for future research provide numerous opportunities to continue advancing our knowledge of customer retention through innovation.
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-0862
Format: Thesis

Title: The Official Supporter's Group Section: Conceptualizing and Measuring Its Effect on Sport Consumer Satisfaction and Behavioral Outcomes.
Creator: Reid, Charles Elliott, Kim, Amy C. H., Gray, Edward G., James, Jeffrey D., Newman, Joshua I., Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport Management
Abstract/Description: Attendance at sporting events remains a vital part of sporting contests, as spectators have been shown to have a significant impact upon the atmosphere of an event (Uhrich & Benkenstein, 2012). As more attractive options for consuming sporting events continue to arise (e.g., higher-definition televisions, game watch parties, etc.), sport managers should seek to better understand what elements of in-person spectating are most important for repeat attendance. Sport stadium atmosphere...
Show moreAttendance at sporting events remains a vital part of sporting contests, as spectators have been shown to have a significant impact upon the atmosphere of an event (Uhrich & Benkenstein, 2012). As more attractive options for consuming sporting events continue to arise (e.g., higher-definition televisions, game watch parties, etc.), sport managers should seek to better understand what elements of in-person spectating are most important for repeat attendance. Sport stadium atmosphere researchers have identified other spectators as a positive source of influence for future attendance intentions (Biscaia, Correia Rosado, Maroco, & Ross, 2012; Lee, Lee, Seo, & Green, 2012; Uhrich & Benkenstein, 2012). However, spectators have only been studied in aggregate, as though all spectators were homogenous and part of one entire group. Through the present research I evaluated a specific sub-group, the Official Supporter’s Group (OSG) Section, of the spectating population for its effects on the non-OSG spectators in attendance at Major League Soccer games. The stated purpose of the OSG Section is to assist their team through chants, singing, and cheering. As a means of achieving this goal, those within the OSG Section attempt to involve other spectators outside the section to increase the volume and intensity of support for their team. The existence of these supporter’s groups is explained through Social Identity Theory and Complexity Theory. OSGs and the OSG Section are theorized to be sub-components of the Sport Stadium Atmosphere (SSA) framework (Uhrich & Benkenstein, 2010; Uhrich & Koenigstorfer, 2009). This framework consists of three dimensions of environmental stimuli (organizer-induced, game-induced, and spectator-induced) that have a positive, direct relationship with consumer affective responses (Uhrich & Benkenstein, 2010). This research was conducted to evaluate the impact of those making up the OSG Section as an influential aspect of the spectator-induced dimension. The two goals of this research were to add to the SSA framework (Uhrich & Benkenstein, 2010; Uhrich & Koenigstorfer, 2009) in two ways: 1) by evaluating the effect of a previously unstudied aspect of the spectating population: the OSG Section, and 2) by including satisfaction as a measure of the effects of the stadium atmosphere upon the consumer. Three stages were employed to investigate the goals above. First, a questionnaire was developed to survey spectators of Major League Soccer (MLS) games during the 2018 season. Item-development processes were undertaken, based on the recommendations of Hinkin’s (1998) scale development process, to evaluate perceived effects of the organizer-induced stimuli, game-induced stimuli, the influence of the OSG Section, and outcome variables of satisfaction, intention to return, and word-of-mouth recommendations. Second, a pilot study was conducted to evaluate the new items developed and to refine the instrument for the main study. Finally, a main study was employed to collect data from a second sample of the population (MLS spectators) using the refined survey instrument. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling techniques were used to analyze collected data and test the hypothesized relationships. The members and actions of those comprising the OSG Section were found to have a significant, positive relationship with both resulting spectator emotions and satisfaction. Further, there is evidence to further confirm the relationship between satisfaction and behavioral intentions (Kuenzel & Yassim, 2007; Matsuoka et al., 2003). Practical implications, limitations, and future research directions are all discussed in the final chapter.
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Date Issued: 2018
Identifier: 2018_Su_Reid_fsu_0071E_14814
Format: Thesis

Title: Social Legacy of the Olympic Games from a Social Innovation Perspective.
Creator: Kim, Sanghoon, Kim, Amy C. H., Newman, Joshua I., Xue, Hanhan, Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport Management
Abstract/Description: Recently, cities that bid for hosting the Olympic Games have withdrawn due to public referendums and lack of political support. Although the International Olympic Committee’s (IOC) efforts to underline the importance of the Olympic legacy at a series of symposiums such as “The legacy of the Olympic Games 1984-2000” and the “Olympic Agenda of 2020”, numerous media platforms and studies have presented the negative consequences of hosting the Olympics. Compared to other legacies, the social...
Show moreRecently, cities that bid for hosting the Olympic Games have withdrawn due to public referendums and lack of political support. Although the International Olympic Committee’s (IOC) efforts to underline the importance of the Olympic legacy at a series of symposiums such as “The legacy of the Olympic Games 1984-2000” and the “Olympic Agenda of 2020”, numerous media platforms and studies have presented the negative consequences of hosting the Olympics. Compared to other legacies, the social legacy of the Olympics was relatively overlooked until recently. Although the IOC has set objectives to uphold the positive aspects of its social legacy, the development of practical strategies to address the socially-driven issues caused by hosting the Olympics still remains as a challenge to overcome. In efforts to fill this gap, the purpose of this study is to analyze the current process and evaluation system for the Olympic social legacy based on the frame of newspaper coverage, as well as discussing the strategies on how to achieve social innovation through the Olympic Games based on the SIOG model. I employed the media framing as the theoretical framework and conduct a content analysis of newspaper coverage in the U.S, The New York Times, USA Today, Los Angeles Times, and The Washington Post published between 1990 and 2016. The frame found in newspaper articles about the Olympic social legacy in the present study enabled me to investigate how the residents of the host city have experienced the social legacy of the Olympic Games and the problems behind the current process (Entman, 1993; Misener, 2012). In addition, the result of the analysis provided implications of how the Olympic social legacy needs to be planned and managed based on the SIOG model (Entman, 1993; Misener, 2012). The frames identified from the newspaper coverage revealed that there was a gap between the resident’s needs and actual provisions provided by hosting the Olympic Games. Overall, the social legacies planned by the organizers and committees did not work effectively before, during, and after the Olympic Games. In addition, By applying the social innovation framework to the social legacy of the Olympic Games, hosting the Olympic Games will provide solutions for problems focusing on needs that are unmet, which can resolve these various problems and make the integrated society sustainable.
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Date Issued: 2018
Identifier: 2018_Su_Kim_fsu_0071N_14655
Format: Thesis

Title: The Circuit of Legacy Discourse: Mega-Events, Political Economy and the Beijing Olympic Games.
Creator: Pu, Haozhou, Giardina, Michael D., Proffitt, Jennifer M., Newman, Joshua I., James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Florida State University, College of Education, Department of...
Show morePu, Haozhou, Giardina, Michael D., Proffitt, Jennifer M., Newman, Joshua I., James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport Management
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Abstract/Description: The mega-event, or large-scale mass event, has held an enduring level of popular and political support in modern society since their creation in the late 19th century. In the current period of intense globalization, the importance placed on mega-events by national governments and global corporations has increased considerably—with hundreds of millions of dollars spent on both the bid process and the marketing, advertising, and branding of a given event. Mega-events also provide people with...
Show moreThe mega-event, or large-scale mass event, has held an enduring level of popular and political support in modern society since their creation in the late 19th century. In the current period of intense globalization, the importance placed on mega-events by national governments and global corporations has increased considerably—with hundreds of millions of dollars spent on both the bid process and the marketing, advertising, and branding of a given event. Mega-events also provide people with unique opportunities to participate in collective projects of urban regeneration, identity formation, and conspicuous consumption. This dissertation is situated within a focal area on the global phenomenon of sport mega-event. Here I draw from an interdisciplinary perspective to demystify the popular discourse on the even legacy and its related political economy implications associated with the two Olympic Games in Beijing. So far, legacy has been gaining wider currency vis-à-vis the hosting of mega-events, and there has been increased scholarly focus on related topics such as the governance, evaluation, and leveraging of legacy. In this dissertation, I examine legacy as both substantive element (e.g., urban renewal project & facility construction) and discursive discourse (e.g., the public pedagogy underpinning the circulation of certain ideological values and meanings). Being the first city ever to host both the Summer and Winter Olympics, the idea of fully capitalizing on the legacy of the previous 2008 Olympics for the future 2022 Winter Olympics has been repeatedly addressed by Beijing throughout the bidding and planning process thus far. A comprehensive evaluation of the legacy of the 2008 Olympics is beyond the remit of this project; however, by attending to the primary, publicly-promised legacies of the 2008 Olympics, an important context for post-2008 mega-events can be revealed. Thus, in this study, I consider numerous features of legacy discourse of the Olympic Games as sensitive indicators of shifting interests, power relations and ideologies at micro, meso, and macro levels in contemporary China. To do this, I structure my project within a modified “circuit of culture” model, which focuses on the articulations of interrelated moments of production, representation, and consumption (Hall, 1980; Johnson, 1986; du Gay et al., 1997). Such a framework thus provides a heuristic model to stress the situational particularities inscribing and deriving meanings and values in and through legacy discourse. As such, the analysis of each moment will be situated within a broader context of the post-2008 Olympics era and the correlative political economic landscape. In this project, I find legacy discourse as an evolving and dynamic concept that is both context-specific and influenced by multiple social actors. It is simultaneously ascribed with a variety of explicit or implicit political and economic interests. Grounded on qualitative analysis at the three moments of the circuit—representation, production and consumption—both commonalities and contradictions of the legacy discourse encountered and understood by different social groups (e.g., residents, government, and corporate) are identified. With regard to the popular legacy discourse of the 2022 Winter Olympics, an emerging neoliberal paradigm is further unveiled, which provides a viable arena to examine the political economy of sport mega-events in a post-2008 era and the associated interplays of market capitalism and state socialism in contemporary China, which have been in a state of transition. Based on the findings of this study, the appeal of mega-events to the state of China is not only underpinned by the pursuit of symbolic politics, it further entails a form of shock of spectacle that relies on the “dramatological” and “exceptional” features of modern mega-events to legitimate and further a broad spectrum of state agendas and policies (e.g., urban regeneration, economic growth, & environmental governance). Compared to the identity-politics-driven 2008 Summer Games, the legacy discourse surrounding the 2022 Winter Games is also found to be embodied with more complicated while explicit economic interests. And such economic interests are situated within an intimate interaction with consumerism, developmentalism, commercialism, with an emphasis on the rule of market. This marks a significant transition, as the previous nation-building function of the Olympic Games, appears to be complemented by, if not replaced by, a new market-building goal in the case of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics. This study therefore contributes to an indigenous and more comprehensive understanding of sport mega-events in China, particularly the interactions between the global capitalism and local politics as manifest in the dynamic legacy discourse.
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Date Issued: 2017
Identifier: FSU_SUMMER2017_Pu_fsu_0071E_14041
Format: Thesis

Title: Amateurism, Player Compensation, and College Sports an Analysis of the Perceived Effects of a Free Market Model on the National Collegiate Athletic Association and Three Stakeholders of Division I Athletics.
Creator: Hart, Steven, Kim, Amy C. H. (Amy Chan Hyung), James, Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Dalton), Xue, Hanhan, Florida State University, College of Education, Department of Sport Management
Abstract/Description: The debate about student-athlete compensation in college athletics has received increased media attention in the past decade. As many parties continue to call for the National Collegiate Athletic Association (the NCAA) to reform its organizational model and rulebook, commentators have proposed several alternatives to the current amateurism model. Among the most commonly discussed is a free market model. This model, arguably, would have the most significant impact on the NCAA and its...
Show moreThe debate about student-athlete compensation in college athletics has received increased media attention in the past decade. As many parties continue to call for the National Collegiate Athletic Association (the NCAA) to reform its organizational model and rulebook, commentators have proposed several alternatives to the current amateurism model. Among the most commonly discussed is a free market model. This model, arguably, would have the most significant impact on the NCAA and its stakeholders. Critics and proponents of such a model disagree as to what the impacts would be on the NCAA and its ability to achieve its organizational purposes, including governing the fairness of competition and establishing rules defining the amateur status of student-athletes (Beggs et. al., 2004). The purpose of this study was to investigate managers and stakeholder groups' perceptions of a free market system on the organizational structure and the ability of the NCAA to achieve its organizational goals, and the impact on three key stakeholders: Division I athletic departments, Division I student-athletes, and sports law attorneys. Since much of the current discussion about the future of the NCAA is proffered by industry commentators, celebrities, and sports writers, there is a need to identify and gain perspective from key stakeholders who would directly affect and be affected by a change to the current student-athlete compensation model. Stakeholder theory was used as a framework for substantiating the importance of key stakeholders in college athletics. Stakeholder theory helps an organization explore the interests, expectations and perspectives of those who affect and are affected by its actions insomuch a decision maker can accordingly develop appropriate strategies and policies for responding to both internal and external influences (Hester, Bradley, & Adams, 2012). The three stakeholder groups chosen for this study included division I intercollegiate athletic administrators, division I student-athletes, and sports law attorneys. These stakeholder groups were selected because of their potential to be impacted by the implementation of a free market model. By way of understanding the importance of the three key stakeholders, this thesis focuses on exploring their perception of: 1) what a free market model is for intercollegiate athletics, and 2) how such a free market model would potentially impact the development of the NCAA and stakeholders themselves. To facilitate the study, semi-structured interviews with eight participants were conducted. The participants included two members from each of the above-mentioned stakeholder groups (i.e. two division I student-athletes, two sports law attorneys and two division I athletic administrators) as well as two NCAA committee members. Those participants were chosen through a process of purposive sampling created through a set of specific criteria (e.g. only student athletes who played football or basketball were selected to participate). Semi-structured interview questions were developed based on the research questions listed in this study. All interviews were recorded and participants' answers were transcribed. The transcribed interviews were reviewed and key words and themes emerging from the interviews were identified. The data was then analyzed using conventional qualitative content analysis. Results of the study revealed that stakeholders of the NCAA have varying ideas of what a free market model is for intercollegiate athletics. Both NCAA committee members described a free market for intercollegiate athletics as a pay-for-play model. The attorneys' perceptions were related to a traditional economic definition of a free market. Other ideas were similar to a professional model where salary caps are negotiated through a process of collective bargaining. A key finding from this study is that there are differences in stakeholder perceptions of how a free market model would potentially impact the development of the NCAA and stakeholders. Many of the perceptions identified amongst all or most of the stakeholders interviewed are uncommon in the media narratives about the future of the NCAA. Future implications of the findings on stakeholder theory were discussed.
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Date Issued: 2019
Identifier: 2019_Summer_Hart_fsu_0071N_15451
Format: Thesis

Title: Influence of National Sport Team Identity on National Identity.
Creator: Bogdanov, Dusko, James, Jeffrey D., Knight, Gary A., Schwartz, Robert A., Mondello, Michael J., Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of the research was to elaborate on the relationship between sport national team identity and national identity. The relationship has been documented anecdotally and in other areas of study, most notably in sport sociology (Bairner, 2001). There has been no research in sport management, however, addressing how national sport team identity may influence or contribute to the formation of national identity. One of the researcher's goals was to advance our understanding of group...
Show moreThe purpose of the research was to elaborate on the relationship between sport national team identity and national identity. The relationship has been documented anecdotally and in other areas of study, most notably in sport sociology (Bairner, 2001). There has been no research in sport management, however, addressing how national sport team identity may influence or contribute to the formation of national identity. One of the researcher's goals was to advance our understanding of group identities by examining the influence of national sport team identity on national identity. An additional goal was to assess the relative importance of national sport team identity in relation to regional and religious identities as a component of one's national identity. A supplemental outcome of the current research was to extend the GROUP* ID scale developed by Heere and James (2007) by measuring different group identities in international settings. The four group identities examined were: 1) 'national' team, 2) regional, 3) religious, and 4) national. The current study also included an examination of whether there were differences in the respective identities (team, national, regional, and religious) due to demographic characteristics (age, gender, education, and income). Finally, the current study included an examination of whether there were differences in indirect sport consumption (media and merchandise) based on demographic characteristics (age, gender, education, and income) among individuals that identified with a national sport team. Participants were selected from the countries of Serbia (n = 800) and Ireland (n =218). The Serbian sample was a random sample of participants from the country of Serbia. The Irish sample was a convenience online sample from residents in Ireland. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the two datasets to provide evidence of reliability and validity of the GROUP*ID scale. The samples were then reduced to reflect 'only' those individuals that chose to identify with the nations of Serbia (n = 691) and Ireland (n = 194). Multiple regression and One-Way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The Serbian sample (n = 691) was composed of males (52%) and females (48%) and their average age was 43.71. The Irish sample (n = 194) was composed of males (57%) and females (43%) and their average age was 36.59. Descriptive results revealed that Serbians identified with the national soccer team the most (44%). The Irish identified with the national soccer team (37%) and rugby team (37%). The results from a series of multiple regressions revealed that the influence of national sport team identity on national identity was significant in both Serbia and Ireland. The proposed models explained 49% of variance in national identity in Serbia (n = 691), and 55% of variance of national identity in Ireland (n = 194). Further analysis revealed national sport team identity was not as important as regional and religious identity in assessing a Serbian's national identity. With the Irish sample, national sport team identity accounted for more variance than religious identity in Irish national identity, but not more than was accounted for by regional identity. Findings from the current research also included significant differences in team identity relative to gender, age, and education within the Serbian sample (n = 691). A significant difference was also found in national identity relative to gender in Serbia. There were no significant differences in national sport team or national identity within the Irish sample (n = 194). Other findings of the current research included significant differences on indirect sport consumption (media and merchandise) based on demographic characteristics amongst individuals that identified with a Serbian and Irish national sport team respectively. Based on the findings, key research and practical implications are presented.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3624
Format: Thesis

Title: Cardiac Fatigue Following Successive Bouts of Prolonged Endurance Exercise.
Creator: Bograd, Benjamin A., Moffatt, Robert J., Grubbs, Laurie, Haymes, Emily, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to examine cardiac function during three consecutive bouts of prolonged endurance exercise (PEE) in healthy collegeaged males for the determination of cardiac myocyte damage indicative of cardiac fatigue. Additionally, multiple bouts were performed in order to examine the cardioprotective effect of exercise and ascertain whether preconditioning was induced. In order to avoid the limitations of previous studies, the exercise sessions were completed in a controlled...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to examine cardiac function during three consecutive bouts of prolonged endurance exercise (PEE) in healthy collegeaged males for the determination of cardiac myocyte damage indicative of cardiac fatigue. Additionally, multiple bouts were performed in order to examine the cardioprotective effect of exercise and ascertain whether preconditioning was induced. In order to avoid the limitations of previous studies, the exercise sessions were completed in a controlled laboratory setting at a predetermined intensity. Likewise the 3rd generation cTnT ELISA was used in order to validate previous positive results. The present study involved ten male, untrained runners (VO2 max 50.7 ± 3.8 ml/kg/min). During the experimental phase, subjects completed three consecutive treadmill runs to exhaustion separated by twenty-four hours. The average total exercise time for the three bouts combined was 204.5 ± 71.49 minutes and the individual exercise bout times were 70.6 ± 31.44, 70.0 ± 25.39, and 63.90 ± 23.95 minutes respectively. The mean peak VO2 achieved during the exercise bouts was 41.9 ± 4.8 ml/kg-1/min-1 (3.4 ± 0.4 L/min-1) which is 81.92 ± 4.4% of estimated VO2 max. Evaluation of cardiac markers and electrocardiographic data revealed no signs of cardiac fatigue. Electrocardiographic examination focused primarily on signs of myocardial damage and ischemia (ST segment, Q wave, and T wave). Data from the present study suggests that prolonged endurance exercise does not induce myocardial damage in healthy, untrained male subjects. The chosen intensity of 81.92 ± 4.4% of estimated VO2 max may have inhibited the completion of a duration sufficient to induce cardiac fatigue. Additionally, it can be hypothesized that repetitive bouts of exercise did not result in a compounding effect as cardiac fatigue was not noted during any of the exercise bouts. While no significance was found in the current study, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp 70) values increased following exercise possibly providing enhanced myocardial protection and future resistance to the damage of ischemia or infarction.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3619
Format: Thesis

Title: Measuring Nationalism as a Sport Fan Motive.
Creator: Bogdanov, Dusko, James, Jeffrey Dalton, Kent, Robert Aubrey, Reynaud, Cecile, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Numerous variables have been found to influence sport consumption; however, research examining nationalism as a construct has yet to be fully examined. The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to measure nationalism as a motive for sport fan consumption. The proposed scale included 16 items and measured the nationalism as multidimensional construct (connection to countryman, national belonging and national pride). The number of items per dimension ranged from three to nine (connection...
Show moreNumerous variables have been found to influence sport consumption; however, research examining nationalism as a construct has yet to be fully examined. The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to measure nationalism as a motive for sport fan consumption. The proposed scale included 16 items and measured the nationalism as multidimensional construct (connection to countryman, national belonging and national pride). The number of items per dimension ranged from three to nine (connection to countryman three items, national belonging four items and national pride nine items). Data was collected at the 2004 European Championships in Portugal to assess the validity and reliability of the proposed scale. The sample included Dutch, English and Portuguese fans (N=481). The sample was split so the scale could be purified. The results of an exploratory factor analysis with Split 1 (n=240) revealed that the 16 items held together to represent one construct, nationalism. Assessment of the item-to-item correlations and the squared multiple correlations led the researcher to delete items that were highly correlated and did not contribute more than chance to the variance accounted for. The number of items in the scale was reduced to seven. The Cronbach's alpha score computed using Split two was 0.92. The seven items were reasonably concluded to capture the essence of nationalism as a sport fan motive. Implications and future research will assist sport marketing practitioners in gaining an enhanced understanding of today's sport fan at an international sporting event (e.g., Olympics, World Cup).
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3625
Format: Thesis

Title: Analysis of Risk Management Practices and Litigation Status in Aquatic Centers.
Creator: Hsiao, Richard, Clement, Annie, Panton, Lynn, Kent, Aubrey, Reynaud, B. Cecile, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Water-related events are the most popular all year around activities in Taiwan. Aquatic facilities deliver value to users and the community when they are well planned and designed, and meet the public's expectations for health and safety. Approximately two people die from drowning or swimming-related accidents every day; the average age range of victims is between 15 to 24 years. An average of 961 people has died in accidental drownings each year over the past ten years in Taiwan. The...
Show moreWater-related events are the most popular all year around activities in Taiwan. Aquatic facilities deliver value to users and the community when they are well planned and designed, and meet the public's expectations for health and safety. Approximately two people die from drowning or swimming-related accidents every day; the average age range of victims is between 15 to 24 years. An average of 961 people has died in accidental drownings each year over the past ten years in Taiwan. The Taiwanese accident rate of drowning increased by 11% between the years 1999 and 2000. Because of the high rate of accidents in water-related activities, the focus of this research was to investigate the management status of aquatic centers (schools, YMCAs, public/private communities, fitness centers, hotels, theme parks); the risk management practices employed by these institutions; and associated legal concerns. The purpose of this study was to establish the management status of aquatic centers, the risk management practices employed by organizations, and the associated legal concerns in Taiwan. The significance of this study was to provide first-hand information about risk management in general aquatic center settings in Taiwan. This study provided an in-depth understanding of risk management implementation, the relationship of demographic elements, risk management practices and considerations of aquatic directors at swimming/aquatic facilities in Taiwan. The results drew a prospective picture, revealed a lack of risk management practices in aquatic centers in Taiwan and provided a clear direction for future study. This study used a self-developed survey questionnaire and tried to get a better understanding of the risk management practices among aquatic directors in Taiwan. The findings of this study represent 937 aquatic directors at swimming facilities across Taiwan. There were no attempts to reach inferences or generalize the findings. It would be a worthwhile study to track all settled cases related to accidents/incidents and to compare the case facts with demographic elements related to risk management practices in Taiwan. Results of the study suggest that Taiwan's aquatic directors should have a fundamental concept and knowledge of risk management and sports law in order to provide safer and better aquatic environments for all participants.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3702
Format: Thesis

Title: The Identification of Collective Bargaining Issues for the Korea Baseball Organization.
Creator: Joo, Jongmi, Clement, Annie, Pargman, David, Stauber, Alvin, Ratliffe, Tom, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to identify current collective bargaining issues facing the Korea Baseball Organization (KBO) and, further, to examine these same issues in Major League Baseball (MLB). In order to help the KBO plan for the future, this study was designed to forecast future collective bargaining issues for the KBO, particularly those that may prove important during the next decade. In addition, this study was intended to explore what differences and similarities exist between the...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to identify current collective bargaining issues facing the Korea Baseball Organization (KBO) and, further, to examine these same issues in Major League Baseball (MLB). In order to help the KBO plan for the future, this study was designed to forecast future collective bargaining issues for the KBO, particularly those that may prove important during the next decade. In addition, this study was intended to explore what differences and similarities exist between the forecasts of experts toward bargaining issues of the KBO and the current content of the bargaining agreement of MLB. An understanding of what issues have been addressed by MLB would help the KBO resolve disputes and establish strategies for collective bargaining in the near future. In order to accomplish the purpose of this study, five research questions were formulated: (a) What do the experts think about the current collective bargaining issues of the Korea Baseball Organization? (b) What do the experts think about the collective bargaining issues of Major League Baseball? (c) What do the experts anticipate about the collective bargaining issues of the Korea Baseball Organization during the next decade? (d) What is the content of the most recent collective bargaining agreements of Major League Baseball? and (e) What differences and similarities exist between the forecast of experts toward bargaining issues of the Korea Baseball Organization and the current content of the bargaining agreement of Major League Baseball? These five research questions were tested by both the Delphi technique and document analysis. The Delphi technique was used to forecast future collective bargaining issues of the Korea Baseball Organization through the opinions of experts. In conducting the Delphi technique, a survey questionnaire was used as the instrument. Thirty-seven experts, selected by a nominating procedure, responded to the questions. Over the two rounds, the collected data were analyzed by both median and interquartile range to determine the consensus of expert opinion. Document analysis was used to identify the kinds of issues important in the MLB collective bargaining agreement by analyzing the contents of two recent MLB collective bargaining agreements. The survey results obtained from the Delphi technique were compared with the results of document analysis. This study found that Korean experts perceived the period of free agency, players' equipment, and both medical and rehabilitation service as the most important labor-management issues. Most of the experts expected that the various collective bargaining issues of MLB will eventually appear in the bargaining agenda between players and owners of the KBO. It was found that the issues believed most important for the near future were annual salary, pensions, minimum salary, and arbitration. Given that these issues were dealt with by the MLB in the 1970's, this finding was considered evidence that the labor-management relations of the KBO are about thirty years behind those of the MLB. More recent issues appearing in the MLB agreement of 1997, such as luxury tax, payroll tax, industry growth fund, antitrust, and revenue-sharing plans, were not perceived by Korean experts as important issues, either currently or for the near future. This finding suggests, therefore, that even though both the KBO and MLB had different collective bargaining foci at the time of the study, the forecasts of the experts related primarily to issues that were important at an earlier period for MLB. This finding provided supporting evidence for the importance of this study, in which the collective bargaining process of MLB can be exemplified as a guideline for the collective bargaining process of KBO. If the path of the collective bargaining process of the KBO more-or-less follows the path of that of MLB, one can reasonably predict the next set of bargaining issues of the KBO by examining the history and strategies of bargaining issues that appeared in MLB.
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Date Issued: 2003
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3468
Format: Thesis

Title: The Moderating Effects of Involvement on the Relationships Among Perceived Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, and Customer Citizenship Behavior.
Creator: Chung, Tae-Wook, Quarterman, Jerome, Panton, Lynn, Kwon, Hyungil Harry, Kent, Aubrey, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The role of customers in service production has been increased in our society. Sport participants also play a significant role in service delivery (Chelladurai & Chang, 2000; Ko & Pastore, 2005). Groth (2005) introduced customer citizenship behavior (CCB) indicating the extra-role behaviors of customers which are not required for service production. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between perceived service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer citizenship...
Show moreThe role of customers in service production has been increased in our society. Sport participants also play a significant role in service delivery (Chelladurai & Chang, 2000; Ko & Pastore, 2005). Groth (2005) introduced customer citizenship behavior (CCB) indicating the extra-role behaviors of customers which are not required for service production. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between perceived service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer citizenship behavior (CCB) moderated by customer involvement among campus recreational sport participants. In addition, the relationship between encounter service quality and global service quality was examined. Based on the literature, a theoretical model was developed and tested, using a structural equation modeling (SEM). Data were collected from 228 college students at a large south-eastern university. The results indicated that program quality, client-employee interaction, valence, sociability, ambience condition, and equipment predicted the perception of global service quality. In addition, both perceived service quality and customer satisfaction in the global levels predicted CCB. While perceived service quality influenced customer satisfaction positively, customer satisfaction had a negative effect on perceived service quality simultaneously. The moderating effect of involvement was found in the relationship from the perception of the global service quality to global customer satisfaction. The findings are discussed with managerial implications and directions for future research.
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Date Issued: 2006
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3613
Format: Thesis

Title: Factors Influencing College Choice Among Track and Field Student Athletes at NCAA D-1 Conference HBCUs.
Creator: Crowley, Charles, Jackson, E. Newton, Jones, Lee, Toole, Tonya, Mondello, Michael, Quarterman, Jerome, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to identify college choice factors that are most important in track-and-field student athletes' choice to attend a HBCU. This study employed a three-fold approach: a) to expand research on track-and-field student athletes into the broader dimension of student college choice, b) to initiate an exploration of the factors that influence the college choice decisions of student athletes competing in track-and-field at HBCUs, and c) to develop a college choice profile...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to identify college choice factors that are most important in track-and-field student athletes' choice to attend a HBCU. This study employed a three-fold approach: a) to expand research on track-and-field student athletes into the broader dimension of student college choice, b) to initiate an exploration of the factors that influence the college choice decisions of student athletes competing in track-and-field at HBCUs, and c) to develop a college choice profile by institution type. The instrument used was the Student Athletes College Choice Profile Survey (SACCPS) and was originally developed by Gabert, Hale, & Montalvo (1999). Independent variables in this sample were gender, conference, scholarship versus non-scholarship, and amount of scholarship for the track and field student athletes. Dependent variables were the 24 different factors narrowed into three factor categories used as influence factors related to college choice, those factor categories were academic, athletic, and personal. A total of 22 (100%) MEAC school teams and 12 (60%) SWAC school teams responded. There were 42 HBCU men and women track and field teams that were hand delivered and mailed questionnaires, 34 teams participated in the study for response rate of 81%. The overall response rate was 65%(N=385) for the research project, 2 usable surveys were returned yet did not indicate respondent's gender. The types of quantitative analysis used were inferential and descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics identified were ranking, means, and standard deviations while the inferential statistics technique used was the multivariate analysis of variances (MANOVA). The results indicated there were differences between gender and academic college choice factors. There were many factors that influenced track and field student athletes. The top factors were: opportunity to play, degree program, academic support, college head coach, location of school, chance to travel, athletic traditions, campus social life, athletic facilities, and position coach. This study indicated that for track and field student athletes all three choice factors categories were very important in there college choice process, of an HBCU. Therefore coaches, administrators and recruiters may be able to better plan well balanced recruiting strategies to attract high quality student athletes.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-2982
Format: Thesis

Title: Does Sport Really Matter to Volunteers?: Implications from an Empirical Comparison Between Sport Volunteers and Non-Sport Volunteers.
Creator: Hwang, Jaeyeon, Rudd, Andrew, Brower, Ralph, Kent, Aubrey, Mondello, Michael, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Successful volunteer management is essential to the effective functioning of sport organizations because the organizations and events could not be sustained without the support of volunteers (Cuskelly, McIntyre, & Boag, 1998). In order to achieve effectiveness in volunteer management, sport organizations should understand what volunteers want and how volunteers feel about their volunteer activities. In the competitive environment of volunteer recruitment, sport organizations should be...
Show moreSuccessful volunteer management is essential to the effective functioning of sport organizations because the organizations and events could not be sustained without the support of volunteers (Cuskelly, McIntyre, & Boag, 1998). In order to achieve effectiveness in volunteer management, sport organizations should understand what volunteers want and how volunteers feel about their volunteer activities. In the competitive environment of volunteer recruitment, sport organizations should be appealing to target volunteers, emphasizing the uniqueness of sport volunteering on the basis of a basic understanding of volunteer psychology. There have been an increasing number of research studies examining motivation and satisfaction of volunteers in sport management. However, there has been a lack of research testing the idea of whether sport volunteering is more favorable and influential for motivating and satisfying volunteers than other volunteer opportunities are. This dissertation is the first attempt at comparing the characteristics of sport volunteers with non-sport volunteers in order to fill this gap in volunteer research and verify the characteristics of sport volunteers compared with other volunteers. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to compare the psychological differences between the groups of sport volunteers and non-sport volunteers. In order to achieve this research purpose, marathon volunteers (n=321) and music festival volunteers (n=132) were compared in terms of identification, motivation, evaluation of fit, satisfaction, and intentions for future volunteering associated with their current volunteering experiences. The results indicated that there were significant group differences in the level of identification related to the context of volunteering. However, no significant group differences were found between sport volunteers and music volunteers in terms of other constructs. The findings presented herein will contribute to expanding the body of knowledge about volunteers not only in sport management but also in general volunteer management, and will also provide tips for effective volunteer management to event volunteer coordinators. Recommendations are offered for future research based on the current research findings.
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Date Issued: 2010
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3376
Format: Thesis

Title: The Risk and Safety Practices in Youth Baseball and Softball.
Creator: Lachapelle, Christopher Francis, Kent, Aubrey, Milton, Sande, Clement, Annie, Imwold, Charles, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Risk is the inevitable consequence of being human. Risk management is a term used by experts to encompass all the strategies that may be employed to deal with risk. From a bottom line financial point of view, the objective of risk management is to efficiently conserve the assets and financial resources of an organization and to maintain financial stability by reducing the potential for financial loss. This study investigated risk and safety practices and methods utilized by youth baseball and...
Show moreRisk is the inevitable consequence of being human. Risk management is a term used by experts to encompass all the strategies that may be employed to deal with risk. From a bottom line financial point of view, the objective of risk management is to efficiently conserve the assets and financial resources of an organization and to maintain financial stability by reducing the potential for financial loss. This study investigated risk and safety practices and methods utilized by youth baseball and softball organizations and their coaches. Research included a literature review examining the differences and similarities of the leading risk management models, risk related legal liability cases and results, injury statistics from youth baseball and softball (ages 5-17) participants, and the different actions and motivating factors for risk and safety management for both sport organizations and individual volunteers. A survey was used to collect the data on safety and risk management practices. The survey was designed to answer eight research questions. ANOVA techniques such as MANOVA, one- and two-way ANOVA and post hoc testing were used to analyze the data. In summary, coaches were willing to improve their level of risk and safety knowledge if it was required as a prerequisite to coaching. Second, organizations were not providing adequate risk and safety material or programs for their coaches and the implementation of risk and safety procedures varied between regions. Third, as player age increased, less risk and safety practices were conducted. Fourth, coaches who were under thirty years of age conducted the most risk and safety practices. Fifth, coaches' motivation to volunteer significantly influenced their risk and safety practices. Finally, being certified in general safety techniques (First Aid and CPR) should be accompanied with specific baseball and softball risk and safety education to improve overall safety
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-3326
Format: Thesis

Title: The Effect of a Physical Education Professional Development Intervention on Physical Activity and Fitness on 4th and 5th Grade Students.
Creator: Hagood, Susan, Lynn, Susan, Jakubowski, Elizabeth, Ratliffe, Thomas, Imwold, Charles, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Physical education teachers have been encouraged to do their part to increase students' moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) while participating in physical education classes to help fight the obesity epidemic. Research involving the Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids Physical Education (SPARK PE) curriculum has shown an increase in student participation patterns in classes [i.e. participation in MVPA for greater than 50% of class time] and increased fitness performance (i...
Show morePhysical education teachers have been encouraged to do their part to increase students' moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) while participating in physical education classes to help fight the obesity epidemic. Research involving the Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids Physical Education (SPARK PE) curriculum has shown an increase in student participation patterns in classes [i.e. participation in MVPA for greater than 50% of class time] and increased fitness performance (i.e. walk/run and sit-ups) (Stone, McKenzie, Welk, & Booth, 1998). There is a need for students to adopt and maintain a physically active lifestyle to receive health benefits including the maintenance of a normal body weight. Schools must begin to examine ways to increase student physical activity levels both during and beyond the school day to help students create and maintain healthier lives. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a physical education professional development intervention on the physical activity levels and fitness performance of 4th and 5th grade students in one school district. Research questions that guided this study were (a) What was the state of student physical activity levels during physical education class and teachers' promotion of student physical activity opportunities beyond physical education class in Lowe County Schools? (b) How does a professional development intervention affect student levels of physical activity and physical fitness in Lowe County Schools? (c) What were the barriers teachers faced in Lowe County Schools when trying to increase student physical activity during and beyond physical education class? and (d) What were the strengths of the professional development program provided to physical education teachers in Lowe County Schools? Twenty-one physical education teachers and two fourth and fifth grade classes at fourteen elementary schools (6 Non-Title I and 8 Title I) participated in the study. Throughout the 2006-2007 school year the physical education teachers where involved in professional development opportunities that included full day group staff development workshops, individual on-site visits, individual feedback on effective teaching skills from videotaped lessons, individual time analysis results from videotaped lessons, and individual goal setting challenges. Data collection on students in this study consisted of height and weight measurements to assess body mass index (BMI) and health-related fitness tests (FITNESSGRAM) to assess cardio-respiratory endurance (mile run/walk), muscular strength and endurance (push-ups, trunk lift, and curl-ups), and flexibility (sit-and-reach). Data on physical education teachers included observations with field notes, teacher interviews, teacher lesson plans, SPARK activity logs, SPARK PE assessments, School Health Index (SHI) surveys, weekly progress reports (WPR), website frequencies, Promote Physical Activity (PPA) surveys, and professional development surveys to describe teachers' responses and behaviors to the intervention. The Time Analysis (TA) and System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) observation data were collected from four videotaped lessons to measure teacher effectiveness in relation to student activity levels. All data collection was conducted and coded by a team of trained personnel from the university. Quantitative analysis for this study included descriptive statistics, comparing means, graphing trends, and non-parametric statistics. Qualitative analysis included document analysis and line-by-line coding within case and cross case analysis to establish themes. Trustworthiness in analyzing qualitative data was achieved through triangulation of multiple data sources and member checking. Results in this study revealed that the professional development (PD) intervention had a positive impact on the amount of student motor activity and MVPA time students received in physical education. The PD staff development and on-site visits were helpful in closing the student "activity gap" between Title I and Non-Title I physical education classes. As a result of the intervention, teachers became more aware of the importance of promoting student physical activity during and beyond their classes. Weekly progress reports, sharing Time Analysis and SOFIT data with teachers, individual goal setting, collaboration with other colleagues, PD on-site support and follow-up were found to be reasons why teachers were able to make a positive change in increasing students physical activity levels. Teachers' reported that they enjoyed the opportunity to collaborate with other physical education professionals, they liked how the PD program challenged them to think about their teaching, and they liked the activities in the SPARK PE curriculum and how it helped them improve health and fitness levels of their students. Results from FITNESSGRAM show that the PD intervention did have a positive effect on improving student fitness scores from pre-to-post on three of the seven student fitness scores (mile run, push-ups, trunk lift). Teachers listed lack of time, space and facilities, and support as barriers they faced when trying to increase student physical activity during and beyond physical education class.
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Date Issued: 2007
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4337
Format: Thesis

Title: The Social Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility: A Case Study.
Creator: Forester, Brooke E. (Brooke Ellen), Mondello, Michael, Kent, R. Aubrey, Brymer, Robert, Rudd, Andy, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: With increasing attention being given to corporate social responsibility (CSR) by scholars, it has become apparent that the focus has been somewhat one sided in nature, with the bulk of attention going to the corporate motives, processes, and outcomes of such efforts. Less prevalent has been a focus on the beneficiaries of CSR, and thus lost in the conversation has been the critical aspect of "social impact" of such activities (Porter & Kramer, 2006). The purpose of the current study was to...
Show moreWith increasing attention being given to corporate social responsibility (CSR) by scholars, it has become apparent that the focus has been somewhat one sided in nature, with the bulk of attention going to the corporate motives, processes, and outcomes of such efforts. Less prevalent has been a focus on the beneficiaries of CSR, and thus lost in the conversation has been the critical aspect of "social impact" of such activities (Porter & Kramer, 2006). The purpose of the current study was to explore the idea of social impact, by qualitatively assessing the outcomes of a golf management company CSR initiative within the elementary school system. Through a series of interviews with program stakeholders, secondary document analysis, and personal observations, the researchers were able to assess the impact on participants (N=23), make suggestions for improvement for the future, and ascertain the degree of strategic congruence between the program and the overall corporate mission.
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Date Issued: 2009
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4418
Format: Thesis

Title: A Conceptual Model of Psychological Commitment Based on the Concept of Attitude Strength.
Creator: Ha, Jae-Hyun, James, Jeffrey, Flynn, Leisa, Quarterman, Jerome, Kwon, Harry, Lee, Joohyun, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: This study is introduced with a review of Funk and James (2001), Funk, Haugtvedt, and Howard (2000), and Krosnick and Petty (1995), which provide the basis for measuring psychological commitment. It is proposed that a better understanding of the concept of attitude strength may provide insight into the antecedents and the primary evidence (resistance to change) of psychological commitment. More specifically, Funk et al. (2000) suggest that various attitudinal properties (e.g., knowledge,...
Show moreThis study is introduced with a review of Funk and James (2001), Funk, Haugtvedt, and Howard (2000), and Krosnick and Petty (1995), which provide the basis for measuring psychological commitment. It is proposed that a better understanding of the concept of attitude strength may provide insight into the antecedents and the primary evidence (resistance to change) of psychological commitment. More specifically, Funk et al. (2000) suggest that various attitudinal properties (e.g., knowledge, extremity, importance) may function as antecedents of psychological commitment. This understanding provides a direction for conceptualizing and measuring the factors comprising psychological commitment to a sports team. The conceptual model of psychological commitment to a sports team proposed that the antecedents of psychological commitment are represented by nine attitude properties, categorized into three strength-related dimensions: (1) cognitive structure - affective reaction, cognitive reaction, amount of knowledge, direct experience, and accessibility, (2) subjective beliefs - personal relevance, certainty, and importance of the attitude object, and (3) attitude valence - extremity attributes. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the antecedents of psychological commitment to a sports team through a conceptual model based on the concept of attitude strength, and the causal relationship between psychological commitment to a sports team and resistance to changing team allegiance. Based upon the results of the pilot study and preliminary analysis of the main study, accessibility, direct experience, and personal relevance were dropped. In doing so, the proposed model of psychological commitment was revised. The measurement models and the structural model were analyzed. The results of the measurement models indicated that the proposed model of psychological commitment to a sports team was confirmed as well as the results of structural model indicated that resistance to changing team allegiance was directly influenced by psychological commitment to a sports team. The findings of this study will contribute not only to an extension of the knowledge base of psychological commitment to a sports team in the area of sport marketing, but also to practical applications for sport-team marketers and managers. The findings of this study suggest several directions for future study.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4348
Format: Thesis

Title: Verification and Investigation of Student Intensity Levels during Video Classroom Exercise Sessions.
Creator: Caldwell, Thad, Ratliffe, Thomas, Panton, Lynn, Roehrig-Bice, Alysia, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: There is abundant research pointing out the physiological and psychological benefits of physical activity for children (CDC, 2010a), so providing opportunities for children to be active is necessary and beneficial. "Classroom Exercises for the Body and Brain" was developed in the state of Georgia by the HealthMPowers organization to help classroom teachers provide structured physical activity in their classrooms for their students that can be done at their desks as exercise breaks, used as...
Show moreThere is abundant research pointing out the physiological and psychological benefits of physical activity for children (CDC, 2010a), so providing opportunities for children to be active is necessary and beneficial. "Classroom Exercises for the Body and Brain" was developed in the state of Georgia by the HealthMPowers organization to help classroom teachers provide structured physical activity in their classrooms for their students that can be done at their desks as exercise breaks, used as energy boosters, or for rainy day recess. According to the HealthMPowers (2009) organization, exercise interventions or classroom energizers are practical and time-efficient ways to increase student activity time, help focus student's attention, and provide activity that is moderate to vigorous. Many of these exercise programs are designed with good intentions, but have little data to support their claims. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the intensity levels of nine to ten year old students participating in a video classroom exercise program in a regular classroom setting. Twenty-five fourth grade students (10 females and 15 males), from one intact class participated in this study. Four DVD video exercise sessions ranging from 1 minute 45 seconds to 2 minutes 30 seconds in length were investigated. Data were collected twice on each of the four video exercise sessions. Data collection occurred on six days over a four week period. On the first day students' were measured for weight, height, and waist circumference and learned how to properly put on the heart rate monitors. On the second day students practiced using the heart rate monitors, learned how to perform the exercise videos, and practiced the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) scale. During the final four days of data collection, students participated in two video sessions each day. A thirty minute break was given to students in between each video to allow the heart to return to a sitting heart rate level. Results revealed that the intensity of the exercise videos resulted in almost all students reaching their target heart rate zone. There was no significant relationship found between peak exercise heart rate and responses to the RPE scale, waist circumference, or BMI. The exercise video with the highest mean heart rate was "Pretend Jump Rope" (M=162.4, SD=16.45) and the lowest mean heart rate was from "Chair Aerobics" (M=142.86, SD=23.75). The exercise videos "Air Step Aerobics" (M=148.86, SD=24.76) and "Mind in Motion" (M=148.94, SD=16.20) had similar intensity levels. Students and the teacher reported positive feelings towards the exercise video program.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4519
Format: Thesis

Title: Understanding the Role of Consumer Goodwill in Sponsorship: An Application of Appraisal Theory.
Creator: Sawatari, Yuko, James, Jeffrey D., Eklund, Robert C., Mondello, Michael, Kim, Yu Kyoum, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Consumer goodwill is one of the unique effects differentiating sponsorship from other marketing activities (Meenaghan, 2001a; 2001b). While other marketing communications tend to be labeled as selfish (Meenaghan, 2001a; 2001b), designed merely to pursue advantages for a company, sponsorship is recognized as a "good thing to do" (McDonald, 1999). People approve of and generate positive attitudes toward sponsorship, believing it to be one of the activities through which businesses contribute to...
Show moreConsumer goodwill is one of the unique effects differentiating sponsorship from other marketing activities (Meenaghan, 2001a; 2001b). While other marketing communications tend to be labeled as selfish (Meenaghan, 2001a; 2001b), designed merely to pursue advantages for a company, sponsorship is recognized as a "good thing to do" (McDonald, 1999). People approve of and generate positive attitudes toward sponsorship, believing it to be one of the activities through which businesses contribute to society (Meenaghan, 2001a; 2001b). Throughout the current study the idea of the process of goodwill generation and goodwill effect was assessed based on the emotion of gratitude, utilizing the application of appraisal theory. This theory focuses on a role of emotion. The theory's central theme is that emotion is derived from individuals' subjective evaluations/appraisals of a stimulus (Scherer, 1999) or implications of a situation (Smith & Kirby, 2009). The emotions elicited through appraisal processes lead to behavioral responses (Frijda, 1986; Johnson & Stewart, 2005; Smith & Lazarus, 1990). The current study included measures of the emotion of gratitude in order to understand how consumers' appreciation toward a sponsor works in the effectiveness of spectator sports sponsorship. Two issues were addressed in this study. The first issue dealt with whether a sponsor is able to influence consumers' perceptions in order to enhance consumers' sense of appreciation for a sponsor. Specifically, an effort was made to address the effect of information transmission concerning a sponsor's investment in a sponsored property (i.e., no information about a sponsor's investment, information about a sponsor's monetary support, and information about a sponsor's non-monetary support) on consumers' perceptions. The MANOVA and MANCOVA results indicated that having access to the information concerning a sponsor's investment influenced participants' perceptions about the sponsorship being beneficial to the property and the sponsor having commercial intent. The information, on the other hand, did not influence participants' perceptions about the sponsorship being a necessity for the property nor the sponsor being concerned about the property. Specifically, participants receiving information about a sponsor's monetary support perceived the sponsorship as more beneficial than participants receiving no information. For commercial intent, participants receiving no information about a sponsor's support perceived the sponsor having more commercial intent than participants receiving information about the sponsor's non-monetary support. The second issue involved how gratitude operates in relation to sponsorship. Based on appraisal theory, relationships among perceptions toward sponsorship, gratitude, and attitudinal and behavioral outcome variables, were hypothesized. The results from Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) indicated that perceived benefit, perceived necessity, and perceived commercial intent predicted gratitude, while perceived concern did not predict gratitude. Gratitude did predict attitude toward a sponsor, while gratitude did not influence purchase intent. Attitude toward a sponsor also did not influence purchase intent. Gratitude was found to partially mediate the influence of perceived benefit and perceived commercial intent on attitude toward a sponsor. Additionally, gratitude fully mediated the influence of perceived necessity on attitude toward a sponsor. The results from the current study confirmed a partial effect of gratitude, providing managers with potential justification for the use of sponsorship in spectator sports, as well as leading the research to offer suggestions to enhance consumers' emotion of gratitude toward a sponsor.
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-5166
Format: Thesis

Title: Best of N Contests: Implications of Simpson's Paradox in Tennis.
Creator: Wright, Benjamin, Rodenberg, Ryan, Kim, Yu Kyoum, Mondello, Michael, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Statistical theories have long been the impetus for research within studies of sport. This is likely due to the abundance of data in sport. This thesis introduces a statistical theory known as Simpson's Paradox wherein an apparent correlation of variables is reversed when the variables are combined. Simpson's Paradox has been the focus of studies involving sports such as basketball and baseball due to the strong presence of statistics in each respective sport. Building on the previous...
Show moreStatistical theories have long been the impetus for research within studies of sport. This is likely due to the abundance of data in sport. This thesis introduces a statistical theory known as Simpson's Paradox wherein an apparent correlation of variables is reversed when the variables are combined. Simpson's Paradox has been the focus of studies involving sports such as basketball and baseball due to the strong presence of statistics in each respective sport. Building on the previous research, this thesis examines the prevalence of Simpson's Paradox in professional tennis. Overtly, this thesis attempts to identify tennis matches from specified tournaments where cases of Simpson's Paradox are present. A match is considered an instance of Simpson's Paradox when a player wins more points than his opponent but loses the overall match. Data from sanctioned tennis tournaments over the course of 21 years will be used to investigate cases of Simpson's Paradox on the point level. Finding instances of Simpson's Paradox within the data set may provide insight to incentives and strategy in tennis. Specifically, a player may exert less effort in select situations such as returning serve if he believes he will have a better chance of winning the overall set or match. Analyzing a data set of over 55,000 individual tennis matches, I find that roughly 5% of matches exhibit Simpson's Paradox. The results provide an opportunity for gambling related activity to profit from the unique scoring system utilized in tennis. Governing bodies need to be aware of betting-related corruption that has become increasingly popular in sports in order to protect and maintain the integrity of tennis. While (sub)-conscious incentive effects may explain instances of Simpson's Paradox, the unique best of N nature of tennis' scoring system primarily drives my results.
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-5279
Format: Thesis

Title: Examining the Relationship Between Employees' Perceptions of and Attitudes Toward Corporate Social Responsibility and Organizational Identification.
Creator: Alfaro-Barrantes, Priscila, James, Jeffrey D., Ferris, Gerald, Kim, Yu Kyoum, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: There was a time when the most powerful organizations were those linked to religion. Then that power shifted toward governmental institutions. Today, some of the most powerful entities are businesses (Cohen & Greenfield, 1997), but with power comes responsibility. According to Davis (1973), organizations that do not use power in ways that society considers responsible will tend to lose it. Hence, it is not uncommon for organizations to integrate social initiatives that attend to society's...
Show moreThere was a time when the most powerful organizations were those linked to religion. Then that power shifted toward governmental institutions. Today, some of the most powerful entities are businesses (Cohen & Greenfield, 1997), but with power comes responsibility. According to Davis (1973), organizations that do not use power in ways that society considers responsible will tend to lose it. Hence, it is not uncommon for organizations to integrate social initiatives that attend to society's needs and demands into their operations. Taking on social initiatives is referred to as corporate social responsibility (CSR). The importance of CSR has been documented (e.g., Carroll, 1979; Turban & Greening, 1996). From a marketing perspective, CSR activities have been found to have a positive influence on consumers' patronage intentions. From a management perspective, CSR initiatives have been found to influence organizational attractiveness, organizational citizenship behaviors, and employees' attitudes. However, most scholarly work in the area of management has been of a conceptual nature and has not analyzed in depth the extent to which employees' perceptions of CSR initiatives influence important attitude-related outcomes such as organizational identification. Therefore, the researcher conducted a study that attempted to fill in this gap. Specifically, the researcher developed and empirically tested a model that examined the relationship between employees' perceptions of CSR initiatives, organizational identification, employees' attitudes toward CSR, and two behavioral variables. The study was composed of a pilot study and a main study. The results of the pilot study demonstrated that some changes needed to be made to the scale in order to improve its psychometric properties. The changes consisted of adding items and changing the wording of other items. All changes were made before the main study was conducted. Two samples were collected for the main study. The idea behind collecting two samples (sport and non-sport) was to test if the results varied by organizational context. The results led the researcher to conclude there were no significant differences among employees working for sport organizations and non-sport organizations. Regarding hypothesis testing, the results were mixed. Although the structural model provided an acceptable fit to the data, several of the hypotheses were not supported. The hypotheses that were supported provide evidence that employees' perceptions of CSR motivation have a positive impact on their organizational identification. Furthermore, organizational identification was found to be a positive predictor of organizational citizenship behaviors and personal social action. This study is an initial attempt to test the model proposed by the researcher. This study contributes to the advancement of the study of CSR and its impact on employees. Furthermore, because organizational studies are very limited within the field of sport management (Wolfe, Weick, Usher, Terborg, Poppo, Murrell, Dukerich, Crown Core, Dickson, & Jourdan, 2005), it also contributes to the advancement of such type of studies within the sport realm.
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4690
Format: Thesis

Title: An Exploratory Investigation of the Predictors of Counterproductive Work Behaviors Among Major League Baseball Employees.
Creator: Brimecombe, Michelle J. (Michelle Jennifer), Mondello, Michael, Perrewe, Pamela, Witte, Shelbie, James, Jeffrey, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purpose of this study was to assess predictors of employee counterproductive work behavior (CWB) in six Major League Baseball (MLB) organizations. The effects of two individual variables (negative affectivity and positive affectivity), situational variables (distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice), and the moderating effects of team identification on CWB were examined. Full-time employees (N=301) completed questionnaires assessing team identification,...
Show moreThe purpose of this study was to assess predictors of employee counterproductive work behavior (CWB) in six Major League Baseball (MLB) organizations. The effects of two individual variables (negative affectivity and positive affectivity), situational variables (distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice), and the moderating effects of team identification on CWB were examined. Full-time employees (N=301) completed questionnaires assessing team identification, individual variables, situational variables, counterproductive behaviors, and demographic questions. The results regarding the relationships with CWB were mixed. Team identification did not play a significant role as a moderator in the analysis. Negative affectivity was found to have a positive relationship with CWB; positive affectivity was found to have a negative relationship. Individuals high in positive affectivity were less engaged in CWB, whereas individuals low in positive affectivity engaged in more CWB. Counter to expectations, distributive justice was positively associated with CWB. Although the hypotheses regarding the effects of six variables on CWB were partially supported; the study of MLB employees warrants further investigations.
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4733
Format: Thesis

Title: Before the Revolution: The Experiences of Individual Women Involved in Intercollegiate Athletics: 1950-1972.
Creator: Farchmin, Eileen L., Clement, Annie, Bower, Beverly, Imwold, Chuck, Reynaud, Cecile, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: A revolution started in women's athletics with the passage of Title IX of the Education Amendment Act of 1972. The Act required all educational programs and activities to be treated on an equal basis. Now women's athletic programs had to receive the same services and benefits available to men's programs. The growth in the number of opportunities, participation level, and effects has been the subject of a great deal of research and literature since 1972. But what is the story of women's...
Show moreA revolution started in women's athletics with the passage of Title IX of the Education Amendment Act of 1972. The Act required all educational programs and activities to be treated on an equal basis. Now women's athletic programs had to receive the same services and benefits available to men's programs. The growth in the number of opportunities, participation level, and effects has been the subject of a great deal of research and literature since 1972. But what is the story of women's intercollegiate athletics before this revolution? In order to find this story, a phenomenological in-depth study was conducted. Five women were selected by a panel of experts in the field of women's sports and were interviewed about their experiences in intercollegiate athletics, as athletes and as professional physical education teachers, coaches, and administrators. As athletes, there were few opportunities available to them. Many of them mentioned participating in sport days or play days and three of them had extensive involvement in industrial leagues outside of the school system. As physical education teachers, all of them started intramural programs which later evolved into intercollegiate competition. They transported their athletes to games in their own vehicles, the girls bought T-shirts or played in physical education tunics. The teams were under the supervision of the women's physical education department and any funding they received came from student government organizations. For all of the women, their athletes were truly students first and athletes second. Games were played on the weekend to avoid conflict with academics. The highlight for the women involved in the study was the love of the game by their athletes. The young women were willing to do anything to play, practice whenever they could get a facility, play in inadequate facilities, and furnish their own money for uniforms and travel. Their love of the game showed in the growth of women's athletics at every school at which these women were involved. These women and others like them started a growth and desire for intercollegiate competition that led to the revolution created by Title IX.
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Date Issued: 2003
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4503
Format: Thesis

Title: Motivation and Commitment of Volunteers in a Marathon Running Event.
Creator: Han, Keunsu, Quarterman, Jerome, Kamata, Akihito, Ratliffe, Thomas, Rudd, Andy, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Volunteer service is a valuable product of our society. Increasingly, at recent sporting events, volunteers are a critical part of the overall success of the events (Williams, Dossa, & Tompkins, 1995). Today, an expectation of most sport event administrators is recruiting and retaining enough volunteers to fulfill the wide range of roles which are needed for a sport event to achieve its goals. In order to recruit and retain enough volunteers in sport events, it is important to clearly...
Show moreVolunteer service is a valuable product of our society. Increasingly, at recent sporting events, volunteers are a critical part of the overall success of the events (Williams, Dossa, & Tompkins, 1995). Today, an expectation of most sport event administrators is recruiting and retaining enough volunteers to fulfill the wide range of roles which are needed for a sport event to achieve its goals. In order to recruit and retain enough volunteers in sport events, it is important to clearly understand the demographic characteristics of volunteers, volunteer motivation and commitment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among selected demographic characteristics (income, education and age), motivation and commitment of volunteers at a marathon running event. The specific aims of this investigation were to : (a) describe the type of individuals who participated as volunteers for a marathon running event, (b) examine the motives that were most and least important to those who participated as volunteers for a marathon running event, (c) confirm the multidimensionality of commitment (i.e., four bases of volunteer commitment) and motivation (i.e., five-factor model of volunteer motivation) among volunteers in a marathon running event, and (d) explore the relationships among the selected demographic characteristics (income, education and age), motivation and commitment among volunteers in a marathon running event. For the main purpose of the study, the measurement models for volunteer motivation and commitment and the structural model to investigate the relationships among the selected demographic characteristics (income, education and age), motivation and commitment were analyzed. The results of the measurement models showed that the proposed models of volunteer motivation and commitment were confirmed. The structural model illustrated that the paths of selected demographic characteristics (income, education and age) and volunteer commitment were statistically significant. The path of volunteer motivation and commitment was also statistically significant. In other words, the sample data clearly showed that selected demographics (income, education and age) and volunteer motivation influence volunteer commitment. The outcomes of this study will contribute not only to an extension of the knowledge base of volunteerism in the field of sport management, but also to practical applications for volunteer coordinators, administrators and event marketers. The directions for future research are presented.
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Date Issued: 2007
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4297
Format: Thesis

Title: The Impact of Self-Concept/Product-Image Congruity and Functional Congruity on Brand Preference: Three Product Categories.
Creator: Han, Jin-Wook, James, Jeffrey D., Flynn, Leisa, Kent, Aubrey, Lee, Joohyun, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: According to Bhat and Reedy (1998), consumers' essential needs can be categorized as either symbolic or functional. The self-concept/product-image congruity model is based on the premise that consumers try to satisfy symbolic needs as part of their consumption situation. In addition to evaluating a brand based on symbolic needs, consumers may evaluate a brand based on functional needs. In an attempt to satisfy functional needs, consumers may choose a brand based on perceived functional or...
Show moreAccording to Bhat and Reedy (1998), consumers' essential needs can be categorized as either symbolic or functional. The self-concept/product-image congruity model is based on the premise that consumers try to satisfy symbolic needs as part of their consumption situation. In addition to evaluating a brand based on symbolic needs, consumers may evaluate a brand based on functional needs. In an attempt to satisfy functional needs, consumers may choose a brand based on perceived functional or utilitarian aspects of a brand. The focus of the current study was to test and compare three existing models integrating both self-concept/product-image congruity and functional congruity, and to determine which is most predictive of consumers' brand preferences across different product categories in the context of ski equipments. Data were collected from collegiate skiers who are affiliated with Korean University Ski Team Association (n=299). The findings in the current study provide three propositions. First, for a convenience product, the Model C, which assumed that there were no direct effects of self-concept/product-image congruity on brand preference; only indirect effects exist through functional congruity, was selected as the most representative model in the current data set. More specifically, self-concept/product-image congruity is not a significant predictor of brand preference. In addition, the impact of functional congruity on brand preference is significant but very small. Second, for a shopping product, Model B, which suggests that self-concept/product-image congruity has both a direct effect on brand preference and an indirect effect through functional congruity was selected as the most representative model. Even though both self-concept/product-image congruity and functional congruity have significant impact on brand preference, self-concept/product-image congruity is a stronger predictor of brand preference than functional congruity for a shopping product. Third, for a specialty product, Model B was also selected as the most representative model. Both self-concept/product-image congruity and functional congruity are significant predictors of brand preference. However, self-concept/product-image congruity is a more significant predictor of brand preference for a specialty product in the current study. From a marketing perspective, the results indicated that it is critical to establish different marketing strategies depending upon product categories.
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Date Issued: 2006
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4298
Format: Thesis

Title: Job Satisfaction of Sport Management Faculty in the U.S.A.
Creator: Hall, Chevelle, Jackson, E. Newton, Losh, Susan, Quarterman, Jerome, Imwold, Charles, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Attitudes are involved in every aspect of an organizational life. Employees have attitudes about hundreds of things, including their pay, promotion opportunities, their supervisors, top management, the work they do, and their co-workers. An attitude is a hypothetical construct; it is not real and it cannot be touched, seen, etc, thus it has to be inferred by what an individual says or does. The comprehensive and productive way of analyzing how sport management faculty feel about their job is...
Show moreAttitudes are involved in every aspect of an organizational life. Employees have attitudes about hundreds of things, including their pay, promotion opportunities, their supervisors, top management, the work they do, and their co-workers. An attitude is a hypothetical construct; it is not real and it cannot be touched, seen, etc, thus it has to be inferred by what an individual says or does. The comprehensive and productive way of analyzing how sport management faculty feel about their job is through the use of attitude surveys. Some of the most important attitudes within any organization are attitudes related to job satisfaction. High job satisfaction contributes to job involvement, organizational commitment, greater quality of life and improved mental and physical health. However, job dissatisfaction contributes to turnover, absenteeism, labor grievances, labor problems, attempts to organize labor unions and a negative organizational climate. There is a dearth of empirical investigation within the field of sport management addressing job satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to determine sport management faculty members' job satisfaction using the pay and promotion facets of the Job Descriptive Index and the Job in General Scale. Since this study was exploratory, all of the sport management faculty within the United States were chosen. Utilizing Cawley's (2000) list of sport management programs in the U.S., a survey was mailed to 234 sport management faculty which also included a demographic section. There were 171 usable surveys, yielding a 73% return rate. A t-test was used to determine mean differences between institution type, gender and tenure status and satisfaction of job in general; institution type, gender and tenure status and pay satisfaction; institution type, gender and tenure status and promotion satisfaction. Differences were found between the following: institution type concerning satisfaction of job in general, t=-3.339, (p=.001); male and female faculty concerning satisfaction of job in general, t=-3.407, (p=.001); tenure and non-tenured concerning satisfaction of job in general, t=.635, (p=.526); male and female faculty and pay satisfaction, t=-2.895, (p=.004); institution type and pay satisfaction, t=-4.641, (p=.000); tenure and non-tenured concerning pay satisfaction, t=1.245, p=.215; institution type iv concerning promotion satisfaction, t=-1.575, (p=.117); male and female faculty concerning promotion satisfaction, t=-.435, (p=.665); tenure and non-tenured concerning promotion satisfaction, t=1.029, (p=.305). The findings of this study will help sport management as a field to examine its strengths and weaknesses; as well as understand the faculty and their level of satisfaction of job in general, pay satisfaction and promotion satisfaction. Future studies are recommended for investigating the other facets of the Job Descriptive Index (i.e. supervisors, co-workers and work itself) and sport management faculty. It is also recommended for an international study of sport management faculty and their level of pay and promotion satisfaction. v BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Chevelle Hall was born in 1974 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. She was primarily raised in Boca Raton, Florida. In 1992, she graduated from Boca Raton High School. After high school, she went to Florida A&M University, where she earned a bachelor's of science degree in psychology. Shortly, thereafter, she earned a master's degree in educational counseling. In 1999, Chevelle began a doctorate of philosophy degree in sport management at the Florida State University. As a student, Ms. Hall presented at the Florida Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (FAHPERD) conference in the Fall of 2002 and the Fall of 2003. Chevelle presented at the Southern District Association (SDAHPERD) convention in the Spring of 2003. She was also selected to do a poster presentation for the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD) for Spring 2004.
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Date Issued: 2003
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4323
Format: Thesis

Title: The Impact of Formal Structure on the Recruitment of NCAA Division I Athletic Directors.
Creator: Hairston, C. Todd, Jackson, E. Newton, Losh, Susan, Quarterman, Jerome, Yerg, Beverly, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The purposes of this study were: (1) to identify the delineation of organizational centrality among NCAA Division I athletic departments, to determine the extent to which centrality as defined by Grusky Theory of Formal Structure (1963) impacts the selection of NCAA Division I collegiate athletic directors; (2) to identify a pattern of racial or gender stacking among central positions within intercollegiate athletic administration. The sample consisted of 838 athletic administrators from 170...
Show moreThe purposes of this study were: (1) to identify the delineation of organizational centrality among NCAA Division I athletic departments, to determine the extent to which centrality as defined by Grusky Theory of Formal Structure (1963) impacts the selection of NCAA Division I collegiate athletic directors; (2) to identify a pattern of racial or gender stacking among central positions within intercollegiate athletic administration. The sample consisted of 838 athletic administrators from 170 NCAA Division I member institutions. The survey was comprised of items pertaining to the rates of professional interaction between athletic administrators, position title, the title of the individual to whom they report, and other demographic data. A Social Distance Scale was constructed in order to determine the formal structure and a model of centrality for a typical athletic department. Career paths of current athletic directors were analyzed and the relationships between centrality and leadership selection were assessed. The results of the data revealed that while significant differences were found between the proportions of ADs with at least one and three years of experience in a central position, there were no differences in the proportion of ADs with five or more years in central positions. The inconclusiveness of these results led to the consideration of an alternate definition of centrality based not on interaction as in Grusky's Theory of Formal Structure, but rather on the three following factors: 1) Job Descriptors 2) Previous Experience, and 3) Job Title. Potential differences across racial and gender lines were also assessed with regard to the occupancy of central positions. While there were no significant differences between male and female administrators under the Grusky model of centrality, minorities were found to be underrepresented in central administrative areas. Chi-square tests for goodness of fit and proportionality and ANOVA were used to analyze all data. From these data, it was concluded that less emphasis is placed on the traditional elements of the career trajectory for ADs (e.g. coaching, athletic participation) with a greater emphasis on business acumen. Further it was concluded that based on the background analysis of current ADs as well as present job descriptions, that experience in administrative areas that incorporate business principles (e.g. business/finance, marketing, sport oversight, fundraising/development) appear to be most critical (i.e. central) in this process. Finally, the study also revealed some evidence of racial and gender stacking among intercollegiate athletic institutions.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4328
Format: Thesis

Title: Racial Differences in Student's Interest and Attitudes Toward Physical Education Considering Grade Level and Gender.
Creator: Hatten, John D., Imwold, Charles, Toole, Tonya, Mistry, Anahita, Ratliffe, Thomas, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Previous research suggests that as students age their interest in physical education seems to fade. There has been limited research comparing elementary, middle, and high school student's interest in physical education and even less research relating ethnicity as a variable. Curriculum, perceived competence and teacher's influence have been offered, in previous research, as reasons why students like or dislike physical education. The purpose of this study is to compare the differences or...
Show morePrevious research suggests that as students age their interest in physical education seems to fade. There has been limited research comparing elementary, middle, and high school student's interest in physical education and even less research relating ethnicity as a variable. Curriculum, perceived competence and teacher's influence have been offered, in previous research, as reasons why students like or dislike physical education. The purpose of this study is to compare the differences or similarities between elementary, middle, and high school student's interest in physical education considering students' ethnicity and gender. Participants were 139 (9th graders) high school students, 230 (7th graders) middle school students, and 99 (5th graders) elementary school students enrolled in eighteen intact physical education classes for a total of 468 students. The locations consisted of one high school, one middle school, and one elementary school at ethnically diverse, low to middle socioeconomic status, Northwestern Florida schools. Fourteen experienced physical education teachers, 4 females and 10 males, conducted all classes. The Physical Education Interest Questionnaire was the instrument used for this study. The questionnaire was developed to measure interest in physical education and related factors (Van Wersch, Trew, & Turner, 1992). The Physical Education Interest Questionnaire is a 35-item survey. Two open-ended questions were added to the end of the survey asking students to list what they liked most and disliked least about physical education. The survey was found to be r = .70 reliable by way of split-half reliability testing. All of the students were given the same survey and had approximately 50 minutes to complete. Results indicated that students regardless of race, grade level and gender maintained positive interest in physical education. There was a significant difference between male and female participants where male students maintained more positive interest in physical education than female students. Previous research supports these findings by stating that most physical education programs maintained a more male dominate team sport curricula, which are typically considered less desirable to female students. Also there was a significant difference between grade levels. Fifth grade students maintained higher interest in physical education than seventh and ninth graders. This may have something to do with the fact that the younger students are physiologically at their peak. These student's metabolisms are the highest that they will be in their lifetime. Physical education tends to be their only release from sitting behind a desk all day. Finally, when comparing grade level with race results indicated that there was a significant different between Caucasian and African American students interest in physical education. Fifth grade Caucasian students maintained significantly higher interest in physical education than their African American counterparts. On the contrary, African American seventh and ninth grade students maintained significantly higher interest in physical education than their Caucasian equals. Fifth and seventh grade students ranked student's perceived competence first whereas ninth grade students ranked curriculum first by way of stepwise regression as having the most affect on their overall interest in physical education. The scope of the study was limited to three independent variables: student's perceived competence, curriculum, and teacher influence as reasons why students maintained interest in physical education or not. Reasons why students maintain interest in physical education are complex and need further study.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4205
Format: Thesis

Title: Eligibility in Flux: Transgender and Intersex Student-Athletes and Title IX.
Creator: Welden, Dena, Rodenberg, Ryan, Mondello, Michael, Kim, Yu Kyoum, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Historically, sports have generally been divided into a binary system of males and females for purposes of competition. Yet this system does not allow for the spectrum of sexual differences that can occur both physically and mentally. Such individuals include transgender or intersex. Transgender and intersex individuals are not unknown to the sporting world. These individuals have won major sporting titles from amateur awards to Olympic medals. Despite the athletic prowess some have expressed...
Show moreHistorically, sports have generally been divided into a binary system of males and females for purposes of competition. Yet this system does not allow for the spectrum of sexual differences that can occur both physically and mentally. Such individuals include transgender or intersex. Transgender and intersex individuals are not unknown to the sporting world. These individuals have won major sporting titles from amateur awards to Olympic medals. Despite the athletic prowess some have expressed, these individuals are neither guaranteed inclusion into all sporting competitions nor given statutory rights that provide for such inclusion. The potential to include transgender and intersex individuals at the U.S. collegiate level is the focus of this proposal. There have only been a couple known transgender student-athletes who have competed in the NCAA and none of these student-athletes have yet to challenge or seek out their right to compete in intercollegiate athletics under Title IX. This study analyzes the legal perspective on the eligibility of transgender and intersex student-athletes through hypothetical legal cases. It would not be practical to wait five to twenty years for such a case to manifest in the court system. Although the case would be on-point, legal scholarship does not have the luxury of waiting for a case to present itself. Instead one must use the available precedents to interpret the law. Law is a type of social science, yet it is devoid of experimentation and statistical methodology. Instead, legal methodology surveys cases and legal precedents rather than people or businesses. Describing and explaining what the law is and states is easy but it is more difficult to explain what the law could or should be. This thesis takes a proactive look at transgender and intersex student-athlete's inclusion under the auspices of Title IX. Title IX is the federal legislation that is the most influential in collegiate sports. Title IX's policies and interpretations are the primary focus in this thesis. In addition, the multiple legal precedents that have developed because of Title IX are addressed. Title IX has been the stimulus for female's inclusion into intercollegiate sports. Despite the historical context, Title VII and Title IX's scope has broadened beyond just females in the past couple decades due to an expanded definition of the term "sex." The other major factor in this proposal is the NCAA, which is the main governing body for intercollegiate athletic programs. The purpose of the NCAA and the binary system in athletics is largely to maintain an "equal playing field." It is believed by some that the inclusion of a transgender or intersex student-athlete may alter the playing field, thereby creating an imbalance. It is important to point out that no such thing as an even playing field exists, or else there would not be competition. Differences in culture, finances, genetics, and a myriad of other factors affect the development of an individual and the team; already creating an uneven playing field. The NCAA in the past couple months has published official rules regarding the eligibility for transgender student-athletes. Yet, the NCAA remains silent on intersex student- athlete participation. This small population is therefore left in a state of limbo in regards to intercollegiate eligibility. A transgender student-athlete's gender status can vary depending on the state one lives in. Certain states in the US protect gender identity and allow alterations of one's legal sex status. These states allow protection that federal statutes have yet to cover. In contrast, most states do not recognize gender identity nor allow any changes to one's legal sex status. The difference in state regulations is a consideration transgender student-athletes need to consider before filing a Title IX claim. Title IX protects sex discrimination and thus the underrepresented sex. Intersex student-athletes do not lack `sex' and as thus should be under the auspices of Title IX. Intersex is not male or female thus intersexuality could be considered an underrepresented sex. Females may have been the original beneficiaries of Title IX but intersex students could be the new underrepresented class. The broad definition of "sex" from current transgender case law shows that "sex" is not legally bound to the binary construct of male or female. Thus, Title IX would include protection for those with different gender identities, transsexuals, and intersex student-athletes. Recent athletic sensations and governing body guidelines have expressed interest and questions regarding transgender and intersex eligibility. Inclusion of these individuals can be strengthened by successful litigation through Title IX.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-6062
Format: Thesis

Title: An Alternate Conceptualization of the Theory of Planned Behavior in the Context of Sport Participation.
Creator: Naylor, Michael E. (Michael Eric), James, Jeffery, Eklund, Robert, Mondello, Michael, Kim, Y. K., Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: There have been calls for sport management scholars to work towards an enhanced understanding of how sport can promote social good (Chalip, 2006; Zeigler, 2007). One way to accomplish this is to examine the benefits of sport participation available to both individuals and society as a whole. Developing an understanding of the benefits of sport participation is of clear interest to practitioners, scholars and governments (Nicholson, Hoye & Houlihan, 2011). It is argued here that examining the...
Show moreThere have been calls for sport management scholars to work towards an enhanced understanding of how sport can promote social good (Chalip, 2006; Zeigler, 2007). One way to accomplish this is to examine the benefits of sport participation available to both individuals and society as a whole. Developing an understanding of the benefits of sport participation is of clear interest to practitioners, scholars and governments (Nicholson, Hoye & Houlihan, 2011). It is argued here that examining the way in which benefits of participant-based sport are perceived ought to be a focus of sport scholars. An instrument designed to measure the importance that both sport participants and non-sport participants place on the physical, sociological and psychological benefits that are potentially attainable through sport participation is therefore incorporated in the research. The instrument measures a multi-dimensional construct which is conceptualized as an instrumental attitude and fit into a larger sport participation behavioral model. The importance of the construct is based on the rationale that attitudes about the potential benefits of sports should affect the future probability of engaging in sporting activity (Shoham & Rose, 2000). The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) serves as the conceptual framework for this investigation. The research also includes multi-dimensional motivational profiles developed in line with self-determination theory. The research topic is significant because North American citizens are increasingly inactive (Jones, Sinclair, Rhodes & Courneya, 2004), and marketing efforts related to sport participation have not generally been successful (Graham & Graham, 2008). The research is consistent with a social marketing perspective because of its focus on benefits to individuals and society. The objective of this research is to contribute to an enhanced understanding of the underlying psychological processes associated with sport participation. Results of the study provide evidence supporting the reconceptualized instrumental attitude construct and selected paths within a TPB framework. Managerial implications and ideas for future research are provided in the concluding chapter of this document.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-5063
Format: Thesis

Title: Recruiting in College Sports: Effects of Recruiter Characteristics on Recruiting Effectiveness in Division I Women's Soccer.
Creator: Magnusen, Marshall J., Mondello, Michael, Ferris, Gerald R., Kim, Yu Kyoum, Perrewé, Pamela L., Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: A multitude of studies have examined key factors influencing college or university selection by student-athletes. Much less attention, however, has been given to the roles of athletic recruiters and how their qualities and characteristics impact recruiting outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the impact of recruiter (head coach) characteristics on recruiting effectiveness (total quality of recruits signed) in the context of NCAA Division I women's soccer....
Show moreA multitude of studies have examined key factors influencing college or university selection by student-athletes. Much less attention, however, has been given to the roles of athletic recruiters and how their qualities and characteristics impact recruiting outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the impact of recruiter (head coach) characteristics on recruiting effectiveness (total quality of recruits signed) in the context of NCAA Division I women's soccer. Recruiter characteristics included in this study were political skill, the Big Five personality dimensions (i.e., extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness), behavioral integrity, and two performance reputation characteristics (i.e., head coach career record and final team NCAA rank). Over 130 (N = 131) head women's soccer coaches participated in this study. The direct effect of these nine predictor variables on the outcome of total quality of recruits signed (recruiting effectiveness) was assessed using multiple regression analysis. It was determined from the results that six of the nine recruiter characteristics (i.e., political skill, agreeableness, neuroticism, behavioral integrity, career record, and NCAA rank) had a significant impact on recruiting effectiveness.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-5010
Format: Thesis

Title: From "Ping-Pong Diplomacy" to "Hoop Diplomacy": Yao Ming, Globalization, and the Cultural Politics of U.S.-China Relations.
Creator: Haozhou, Pu, Giardina, Michael, Newman, Joshua, James, Jeffrey, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The early retirement of iconic Chinese basketball player Yao Ming came as a shock to fans in both China and United States. The end of the "Ming Dynasty" in the NBA brought about a number of discussions on his contribution and impact to the two countries with his dramatic, if not groundbreaking, nine-year NBA career. His high-profile migration to the United States, under the banner of being selected the No. 1 draft pick, quickly made him perhaps the most recognizable Chinese face to the world....
Show moreThe early retirement of iconic Chinese basketball player Yao Ming came as a shock to fans in both China and United States. The end of the "Ming Dynasty" in the NBA brought about a number of discussions on his contribution and impact to the two countries with his dramatic, if not groundbreaking, nine-year NBA career. His high-profile migration to the United States, under the banner of being selected the No. 1 draft pick, quickly made him perhaps the most recognizable Chinese face to the world. More importantly, he opened a door to bring the NBA to the world's most populous market with more than 1.3 billion people. But the impact brought by Yao Ming goes far beyond the basketball court; Yao was born in a very unique historical period, in the age of globalization when free-market policies and economics have come to organize the international distribution of capital and culture. In China, the communist government has greatly benefited from free-market capitalism reforming and opening-up economic policy, and energetically disseminating its power and influence to the world (e.g. Beijing 2008 Olympics). The rise of China simultaneously confronts the interest of U.S. political and economic hegemony while the mutual economic desire consequently leads to a relationship of both competitor and partner between these two giants. Considering the flexible and transnational image of Yao Ming and his symbolic status in the two societies, this thesis takes Yao Ming as an epitome of the U.S.-China relations--culturally, economically and politically--to analyze the bridge-building role he has created between the West and the East, the celebrity economic effects he has generated as a global sports icon, and the far-reaching influence in a historical period he has brought to the development of Sino-American relations.
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-5121
Format: Thesis

Title: Sport Brand Community.
Creator: Hedlund, David P., James, Jeffrey D., Cronin, J. Joseph, Mondello, Michael M., Kim, Yu Kyoum, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The importance of sports and brands (e.g., New York Yankees, Harley-Davidson, Apple) in today's society is well-documented. The co-consumption of sports and brands often brings people together (Bale, 2003; Bouet, 1966; Brown, Kozinets, & Sherry, 2003), and consumers of the same sport or brand often form a community. In the business literature, these communities are called "brand communities" (McAlexander, Schouten, & Koenig, 2002; Muniz & O'Guinn, 2001). While brand communities are a popular...
Show moreThe importance of sports and brands (e.g., New York Yankees, Harley-Davidson, Apple) in today's society is well-documented. The co-consumption of sports and brands often brings people together (Bale, 2003; Bouet, 1966; Brown, Kozinets, & Sherry, 2003), and consumers of the same sport or brand often form a community. In the business literature, these communities are called "brand communities" (McAlexander, Schouten, & Koenig, 2002; Muniz & O'Guinn, 2001). While brand communities are a popular research topic in the business literature, the sport field is only in the beginning stages of applying this idea. As such, the impact of such communities with sport brands is not well understood. In order to investigate the outcomes of brand communities, we must better understand the process of introducing and developing sport brand communities. The purpose of this research is to identify and better understand the relationships among the antecedents (e.g. causes) and consequences (e.g., outcomes) of consumer participation in a sport brand community. A hypothesized model of the relationships among four antecedents (brand knowledge, brand satisfaction, brand identification, and sense of sport brand community (sense of sport brand community is composed of membership and geographic sense of community) and three consequences (brand loyalty, brand image, and behavioral intentions (behavioral intentions is composed of attendance, purchase, and word of mouth) of a sport brand community is proposed. Using Churchill's (1979) guidelines for creating better marketing measures, ten constructs for testing the model of consumer participation in a sport brand community were identified. One hundred twenty-four items in total were utilized to measure the ten constructs, and a three-step ad hoc content analysis was conducted by two marketing academics, two expert methodologists, and the author of this research. Fifty-eight items were judged to have content validity. The fifty-eight items were tested in a pilot study with a convenience sample (n = 113). An examination of the results of the pilot study revealed that the fifty-eight items measuring the ten constructs showed evidence of reliability. One issue was noted with the construct of brand identification. As a result, four items were added to measure this construct. The main study included the sixty-two items which were tested on a convenience sample (n = 627). In order to conduct CFA and SEM procedures, the sample was split into two subsamples (n1 = 314 and n2 = 313). The reliabilities of the sixty-two items were examined using subsample 1. It was concluded from the results that twenty-five items were problematic and therefore removed. The validity of the thirty-seven items were assessed using subsample 1. The items showed evidence of both convergent and discriminant validity. Finally, thirty-one hypothesized relationships were tested using SEM procedures on the data from subsample 2. The SEM results led the researcher to conclude there was empirical support for ten of the thirty-one hypothesized relationships. Due to the existence of four fully-mediated relationships, nine total effects were identified. In addition, the fit indices for the structural model suggested good fit to the data, and the model explained between 46.4% and 78.4% of the variance in the five endogenous constructs (e.g., brand loyalty, brand image, attendance intentions, purchase intentions, and word of mouth intentions). Sports are used to bridge and bond individuals together. Based on the connections and relationships that develop around a sport brand, organization or team, the co-consumption or co-creation of a sporting event affects consumers' affiliations, attitudes, behaviors, and lives. As a result, a sport organization has the opportunity to facilitate and expand the development of such relationships. Moreover, the development of these relationships can be used to increase the resources consumers allocate toward a sport organization, brand, and goods and services (e.g., the game). While many sport management and marketing practitioners and academics debate how to best satisfy the wants and needs of consumers, the establishment, development, and maintenance of successful relationships between consumers and the sport organization, brand, and team is accomplished through creation and utilization of sport brand communities. In order to better understand how to successfully create and utilize sport brand communities, more research needs to be conducted and more understanding needs to be gained about how sport brand communities develop, improve, and extend relationships with consumers. This research provides an initial framework and model that provides suggestions and evidence that can be used to improve the effectiveness of sport brand communities.
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Date Issued: 2011
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4905
Format: Thesis

Title: Innovation Diffusion in Major League Baseball: An Event History Analysis of Stadium Adoption.
Creator: Hong, Sung Il, Mondello, Michael, Berry, Frances Stokes, Kim, Yu Kyoum, Perrewé, Pamela, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Despite the popularity of innovation adoption and diffusion research in a variety of disciplines, there has been little knowledge of innovation adoption and diffusion in the area of sport management. This study attempted to link the Diffusion of Innovation Theory to a boom in the MLB stadium construction observed since Baltimore's Oriole Park at Camden Yards. This stadium was constructed in 1992 and represents the start of the current era of baseball stadium construction. The proposed study...
Show moreDespite the popularity of innovation adoption and diffusion research in a variety of disciplines, there has been little knowledge of innovation adoption and diffusion in the area of sport management. This study attempted to link the Diffusion of Innovation Theory to a boom in the MLB stadium construction observed since Baltimore's Oriole Park at Camden Yards. This stadium was constructed in 1992 and represents the start of the current era of baseball stadium construction. The proposed study attempted to identify and empirically test the determinants influencing the construction of MLB stadiums from both teams' and city governments' perspectives. In other words, what factors drive both a team and city government to adopt stadium construction? It was intended to justify the idea of a diffusion effect; that is, to show that MLB teams and city governments emulate other teams' and cities' construction of new stadiums to achieve some of the advantages observed from others' constructions. Given the longitudinal nature of the stadium construction process, event history analysis (EHA) was performed to test the significance of the determinant factors influencing the adoption of stadium construction from both teams' and city governments' perspectives. Overall, considering the observed time period (22 years) and the number of MLB teams and their cities adopting construction of a new stadium, the proposed model supported most hypotheses with a high Pseudo R² value of 0.48. The empirical results provided practical implications to both sport franchise owners and city officials considering the construction of a new stadium by providing useful information about several ways to increase the likelihood of stadium construction adoption. The current study contributed to the sport management literature by providing an initial effort to conceptually develop and then empirically test a model of innovation adoption and diffusion in the context of sport. Furthermore, the proposed model also provided numerous opportunities for sport scholars to continue advancing our knowledge of innovation adoption and diffusion in sport.
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Date Issued: 2012
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4883
Format: Thesis

Title: Measuring the Effectiveness of Mediated and Non-Mediated Communication Among Heisman Trophy Voters.
Creator: Haptonstall, Clark D., Mondello, Michael, Houck, Davis, Kent, R. Aubrey, Dunn, Julia, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: The Heisman Memorial Trophy is awarded each year to the best college football player in the United States. In 2003, voters chose Jason White from the University of Oklahoma as the winner. The eligible voters consisted of 870 members of the media (divided evenly in six geographic regions) and 51 former living Heisman Trophy winners. Throughout the last several decades, colleges and universities have promoted its players in hopes of garnering the prestigious award. There is much speculation as...
Show moreThe Heisman Memorial Trophy is awarded each year to the best college football player in the United States. In 2003, voters chose Jason White from the University of Oklahoma as the winner. The eligible voters consisted of 870 members of the media (divided evenly in six geographic regions) and 51 former living Heisman Trophy winners. Throughout the last several decades, colleges and universities have promoted its players in hopes of garnering the prestigious award. There is much speculation as to what positively influences voters as they decide the Heisman Trophy winner. This dissertation examines what information is important to voters as they determine their Heisman Trophy vote. The results of this study show non-mediated communication has a stronger influence on voters than does mediated communication. Observations and personal influences are more important to voters than receiving propaganda from a university promoting a player. In addition, there was a regional voting bias as each of the top four finalists received considerably more than one-sixth of their first-place votes from the voters in their geographic region. Generally, voters believe they have an open mind and will cast their ballot for the nation's top candidate. However, the voters perceive their fellow voters are much more likely to choose a candidate from their geographic region as their top choice. Finally, it was hypothesized the less a voter watched their candidate during the season, the more they would rely on mediated communication for information gathering. However, it was determined there was no relationship between the number of times a voter saw their top choice play and their reliance on mediated communication.
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Date Issued: 2005
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4276
Format: Thesis

Title: High School Students Physical Activity Levels in Coeducational and Single Gender Physical Education Settings.
Creator: Hannon, James C., Ratliffe, Thomas, Abood, Doris, Mistry, Anahita, Imwold, Charles, Department of Sport Management, Florida State University
Abstract/Description: Interviews conducted with teachers and students suggest that girls may accumulate more physical activity receiving physical education class separate from boys. Few studies have actually measured student's physical activity levels in coeducational and single gender settings. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of coeducational and single gender game play settings on the activity levels of African-American and Caucasian, male and female high school physical education...
Show moreInterviews conducted with teachers and students suggest that girls may accumulate more physical activity receiving physical education class separate from boys. Few studies have actually measured student's physical activity levels in coeducational and single gender settings. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of coeducational and single gender game play settings on the activity levels of African-American and Caucasian, male and female high school physical education students. Participants were 209 students enrolled in six physical education classes at an ethnically diverse, low to middle socioeconomic, Northwestern Florida high school. Three experienced physical education teachers, one female and two males, conducted all classes. Students participated in the schools regular team sport curriculum of flag football, ultimate Frisbee, and soccer. Two coeducational classes remained coeducational during game play, two coeducational classes were split into male and female teams for game play, one class was exclusively females-only, and one class was exclusively males-only throughout the study. Digi-walker pedometers were worn by students and used to monitor activity levels during 30 minutes of game play in each physical education class over six lessons in each team sport unit. Results indicated that boys were more active than girls in each activity regardless of setting. Caucasian males were more active than African-American males, and Caucasian females were more active than African-American females. Contrary to expectations, there were no differences in activity levels for girls (overall and by race) in this study between coeducational and single gender flag football, ultimate Frisbee, and soccer game play settings. Contrary to expectations, male students were less physically active in males-only than coeducational and coed-split ultimate Frisbee and soccer game play. Lower activity levels of African-American males made a significant contribution to these differences. Teacher interaction rate may have contributed to the differences or lack of differences between groups, particularly in the males-only setting. Survey results indicate that team sport preferences by gender and race may have contributed to differences in overall activity levels. Implications of coeducational and single gender physical education are complex and need further study.
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Date Issued: 2004
Identifier: FSU_migr_etd-4285
Format: Thesis

Title: Seminole baseball pitcher.
Abstract/Description: Seminole baseball pitcher preparing to throw.
Identifier: FSUspcn836
Format: Image (JPEG2000)

FSU Photograph Collection (624)	+ -
Florida State University Sports Media Guides (325)	+ -
Theses and Dissertations (146)	+ -
Jewell Genevieve Cooper Scrapbook, ca. 1924-1930 (45)	+ -
Victoria J. Lewis Scrapbook, 1940-1944 (37)	+ -

Carolyne Doyle Richardson Scrapbook, ca. 1926 (21)	+ -
Kathrine Park Scrapbook, ca. 1920s (7)	+ -
Digitized Theses and Dissertations (5)	+ -
L. Janet Wells Scrapbook Collection, 1938-1942 (4)	+ -
Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences (3)	+ -
Florida Handbooks (3)	+ -
Mary Cobb Nelson Scrapbook, 1923-1952 (3)	+ -
Undergraduate Honors Theses (3)	+ -
Audiovisual Materials (3)	+ -
Laura Quayle Benson Scrapbook, 1917-1919 (2)	+ -
Institute of Sports Sciences & Medicine (1)	+ -

Sports (1021)	+ -
Florida State College for Women (474)	+ -
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Stenstrom, Christine (99)	+ -
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circa 1940s (75)	+ -
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Autrey, Elizabeth (50)	+ -
Autrey, Katharine (50)	+ -
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Cooper, Jewell Genevieve (45)	+ -
Cooper, Judy Genevieve (45)	+ -
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Lewis, Victoria J. (37)	+ -

Florida State University (37)	+ -
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Biletnikoff, Fred (6)	+ -

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1920-1930 (184)	+ -
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